Managing Nematodes, Fungal Diseases, and Thrips on Peanut with Pesticides and Crop Rotations of Bahiagrass, Corn, and Cotton1

Abstract The influences of bahiagrass, corn, and cotton in rotation with peanut and treatments with aldicarb, flutolanil, and aldicarb plus flutolanil on nematodes, thrips, diseases caused by soilborne fungal pathogens, and yield of peanut were studied for 3 yr. Peanut yields following either 1 or 2 yr of bahiagrass, corn, or cotton were higher than those of continuous peanut. Peanut yield was greatest in the aldicarb plus flutolanil treated plots (5270 kg/ha), intermediate where aldicarb (4060 kg/ha), or flutolanil (4597 kg/ha) was used without aldicarb, and least in untreated (3690 kg/ha) plots. Yield increases in response to cropping sequences and pesticide treatments resulted primarily from suppression of crop damage by Meloidogyne arenaria, Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia solani, and Frankliniella spp. The data document the pest management benefits and yield response associated with using two widely grown agronomic crops (corn and cotton), an improved bahiagrass cultivar, and pesticide treatments in peanut production.

Download Full-text

Efficacy of Cow Urine as Plant Growth Enhancer and Antifungal Agent

Advances in Agriculture ◽

10.1155/2015/620368 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Savita Jandaik ◽

Preeti Thakur ◽

Vikas Kumar

Keyword(s):

Plant Growth ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Maximum Growth ◽

Nutritional Effect ◽

Cow Urine ◽

Fungal Organisms ◽

Poison Food Technique

The present study was conducted to determine antifungal activity of three different concentrations (5, 10, and 15%) of cow urine against three fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, andSclerotium rolfsii) isolated from infected plants of Methi and Bhindi that showed symptoms of damping off and wilting disease by poison food technique. The extent of growth of test fungi in plates poisoned with cow urine was lesser when compared with the control plates. Among these concentrations cow urine at 15% concentration was most effective. When the three fungal organisms were compared, maximum growth suppression was observed inFusarium oxysporum(78.57%) at 15% concentration of cow urine followed byRhizoctonia solani(78.37%) andSclerotium rolfsii(73.84%). Finally we concluded that the cow urine has antifungal activities and the inhibitory activity can be used in the control of fungi. The nutritional effect of cow urine on plant growth was also tested withTrigonella foenum-graecum(Methi) andAbelmoschus esculentus(Bhindi) plants and the chlorophyll and protein content was also estimated.

Download Full-text

Trichoderma species as Biocontrol Agent against Soil Borne Fungal Pathogens

Nepal Journal of Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/njb.v5i1.18492 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 39-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Srijana Bastakoti ◽

Shiva Belbase ◽

Shrinkhala Manandhar ◽

Charu Arjyal

Keyword(s):

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Fusarium Solani ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Plant Pathogens ◽

Biocontrol Agent ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Dual Culture ◽

Trichoderma Species ◽

Biocontrol Efficacy

Soil borne pathogenic fungi are of major concern in agriculture which significantly decreases the plant yield. Chemically controlled plant imposes environmental threats potentially dangerous to humans as well as other animals. Thus, application of biological methods in plant disease control is more effective alternative technique. This study was carried out to isolate Trichoderma species from soil sample and to assess its in vitro biocontrol efficacy against fungal pathogens viz. Sclerotium rolfsii, Sclerotionia sclerotiorum, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani. Biocontrol efficacy testing of isolates against different fungal pathogens was performed by dual culture technique.In this study, 5 different Trichoderma species were isolated from 26 various soil samples and were tested against four fungal soil-borne pathogens. Inhibition percentage of radial growth of Sclerotium rolfsii by three of the Trichoderma isolates was found to be 100%; about 62% and 68% of maximum inhibition was observed against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani respectively whereas Sclerotionia sclerotiorum was inhibited maximum up to 23%. This in vitro study revealed that although Trichoderma species plays an important role in controlling all type of soil borne fungal plant pathogens, however, isolates as biocontrol agent against Sclerotium rolfsii was found to be more efficient in comparison to other pathogens.Nepal Journal of Biotechnology. Dec. 2017 Vol. 5, No. 1: 39-49

Download Full-text

Screening of wheat germplasm for their susceptibility against different seedling diseases

Bangladesh Journal of Agricultural Research ◽

10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5842 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 673-681

Author(s):

MU Ahmed ◽

Abul Khair ◽

IH Mian

Keyword(s):

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Fusarium Oxysporum ◽

Key Words ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Pythium Aphanidermatum ◽

Wheat Germplasm ◽

Experimental Field ◽

Vigour Index ◽

Seedling Diseases

Fifteen wheat germplasm, namely BAW-1033, BAW-l045, BAW-1056, BAW1061, BAW-1064, BAW-1004, BAW-l008, BAW-1027, BAW-1035, Sonalika, Gourob, Protiva, Shatabdi, Sourov and Kanchan (check) were screened against different seedling diseases in two consecutive years under inoculated condition. Before sowing, the soils of the experimental field were inoculated with five fungal pathogens, namely Sclerotium rolfsii, Biplaris sorokiniana, Fusarium oxysporum, Pythium aphanidermatum, and Rhizoctonia solani. Considering the lower percent of diseased seedling and higher vigour index, four wheat germplasrn, namely Shatabdi, BAW-1045, BAW-1004 and Protiva were selected as tolerant materials against seedling diseases. Key Words: Screening; wheat germplasm; seedling diseases DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v34i4.5842Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4) : 673-681, December 2009

Download Full-text

How the Global Tea Industry Copes up with Fungal Diseases-Challenges and Opportunities

Plant Disease ◽

10.1094/pdis-09-20-1945-fe ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Abhay K Pandey ◽

Ganga Devi Sinniah ◽

Babu K Azariah ◽

Amarjyoti Tanti

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Disease Management ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Fungal Diseases ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Knowledge Gaps ◽

Foliar Diseases ◽

Management Interventions ◽

Tea Plants

Tea (Camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze) is a plantation crop, grown commercially in Asia, Africa and South America. Among biotic threats to tea production, diseases caused by fungal pathogens are most significant. Worldwide, tea plants are challenged by several root, stem, and foliar diseases. Foliar diseases, blister blight, grey blight, and brown blight are particularly important as they adversely affect the bud and the two youngest leaves, causing loss of harvestable shoots. Over the past several decades, climate change and field management practices have influenced the risk of crop damage by several fungal pathogens, as well as the development and spread of diseases. Management interventions, such as the adoption of good cultural/agronomic practices, use of fungicides and microbial biocontrol agents, plant defense elicitors, and deployment of resistant cultivars, have mitigated damage to tea plants caused by fungal diseases. A clearer understanding of knowledge gaps and the benefits of plant disease management strategies available is needed. The present article reviews the prevailing knowledge of major fungal pathogens of the tea crop, their genetic variability, the damage they cause and its economic impact, the need for new disease management strategies as climate change intensifies. We will also emphasize important knowledge gaps that are priority targets for future research.

Download Full-text

Isolation and Identification of Fungal Pathogens Associated with Diseases of Onion Crop in District Swat, Pakistan

Abasyn Journal Life Sciences ◽

10.34091/ajls.2.2.6 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Muhammad Nazir Uddin ◽

Nasrullah ◽

Muddasir Khan

Keyword(s):

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Fungal Species ◽

Fungal Diseases ◽

Blue Mold ◽

Fusarium Spp ◽

Isolation And Identification ◽

Alternaria Porri ◽

Black Mold ◽

Penicillium Spp

Onion is an important vegetable and a source of income for formers in District Swat, Pakistan. However, the crop is attacked by several pathogens i.e. fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes. Therefore, a study was carried out for the estimation of fungal diseases of onion crop in district Swat. Within this study, about 50 samples of diseased onion crop were collected from 17 different regions of District Swat. The most prevalent fungal borne onion diseases were black mold (38%), onion rust (32%), Blue Mold Rot (10%) and seedling. Fungal species were consistently isolated from all infected samples. In which Aspergillus was isolated from 82% samples, Puccinia Alli was from 70%, Alternaria porri from 52%, Fusarium spp from 42% Penicillium spp from 40%, Peronospora destructor from 35%, Pyhtaium from 23% and Rhizoctonia solani from 18% of samples. These fungal species consistently isolated and cultured from diseased onion plants of different fields in Swat. Keywords: Onion crop, Fungal diseases, Aspergillus.

Download Full-text

In search of the spectral composition of an effective light trap for the mushroom pest Lycoriella ingenua (Diptera: Sciaridae)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-92230-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Sándor Kecskeméti ◽

András Geösel ◽

József Fail ◽

Ádám Egri

Keyword(s):

Light Intensity ◽

Spectral Sensitivity ◽

Fungal Pathogens ◽

Light Trap ◽

Spectral Composition ◽

Wavelength Dependence ◽

Crop Damage ◽

Photon Flux ◽

Compound Eyes ◽

Behavioural Experiments

AbstractCertain fungus gnats, like Lycoriella ingenua are notorious pests in agriculture, especially in mushroom production. While larvae cause mainly direct crop damage, adults are vectors of several dangerous fungal pathogens. To promote the development of pesticide-free management methods, such as light trapping, we measured the spectral sensitivity of L. ingenua compound eyes with electroretinography and performed two different behavioural experiments to reveal the wavelength dependence of phototaxis in this species. The spectral sensitivity of the compound eyes is bimodal with peaks at 370 nm (UV) and 526 nm (green). Behavioural experiments showed that attraction to light as a function of wavelength depends on light intensity. In our first experiment, where the minimal photon flux (105–109 photons/cm2/s) needed for eliciting a phototactic response was determined wavelength by wavelength, phototaxis was strongest in the green spectral range (~526 nm). In the other behavioural experiment, where wavelength preference was tested under a higher but constant light intensity (~1013 photons/cm2/s), the highest attraction was elicited by UV wavelengths (398 nm). Our results suggest that both UV and green are important spectral regions for L. ingenua thus we recommend to use both UV (~370-398 nm) and green (~526 nm) for trapping these insects.

Download Full-text

Activity of Alkanediol Alkanoates against Pathogenic Plant Fungi Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotium rolfsii

Natural Product Communications ◽

10.1177/1934578x1200700930 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 1934578X1200700 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Paraj Shukla ◽

Suresh Walia ◽

Vivek Ahluwalia ◽

Balraj S. Parmar ◽

Muraleedharan G. Nair

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Ethylene Glycol ◽

Rhizoctonia Solani ◽

Diethylene Glycol ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Phytopathogenic Fungi ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Acyl Chlorides ◽

Mass Spectral ◽

Dose Dependent

Thirty known dialkanoates of ethylene, propylene and diethylene glycols were synthesized by reacting the glycols with acyl chlorides and their structures confirmed by IR, NMR and mass spectral analyses. They exhibited significant antifungal activity against two phytopathogenic fungi Rhizoctonia solani Kuehn and Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc in a dose dependent manner. Propylene glycol dipentanoate was the most active against R. solani. followed by diethylene glycol dibutanoate and ethylene glycol dibutanoate. Against S. rolfsii ethylene glycol diheptanoate was found to be most active followed by diethylene glycol diisobutanoate As compared to the standard reference benomyl (EC50 5.16 μg/mL), the potential alkanediol dialkanoates showed EC50 in the range of 33 – 60 μg/mL.

Download Full-text

Soil-Borne Pests of Peanut in Growers' Fields with Different Cropping Histories in Alabama1

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/i0095-3679-23-1-7 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 36-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

K. L. Bowen ◽

A. K. Hagan ◽

J. R. Weeks

Keyword(s):

Aspergillus Flavus ◽

Meloidogyne Incognita ◽

Leaf Spot ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Peanut Seed ◽

Control Programs ◽

Aflatoxigenic Fungi ◽

Peanut Production ◽

Seed Invasion

Abstract Pest levels and yields of peanut were monitored in growers' fields in 1991 through 1993. Yields ranged from 2085 to 6440 kg/ha and averaged 3947 kg/ha over the 3 yr. Incidence of southern stem rot (SSR) (caused by Sclerotium rolfsii) averaged 7.6 foci (up to 30 cm in length) per 30.5 m row and ranged from 0 to 31.0 foci. Peanut yield tended to be inversely related to incidence of SSR and directly related to the number of years between peanut crops. Incidence of SSR was inversely related to number of years between peanut crops and was consistently greater in fields cropped to peanut every other year compared to other fields with less intensive peanut production. Yields obtained from irrigated fields averaged 11.4% greater than those without irrigation. Leaf spot control programs used by growers provided consistent levels of control. Peanut seed invasion by aflatoxigenic fungi and plant damage by larvae of the lesser cornstalk borer (Elasmopalus lignosellus) generally were low. Seed invasion by Aspergillus flavus-type fungi was positively correlated (P < 0.05) with damage due to lesser cornstalk borer in 1993. Juvenile populations of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne incognita) were positively correlated (P < 0.001) with incidence of SSR in 1992.

Download Full-text

On-Farm Evaluations of Reduced Input Fungicide Programs in Peanut Fields with Low, Moderate, or High Levels of Disease Risk

Peanut Science ◽

10.3146/ps11-23r2.1 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 50-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. E. Woodward ◽

T. B. Brenneman ◽

R. C. Kemerait ◽

A. K. Culbreath ◽

N. B. Smith

Keyword(s):

Leaf Spot ◽

Cultural Practices ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽

Stem Rot ◽

Cercospora Arachidicola ◽

Production Region ◽

Net Returns ◽

Peanut Production ◽

On Farm

ABSTRACT In 2003, 2004, and 2005 standard and reduced input fungicide programs were evaluated throughout the peanut production region of Georgia for control of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola), late leaf spot (Cercosporidium personatum), and southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii). Disease risk was determined for each field based on the cultural practices implemented and ranged from low to high. Six to eight fungicide applications were made in the standard programs, versus three to six applications in reduced programs. Leaf spot ratings were higher for the reduced programs in five of the fourteen trials with substantial defoliation occurring in one trial. Overall, southern stem rot control for the reduced programs was equal to or better than that for the standard program, which could be attributed to the differences in fungicide selection or timing. Pod yields for the reduced programs were equal to or greater than the standard programs in all but one trial. Net returns were higher for the reduced programs in half of the trials; however, the reduced program resulted in lower net returns in one trial in 2004. Our results indicate that reduced input fungicide programs can be used to adequately manage fungal diseases of peanut without compromising yield or profitability, and that the use of cultivars with moderate levels of disease resistance may enhance disease control.

Download Full-text