scholarly journals تغليط الخاصة صواب العامّة: دراسة تحليلية للسياقات الصوتية والصرفية في كتاب "تثقيف اللسان وتلقيح الجنان" للصقلي نموذجاً/ Faulting the elites, correcting the commoners: An analytical study of the phonological and morphological contexts in the book ‘Tathqīf

Author(s):  
Munir Manṣor AlShatnawi

ملخص البحث حظيت الأغلاط اللغوية في مستويات اللغة المختلفة بعناية اللغويين منذ القرن الثاني الهجري، وأثبتوا وجوه الصواب اللغوي الذي صوّب ألفاظاً وتراكيب لغوية غَلِط بها العوام أو الخواص، أو غلّطت الخاصة بها صواب العامة. تتبع الباحث المنهج الوصفي التحليلي في هذه الظاهرة، وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن اللحن ظاهرة ليست مقصورة على العامة، بل يمكن أن تقع من الخواصّ لوهم يتوهموه، وأن الغلط اللغوي ظاهرة لا تقف عند حدود مخالفة وجه الصواب، وإلى ضرورة دراسة السياقات اللغوية لما وصِف بأنه غلط لغوي، وأن اللحن ليس في مستوى واحد من مستويات اللغة، بل هو في جميع مستويات اللغة حتى الكتابي منها، ويلحظ على كتب لحن العامة وتقويم الألسن أنّها لم توضع لغير العرب من الأعاجم الذين دخلوا الإسلام، وانخرطوا في الحياة العربية وشؤون الدولة لتعلمهم العربية، ولا يفهم مما ذكره الصقلي في تخطئة رأي الخاصة، وتصويب رأي العامة، إطلاق حكم قطعي بأن الوجه اللغوي الذي قالت به الخاصة غلط مردود، وأنَّ الوجه اللغوي الذي قالته العامّة صواب معهود، وإنما كان الصقلي يقصد تخطئة الخاصة لما هو جائز بوجه آخر قالت به العامّة، ولذلك قد يكون رأي الخاصة صواباً، إلا أنه ليس من الصواب أن تجتهد الخاصة فتطلق وصف الغلط لما قالته العامة وهو جائز بوجه في العربية وإن قل وإن ندُر، وليست الخاصة سواء في الفصاحة، فمنهم المجيدون ومنهم المتكلفون. الكلمات المفتاحية: الغلط اللغوي-الخواص-العامة-اللحن-السياق-المعجم. Abstract:   Language errors on the various language levels had been attracting the attention of scholars since the second century after Hijrah. They tried to prove the correct use of the language through correcting the words and phrases that were wrongly used by the commons and the elites in the society, or in some cases what the elites would consider an error of the commoners. The study makes use of the descriptive analytical method in this aspect. Among the conclusions of the study are: language error is not exclusively committed by the commoners but it can also be that of the elites as a result of certain assumptions they believed in; errors are not of those which only disregard the limitations of ‘correctness’; some of what had been regarded as errors should be contextually studied; language error is not restricted on one level of language but rather pervades all other language levels, graphological level is not excluded; some books on language errors were not focusing on the newly convert Muslims of non-Arab descends who later on immersed themselves in Arab lifestyle and held positions in government administrations for their knowledge in Arabic; what was meant by al-Saqali as faulting the view of the elites and correcting the view of the commoners is not fully comprehensible; to opine definitely that what was uttered by the elites is erroneous is totally ruled out, and what was uttered by the commoners are correct and conventional; what he meant by faulting the elites of what is permissible in a different manner expressed by the commoners, in this regard, the view of the elites might be acceptable, but it is not acceptable for them to insist on calling what is expressed by the commoners as an error as it is permissible in a different manner in Arabic regardless of its rarity; the elites were not on the same level of competence and eloquence as there were among them who are genuinely capable while others are merely forcing it onto themselves.   Keywords: Language error – elites – commoners – errors – context - dictionary   Abstrak   Kesalahan bahasa pada pelbagai peringkat bahasa telah menarik perhatian para sarjana semenjak daripada kurun kedua Hijrah. Mereka telah mencuba untuk membuktikan penggunaan sebenar bahasa dengan membetulkan perkataan dan frasa yang salah digunakan oleh orang awam dan golongan elit  dalam masyarakat atau dalam beberapa keadaan, golongan elit akan menganggap penggunaan tertentu itu oleh orang awam itu adalah salah. Kajian ini bersandarkan kepada metod deskriptif analitikal. Antara dapatan kajian ialah: kesalahan bahasa tidak sahaja dilakukan oleh orang awam tetapi juga oleh golongan elit disebabkan oleh beberapa andaian mereka; kesalahan bukanlah sahaja sesuatu yang menjangkau batasan ‘betul’; sebahagian daripada apa yang dianggap salah patut dikaji semula dalam konteksnya yang sebenar; kesalahan bahasa bukanlah sahaja berlaku pada satu peringkat bahkan pada pelbagai peringkat bahasa yang lain yang tidak tekecuali juga peringkat tulisan; sesetengah buku berkenaan kesalahan bahasa tidak mengambil kira orang yang memeluk Islam dalam kalangan keturunan bukan Arab yang kemudiannya mengambil cara hidup Arab dan menjawat jawatan dalam pentadbiran kerana pengetahuan mereka dalam bahasa Arab; yang dimaksudkan Al-Saqali dalam menyalahkan pendapat para elit dan membetukan pendapat orang awam tidak lah dapat difahami sepenuhnya: tidak mungkin ia bermaksud menolak penggunaan golongan elit kerana ia salah sedangkan pertuturan orang awam adalah diterima dan betul dan mengikut resam; apa yang dimaksudkan beliau dalam menyalahkan para elit ialah berkenaan apa yang dibolehkan dalam pertuturan orang awam dengan cara yang lain; dalam keadaan ini pendapat para elit mungkin dapat diterima, namum adalah sesuatu yang tidak dapat diterima untuk mereka terus mendesak untuk terus memanggil apa yang dituturkan oleh orang awam itu sebagai satu kesalahan kerana ia dieperbolehkan sedemikian walaupun ia adalah jarang digunakan; golongan elit pula bukanlah semuanya berkebolehan sama, ada yang dengan amat mudah melahirkan kata berbahasa tinggi, manakalah ada juga yang kelihatan terpaksa berusaha menuturkannya.   Kata kunci: Kesalahan bahasa – golongan elit – orang biasa  - kesalahan – konteks – kamus.

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 101
Author(s):  
Salahaldeen Mohammad AlBzour

Cattle are among the great graces that have been sent down and have been subjected for human beings and Allah has mentioned the cattle in His Noble Quran. It has been adopted in this research the analytical method that attempts to make use of statistical analysis of cattle as mentioned in the Noble Quran. Furthermore, the purposes of the current research are to bring to light the potential purposes of mentioning the cattle in the Noble Quran and to clear up how the place of revelation of the surahs could intensify the understanding of the verses. Anyway, the results come to light that cattle are not vainly mentioned in the Noble Quran and the main purpose of mentioning them is to show the benefits and lessons that human beings can get from them and then comes the rest of purposes respectively. Moreover, the results show that the place of revelation of the surahs cannot be ignored because it gives a great deal of understanding the context of the verses. Finally, the results display that it is sometimes necessary to refer to the preceding verse(s) or to the following one(s) to understand the purposes of mentioning the cattle and to understand the context of the verse.


2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 751-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioana Maria Cortea ◽  
Luminița Ghervase ◽  
Ovidiu Țentea ◽  
Anca Constantina Pârău ◽  
Roxana Rădvan

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. M. Tan ◽  
J. M. Ko

In order to reduce the vertical vibrations of long-span beam structures subjected to human activities or machinery running, a type of beam-column connection incorporated with viscoelastic dampers is designed and the effectiveness in vibration control is proved experimentally. An analytical method implemented with a fractional derivative model for structures with such damping devices is then proposed. By comparing analytical results with test data, the method is verified to be able to predict structural behaviors very well. Based on the parametric studies being carried out, useful guidelines are achieved for design of beam structures with connection dampers.


Author(s):  
Salah Ali Muqden

    The Quran is the first source, which is the word of God, which is incapable of all creation of the type, and hence the status of the science of interpretation because it relates to the book of God, and the status of analytical study in the Koran, and the highlight of the Quranic miracle in most aspects was the reason for my choice for this subject In order to know the characteristics of the unbelievers came the research entitled (qualities of the unbelievers in the first Surah Al-Baqarah - an analytical study) It is written in accordance with the analytical method by its known and reliable steps, which is very important because the research shows the faces of Quranic miracles in all its developed aspects, especially reliance on sources and references in the presentation of opinions in interpretation and interpretation. The most prominent opinion was the interpretation of some places and things that bear Opinion, particularly in the stereotypical-graphical-stylistic subjects.    


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 0110
Author(s):  
Aseel Dawood Dr. Nuhad Mohammed

Continuous research has reached the importance of cognitive skill achievement in the performance of football skills, especially scoring skill, as the research aims to identify the personality styles that the sample has according to the Inikram system and to identify the differences between groups according to personality patterns in cognitive achievement to learn the skill of football scoring. Using the descriptive approach using the analytical method, the sample number reached (60) students and (22) students were excluded because of the appearance of patterns in them. The exploratory experiment sample (6) students was chosen) The main sample student was (32) students and the results showed that there is a relationship between testing requirementsFor the collection of cognitive performance skill and skillful performance of the skill of scoring according to the personal system Alanikram


2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 146
Author(s):  
Zaid Suleiman Al-Edwan

<p class="apa">The present study aimed at exploring the concepts of the security education in the textbooks of the national and civic education of the higher primary stage in Jordan. It adopted the descriptive analytical method. The study sample consisted of the textbooks of the national and civic education for the basic eighth, ninth and tenth grades. To achieve the objective of the study, a form was prepared for the analysis of these textbooks which contained the security education concepts; (34) security concepts distributed over four areas: the intellectual security, the political security, the social security, and the economic security. The findings of the study showed that the textbook of the national and civic education of the tenth primary grade was of more inclusion of the concepts of security education than those of the eighth and ninth grades. Also, it was revealed that the extent of inclusion of the security education concepts in the textbooks of the national and civic education varies in the higher primary stage, while the level of sequence of these concepts included in these textbooks is low. Additionally, the findings showed that there were no statistically indicative differences in the level of integration of the security education concepts between the textbooks of national and civic education in higher primary stage in Jordan.</p>


2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (15) ◽  
pp. 1625-1642
Author(s):  
Mahmood MOHAMMED WAHEEB ◽  
Sofia HAYATİ ◽  
Ahmed ABDUL MALİK

This analytical study discusses how the media is dealing with the violence news. The problem is that there are multiple treatments and different visions of the violence nature. Violence often leads to more violence, if promoted in an impartial manner. Therefore, the study aims at discussing the media treatment of violence news, analyzing the news treatments used by the media with the issues of violence, and showing the images of violence through the media. Through the descriptive analytical method, the topic was discussed in three sections. The main results were: exaggerating the presentation of news and scenes of violence; , And the degree of excitement of journalistic treatment, the level of moral responsibility in journalistic treatment of violence has declined. Keywords media, violence, terrorism


Author(s):  
Mohammad Maseehur Rahman

Moral and ethical values guide a person to differentiate what is good and wrong, and provides an acceptable code of behaviors that all members of a particular society are supposed to follow so as to live in peace and harmony. On the other hand, there are a strong relationship between moral values and economic development of society as well as country. The article aims to describe effects of moral values on individuals and society. It also aims to discover the relationship between development of society and moral values through applying analytical method. The study cleared that deterioration of moral values, ethical values; common manners, respect, civility and proper etiquette have impacted negatively on the individuals and modern society.


2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salahaldeen Mohammad AlBzour

The rhetorical language is one of the miraculous matters in the Holy Quran and the term ‘fruit’ iseloquently used in the Holy Quran. In this research, the analytical method has been followed that attempts to make use of statistical analysis of the word ‘fruit’ as mentioned in the Holy Quran. This research aims to draw special attention to the significances of the word ‘fruit’ in the Holy Quran and to clarify what the place of revelation of surahs, the context of verses and the addressee could add to the connotations  of the word 'fruit'. Accordingly, two responses have been adopted according to the meanings of the word ‘fruit’ to achieve the aims, first, connotations of the word ‘fruit’ as the sweet and juicy part of a plant, second, connotations of the word ‘fruit’ as useful crops and others. Anyway, the results show that the word ‘fruit’ is foremost used to indicate the reward of the people of Paradise and to indicate Allah’s ability in creating, then respectively comes the others. In addition to, with reference to the place of revelation and the addressee, the results bring to light that these things add extra information to the connotations and make the word ‘fruit’ more meaningful. Finally, the results display that the connotations of the word ‘fruit’ can sometimes be understood within the same context where the word is mentioned in and it is necessary to refer to previous contexts to grasp the connotations at other times.


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