scholarly journals BIODEGRADATION OF MANGO SEED STARCH FILMS IN SOIL

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 258-267
Author(s):  
Nur'Aishah Ahmad Shahrim ◽  
Norshahida Sarifuddin ◽  
Ahmad Zahirani Ahmad Azhar ◽  
Hafizah Hanim Mohd Zaki

The typical petroleum-based plastics have triggered environmental problems. For this purpose, biodegradable polymers such as starch are often used to manufacture biodegradable plastics. At present, the efforts are underway to extract starch as a promising biopolymer from mango seeds and subsequently to produce a biodegradable starch film to be used as plastic packaging. As such, in this work, glycerol-plasticized mango starch films were prepared using a solution casting process, using different amounts of citric acid as a cross-linking agent. The blend ratio of starch to glycerol was set at 3:5 wt. each, while the amount of citric acid ranged from 0 to 10 wt.%. Then, the casted films underwent 21 days of soil burial testing in the natural environment to determine their biodegradability behavior. The soil burial test is one of the common methods chosen to assess the biodegradability of polymers. The idea is that, by burying samples in the soil for a fixed time, samples are exposed to microorganisms (i.e. bacteria and fungi) present in the soil that serve as their food source. This is somehow likely to facilitate the process of deterioration. For this reason, the soil burial test can be regarded as an authentic approach to the process of deterioration in the natural environment. The films' susceptibility to biodegradation reactions was assessed within intervals of seven days through their physical appearance and weight loss. Interestingly, it was found that the cross-linked starch films have been observed to degrade slower than the non-cross-linked starch films as burial time progressed. The declining percentages of weight loss, as well as the presence of microorganisms and eroded surface on the films observed by SEM, explained the degradation behavior of the cross-linked starch films compared to the non-cross-linked starch films. Hence it is believed that cross-linked starch-glycerol films are biodegradable in soil, henceforth, the potential to be commercialized as a biodegradable packaging material soon. At the same time, this plastic packaging is expected to be recognized as a value-added product since the raw materials ergo mango seeds utilized to develop this product are from waste, therefore, environmentally friendly. ABSTRAK: Plastik yang berasaskan petroleum telah mencetuskan masalah persekitaran. Untuk tujuan ini, polimer biodegradasi seperti kanji sering digunakan untuk membuat plastik yang boleh terurai. Pada masa ini, usaha sedang dilakukan untuk mengekstrak pati sebagai biopolimer yang menjanjikan dari biji mangga dan kemudiannya menghasilkan filem pati yang terbiodegradasi untuk digunakan sebagai kemasan plastik. Oleh yang demikian, dalam karya ini, filem pati mangga plastik-gliserol disusun menggunakan proses pemutus larutan, menggunakan jumlah asid sitrik yang berlainan sebagai agen penghubung silang. Nisbah campuran pati dan gliserol ditetapkan pada 3:5 wt.% masing-masing, sementara jumlah asid sitrik berkisar antara 0 hingga 10 wt.% berat. Kemudian, sampel plastik tersebut ditanam di dalam tanah selama 21 hari di persekitaran semula jadi untuk menentukan tingkah laku biodegradasinya. Ujian penguburan tanah adalah salah satu kaedah biasa yang dipilih untuk menilai biodegradasi polimer. Ideanya adalah bahawa, dengan menguburkan sampel di tanah untuk waktu yang tetap, sampel terdedah kepada mikroorganisma (iaitu bakteria dan jamur) yang terdapat di dalam tanah yang berfungsi sebagai sumber makanan mereka. Ini mungkin memudahkan proses kemerosotan. Atas sebab ini, ujian penguburan tanah dapat dianggap sebagai pendekatan yang sahih terhadap proses kemerosotan di persekitaran semula jadi. Kerentanan filem terhadap reaksi biodegradasi dinilai dalam selang waktu tujuh hari melalui penampilan fizikal dan penurunan berat badan. Menariknya, didapati bahawa filem-filem pati berangkai silang telah dilihat menurun lebih perlahan daripada filem-filem pati yang tidak bersilang ketika masa pengebumian berlangsung. Peratusan penurunan berat badan yang menurun, serta kehadiran mikroorganisma dan permukaan yang terhakis pada filem yang diperhatikan oleh SEM, menjelaskan tingkah laku degradasi filem pati berangkai silang berbanding dengan filem pati yang tidak bersilang. Oleh itu, dipercayai bahawa filem kanji-gliserol berangkai silang dapat terbiodegradasi di dalam tanah, dan seterusnya, potensi untuk dikomersialkan sebagai bahan pembungkusan yang boleh terurai tidak lama lagi. Pada masa yang sama, pembungkusan plastik ini diharapkan dapat diakui sebagai produk bernilai tambah kerana bahan mentah ergo mangga yang digunakan untuk mengembangkan produk ini adalah dari sisa, oleh itu, mesra alam.

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 181-192
Author(s):  
J. Shakina ◽  
K. Sathiya Lekshmi ◽  
G. Allen Gnana Raj

Novel cross linked biopolyesters were synthesised from naturally available olive oil, oligomeric polytriglyceride fumarate (o-PTF) was prepared by glycerolysis of the olive oil followed by condensation with maleic anhydride. The (o-PTF) was characterised by spectral (FTIR, UV, NMR) and physicochemical properties (specific gravity, viscosity, saponification value, iodine value). The molecular weight ofo-PTF was estimated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The cross linked biopolyesters were prepared by treatingo-PTF of olive withN-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate. The cross linked biopolyesters were evaluated for spectral properties (FT IR), cross linked density, thermal properties, mechanical properties and biodegradation. The potential antifungal and anti bacterial activities of the newly prepared biopolyesters were evaluated. The environment degradation was assessed by soil burial test. The outcome of the studies has revealed that the newly prepared cross linked biopolyesters are potential biodegradable material for various consumer application like package materials and agricultural applications.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyaragini Singh ◽  
K. Dinesh Kumar ◽  
Rakesh Kumar

Abstract Recently, polyfurfuryl alcohol (PFA) based material has been gaining attention. Despite its use as an intermediate in various industries, the degradation process of PFA has rarely been reported. In this study, neat PFA (PF) and polylactic acid (PLA) incorporated PFA (PF-PL) based thermoset biopolymers were prepared by casting method. The degradation of the prepared biopolymer specimens was carried out under environmental conditions via soil-burial test and photo-degradation method for 21-months. The extent of degradation of PF and PF-PL was assessed by evaluating weight loss, structural and morphological change by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Weight loss percentage in case of photo-degraded samples was found to be much higher compared to soil buried specimens. SEM micrographs showed a blistered surface with visible cracks on the surface of soil buried and photo-degraded samples. FTIR spectra of photo-degraded samples showed a new peak at 673 cm-1 indicating the furan ring opening during the degradation process. Significant variation in mechanical properties of PF and PF-PL specimens after soil-burial test also indicated biodegradable nature of the biopolymers. Approximately 45% and 63% of loss in tensile strength was obtained in PF and PF-PL soil buried specimens, respectively. All the obtained data revealed the fragmentation of biopolymers, hence supporting the biodegradable nature of PFA-based biopolymer.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hemhong Anankaphong ◽  
Duanghathai Pentrakoon ◽  
Jirawut Junkasem

Poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) biocomposites incorporated with rubberwood powder (RWP) were fabricated with various RWP weight fractions (i.e., 0 to 40% wt) by injection moulding process. The soil burial test was employed to examine the biodegradability of such biocomposites under outdoor environment for 60 days. The physical appearance, percentage weight loss, chemical structure, and mechanical properties before and after the soil burial test were determined. Apparent changes in physical appearance of the biocomposites from optical micrographs were detected in terms of surface morphology and colour. The percentage of crystallinity of PBS/RWP biocomposites was studied by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, and the XRD pattern revealed a decrease in percentage of crystallinity due to enhancing RWP weight fractions. This may be attributed to a presence of rubberwood powders providing more disordered molecular chain arrangement of PBS matrix and also an agglomeration of the rubberwood powder content at greater concentration as seen in SEM micrographs. With increasing RWP weight fractions and burial time, the results exhibited a considerable change in chemical structure (essentially ester linkage due to biodegradation mechanism of PBS), relatively greater percentage weight loss, and a substantial decrease in flexural properties. Consequently, the results indicate that incorporating RWP enhances biodegradability of PBS/RWP biocomposites; that is, the biodegradation rate of biocomposites increases with increasing RWP weight fractions and burial time.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Iuliana Raut ◽  
Mariana Calin ◽  
Zina Vuluga ◽  
Elvira Alexandrescu ◽  
Melania Liliana Arsene ◽  
...  

Polypropylene–cellulose composites have great potential in many important commercial applications, and it is important to understand and properly evaluate their biodegradative behavior to achieve improved composite formulations in accordance with their future applications. In the present study, an outdoor soil burial test was performed in order to evaluate the susceptibility to degradation of polyolefins–cellulose composites. The structural and morphological changes were analyzed by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The weight loss of composite samples after burying in soil was recorded. The presence of new bands, as an indicator of degradation, was confirmed by FTIR-ATR spectra. The thermal stability of the composites after soil burial analyzed by TGA was slightly improved, with relatively higher temperatures being required to decompose the samples after exposure to environmental factors. SEM micrographs presented some modifications of the polymer surface, such as holes, cracks, exfoliations, and fractures. Increasing the cellulose percentage of the composite samples led to increased weight loss. From the obtained results, it can be concluded that composites based on polyolefins and renewable resources undergo a slow process of biodegradation after contact with environmental microorganisms and, with appropriate composition, could be applied to various environmental fields.


2013 ◽  
Vol 844 ◽  
pp. 406-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Rohana Yahya ◽  
Azura A. Rashid ◽  
Baharin Azahari

Starch is added into the natural rubber (NR) latex as filler to assist the biodegradation of NR latex which normally takes longer period to biodegrade. The soil burial test for 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks at room temperature was carried out on the unfilled-, 10% starch-, and alkali gelatinized starch-filled NR latex films. The progress of biodegradation was investigated through weight loss measurement, tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) analysis. Results indicated that the NR latex films showed an obvious increment of weight loss percentages after buried for 4 weeks compared to the control films. The 10% alkali gelatinized starch performed the tensile strength retained up to two weeks before decreased at longer soil burial periods. Referring to morphological analysis, the voids on the NR latex films became larger with the addition of starch. From FTIR analysis, the addition alkali gelatinized starch was increased the hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in NR latex films after 4 weeks of soil burial test.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nanda Raudhatil Jannah ◽  
Novesar Jamarun ◽  
Yulia Eka Putri

Bioplastics are bio-based plastics from natural resources, made to replace conventional plastics. The utilization of biopolymers in bioplastics provide a faster degradation compared to petroleum-based plastics. Starch-based bioplastic from mixing Durio zibethinus Murr starch and glycerol as plasticizer have been conducted. In this research, the concentration of glycerol has been varied to study the effect on starch-based bioplastics mechanical properties. The tensile strength for Durio zibethinus Murr starch-based bioplastic with 20% glycerol was 50.28 MPa with 13.3% elongation. The functional group found on the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra indicated the presence of O-H stretch, C-H stretch, C=O stretch, and C-O stretch which stated the formation of bioplastic. The image results gained from scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the morphology surface of bioplastic was less homogenous and rough. The soil burial test for biodegradability showed Durio zibethinus Murr starch-based bioplastic achieved 38.9% weight loss in a 5-day observation.


2018 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 323-329
Author(s):  
L.W. Wan ◽  
Mohd Kahar A. Wahab

The chitosan starch film was produce through solution casting with different carboxylic acid for acid treatment. Several testing were conducted such as tensile test, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), moisture absorption and soil burial. The optimum ratio for the chitosan/starch was 70:30. This ratio shows the highest tensile strength which is 11.84 MPa for the control film. The acid used for chemical modifications were citric acid and ascorbic acid. This acid modificationsexhibited higher tensile strength, Young's modulus, and less weight loss in soil burial and lower percentage of moisture absorption. SEM shows the better solubility of the starch in film with acid treatment. Moisture absorption and weight loss in the soil burial test was lower in the film with acid treatment than thefilm without acid treatment.


2007 ◽  
Vol 334-335 ◽  
pp. 221-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong Cao ◽  
Shinichi Shibata ◽  
Koichi Goda

Biodegradable composites made from bagasse fiber and biodegradable resin were prepared and the biodegradation were investigated by the soil burial test in terms of the effects of fiber content, alkali treatment to bagasse fiber and different soil. The biodegradable resin showed some extent biodegradation. The addition of bagasse fiber caused the acceleration of weight loss of the fiber reinforced composites in comparison with the neat biodegradable resin. The weight loss of the composites increased with the increase in the fiber content, which could attribute to the preferential degradation of bagasse fiber and the resin around the fiber. However there was no significant difference in weight loss between untreated and alkali treated fiber composites. Furthermore, it is noted that the weight loss drastically increased in the case of the composites buried in the microorganism enriched soil. This results from the increase of bacteria and fungi in soil. The photographs and SEM micrographs showed the degradation of the resin and the composites.


2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Souad Djellalia ◽  
Nassima Benmahmoud ◽  
Tahar Sadoun

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