Phytotoxicity of Delayed Applications of Dinitroaniline Herbicides in Strip-Tillage Peanut Production

2011 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-60
Author(s):  
W. Carroll Johnson ◽  
E. P. Prostko ◽  
Jerry Davis
Keyword(s):  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Timely Manner ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Yield Responses ◽  
Significant Injury ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Abstract Dinitroaniline herbicides are typically applied preplant incorporated or preemergence (PRE) immediately after seeding peanut. Situations frequently arise where dinitroaniline herbicides are not applied in a timely manner in strip-tillage peanut production. In these cases, dinitroaniline herbicides are be applied several days or weeks after seeding peanut. Weed-free, irrigated field trials were conducted in Tifton, GA in 2004 and 2005 to evaluate the phytotoxic effects of delayed applications of ethalfluralin and pendimethalin on peanut. Both herbicides were applied PRE, at vegetative emergence (VE), 1wk after vegetative emergence (VE+1wk), VE+2wk, VE+3wk, VE+4wk, and included a nontreated control. Dinitroaniline herbicides neither visually injured peanut nor affected foliage biomass collected at mid- and late-season. Timing of herbicide application did not consistently affect peanut vegetative growth. Pod biomass was reduced by dinitroaniline herbicides applied VE+3wk when measured mid-season, but recovered late-season. Across all application timings, ethalfluralin reduced peanut yield compared to pendimethalin. Across both dinitroaniline herbicides, peanut yields were reduced when herbicides were applied at VE. These data show that visual estimates of peanut response to dinitroaniline herbicides may not detect subtle phytotoxic effects. The data also suggests that pod biomass and yield responses may be difficult to predict. However, there is potential for significant injury if peanut are treated with delayed applications of dinitroaniline herbicides in strip-tillage peanut production. In contrast, PRE applications are not injurious to strip-tillage peanut and must be a priority to ensure crop safety.

Peanut Response to Naturally-Derived Herbicides Used in Organic Crop Production

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Carroll Johnson ◽  
Benjamin G. Mullinix ◽  
Mark A. Boudreau
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Clove Oil ◽  
Phytotoxic Effects ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Organic Crop Production ◽  
Significant Injury

Abstract Weed-free irrigated trials were conducted in 2004 and 2005 to quantify phytotoxic effects of herbicides with the potential to be used in organic peanut production. Clove oil and citric plus acetic acid were each applied at vegetative emergence of peanut (VE), two weeks after VE (2 wk), four weeks after VE (4 wk), sequentially VE/2 wk, sequentially VE/4 wk, sequentially VE/2 wk/4 wk, and a nontreated control. Clove oil was more injurious (maximum of 28% visual injury) than citric plus acetic acid (maximum of 4% visual injury), with significant injury occurring with clove oil applied at 4-wk or sequentially. Citric plus acetic acid caused minimal peanut injury. There were no consistent effects of clove oil on peanut yield, although sequential applications of clove oil tended to reduce peanut yield. Peanut yield was not affected by citric plus acetic acid.

Effect of Halosulfuron Applied Preplant Incorporated, Preemergence, and Postemergence on Dry Bean

2009 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 535-539 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nader Soltani ◽  
Robert E. Nurse ◽  
Christy Shropshire ◽  
Peter H. Sikkema
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Kidney Bean ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Dry Bean ◽  
White Bean ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Adequate Margin ◽  
Significant Injury

Five field trials were conducted over a 2-yr period (2007, 2008) at various locations in Ontario to evaluate the tolerance of black, cranberry, kidney, otebo, pink, pinto, small red Mexican (SRM), and white bean to halosulfuron applied PPI, PRE, and POST at 35 and 70 g ai/ha. There was minimal injury (3% or less) with halosulfuron applied PPI or PRE in dry bean. At Exeter and Ridgetown, halosulfuron applied POST at 35 and 70 g/ha caused 3 to 5% and 4 to 8% injury in dry bean, respectively at 1 wk after herbicide application (WAA). The injury was transient with no significant injury at 2 and 4 WAA. At Harrow, halosulfuron POST at 35 and 70 g/ha caused as much as 4% injury at 35 g/ha and 14% injury at 70 g/ha in dry bean. Halosulfuron applied PPI, PRE, and POST at 35 and 70 g/ha caused no decrease in plant height of dry bean except for kidney bean, which was reduced 6% at 70 g/ha, and white bean, which was reduced 3% at both 35 and 70 g/ha. Halosulfuron applied PPI, PRE, and POST at 35 and 70 g/ha caused no decrease in dry bean yield except for kidney bean, which was reduced 9% at 35 g/ha and 10% at 70 g/ha; otebo bean, which was reduced 3% at 70 g/ha; and white bean, which was reduced 7% at both 35 and 70 g/ha. On the basis of these results, there is an adequate margin of crop safety in dry bean to halosulfuron applied PPI or PRE at 35 and 70 g/ha. In addition, there is an adequate margin of crop safety in black, cranberry, pink, pinto, and SRM bean to halosulfuron applied POST at 35 and 70 g/ha. However, further research is required to ascertain the tolerance of kidney, otebo, and white bean to halosulfuron applied POST.

Annual Grass Control in Strip-Tillage Peanut Production with Delayed Applications of Pendimethalin

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Carroll Johnson ◽  
Eric P. Prostko ◽  
Benjamin G. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Control Efficacy ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Annual Grasses ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Herbicide Programs ◽  
A Current ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

In strip-tillage peanut production, situations occur when dinitroaniline herbicides are not applied in a timely manner. In these cases, dinitroaniline herbicides would be applied days or weeks after seeding. However, there is no information that documents the effects of delayed applications on weed control. Trials were conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2007 in Georgia to determine the weed control efficacy of delayed applications of pendimethalin in strip-tillage peanut production. Treatments included seven timings of pendimethalin application and three pendimethalin-containing herbicide combinations. Timings of application were immediately after seeding (PRE), vegetative emergence of peanut (VE), 1 wk after VE (VE+1wk), VE+2wk, VE+3wk, VE+4wk, and a nontreated control. Pendimethalin containing herbicide programs included pendimethalin plus paraquat, pendimethalin plus imazapic, and pendimethalin alone. Among the possible treatment combinations was a current producer standard timing for nonpendimethalin weed control programs in peanut, which was either imazapic or paraquat alone applied VE+3wk. Pendimethalin alone did not effectively control Texas millet regardless of time of application (69 to 77%), whereas southern crabgrass was controlled by pendimethalin alone PRE (87%). Delayed applications of pendimethalin controlled Texas millet and southern crabgrass when combined with either paraquat or imazapic, with imazapic being the preferred combination due to better efficacy on southern crabgrass than paraquat at most delayed applications. Peanut yield was improved when any of the herbicide combinations were applied PRE compared to later applications. Across all times of application, pendimethalin plus imazapic effectively maximized peanut yield with interference from annual grasses.

scholarly journals Texas Panicum (Panicum texanum) Control in Strip-Tillage Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Production

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. C. Johnson ◽  
E. P. Prostko ◽  
B. G. Mullinix
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Additional Cost ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Annual Grass ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
Control Post ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Abstract Studies were conducted from 1999 through 2001 in Georgia to develop Texas panicum management systems in strip-tillage peanut production into a killed rye cover crop. The experimental design was a split-plot with four replications. Main plots were preemergence (PRE) herbicides for annual grass control—ethalfluralin, pendimethalin, metolachlor, alachlor, dimethenamid, and a nontreated PRE control. All plots were irrigated immediately after PRE applications to activate herbicides. Subplots were postemergence (POST) graminicides applied 28 d after peanut emergence—sethoxydim, clethodim, and a nontreated POST control. POST graminicides were applied with a crop oil concentrate. None of the PRE herbicides alone adequately controlled Texas panicum in strip-till peanut production, even with optimum activation with irrigation. Sethoxydim and clethodim controlled Texas panicum at least 91%, regardless of PRE treatments. Peanut yields were greater where ethalfluralin or pendimethalin PRE were applied sequentially with a POST graminicides, compared to PRE herbicides or POST graminicides alone. This suggests that, while POST graminicides effectively control Texas panicum, the reduced efficacy of dinitroaniline herbicides is still beneficial. The additional cost of a POST graminicide needs to be factored into production budgets for strip-tillage peanut production.

Weed Management in Single- vs. Twin-Row Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry J. Brecke ◽  
Daniel O. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Management Systems ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Planting Pattern ◽  
Single Row ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Strip Tillage ◽  
And Control ◽  
Tillage Methods

Experiments were conducted in Florida in 2000 through 2003 to evaluate weed management systems in single- and twin-row peanut utilizing either conventional or strip tillage. Diclosulam or flumioxazin preemergence (PRE) or 2,4-DB or imazapic mid-postemergence (MPOST) or late-postemergence (LPOST) was needed for greater than 95% common cocklebur control in conventional- and strip-tillage peanut. In both tillage systems, paraquat + bentazon early-postemergence (EPOST) followed by (fb) 2,4-DB or imazapic MPOST, 2,4-DB or chlorimuron LPOST, or both was required for more than 80% late-season control of Florida beggarweed and control in twin-row was 5 to 10 percentage points above that observed with single-row peanut. Paraquat + bentazon EPOST preceded by a diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE or fb MPOST or LPOST applications provided 80% or greater control of ivyleaf morningglory, and no differences were observed between peanut planting pattern. Paraquat + bentazon EPOST fb imazapic MPOST was the only treatment that provided 90% or greater late-season sicklepod control across all years and tillage methods, and, regardless of tillage, sicklepod control was 7 percentage points better in twin- than single-row peanut. Treatments that contained diclosulam or flumioxazin PRE and paraquat + bentazon EPOST fb a MPOST or LPOST herbicide application increased peanut yield compared to nontreated in conventional- and strip-tillage peanut. Averaged over all herbicide treatments, years, and tillage methods, peanut seeded in twin rows yielded 300 kg/ha more than in single rows.

GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF OPEN POLLINATED MAIZE (Zea mays) TO TYPES AND RATES OF ORGANIC FERTILISERS IN RAINFOREST TRANSITORY AGROECOLOGY OF NIGERIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 85-94
Author(s):  
S. G. ADERIBIGBE ◽  
O. S. SAKARIYAWO ◽  
A. A. SORETIRE ◽  
A. A. OYEKANMI ◽  
P. A.S. SOREMI
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Organic Fertilisers ◽  
Yield Responses

Sustainable maize (Zea mays) production in resource challenged regions of the world is achievable among others through optimal utilisation of organic fertilisers at varying rates. Field trials were conducted in Abeokuta (Latitude 7010' N and Longitude 3015' E) in the late cropping season of 2010 and 2011. Three commercially available organic fertilisers [(Gateway 1 (GF1), Gateway 2 (GF2) and Sunshine (SF)], at three rates (0, 10 and 20 t ha-1) and three replicates were used on improved open-pollinated maize variety (Swam 1 yellow). The experiment was laid out in a randomised completely blocked design. GF1 had significantly (P < 0.05) the highest effect on growth parameters (Plant height, stem girth, leaf area and leaf area Index), with SF the least. A significant depression was observed in most growth parameters at increasing application rates of organic fertiliser, a converse pattern was observed on 1000 grain weight (GW), harvest index and cob length. A significantly higher (P < 0.05) vegetative growth, cob weight and grain yield was observed in 2010 than 2011, while 2011 had longer cobs and more 1000 GW than 2010. GF1 was recommended in Rainforest transitory zone of Nigeria at higher application rates though mediated by environmental factors. Keywords: , , ,   

scholarly journals Performance and Profitability of Fungicides for Managing Soybean White Mold: A 10-Year Summary of Cooperative Trials

Plant Disease ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 2212-2220
Author(s):  
Jhonatan P. Barro ◽  
Maurício C. Meyer ◽  
Claúdia V. Godoy ◽  
Alfredo R. Dias ◽  
Carlos M. Utiamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
White Mold ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Soybean Price ◽  
Cost Treatment ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Yield Responses

White mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, is a yield-limiting disease of soybean in Brazil. Uniform fungicide trials have been conducted annually since 2009. Data from 74 cooperative field trials conducted over a 10-year period were assembled. We selected five fungicides applied two times around flowering: dimoxystrobin plus boscalid (DIMO+BOSC), carbendazim plus procymidone (CARB+PROC), fluazinam (FLUZ), fluopyram (FLUO), and procymidone (PROC). For comparison, thiophanate-methyl (TMET) applied four times was also included as a low-cost treatment. Network models were fitted to the log of white mold incidence (percentages) and log of sclerotia mass data (grams/hectare) and to the nontransformed yield data (kilograms/hectare) for each treatment, including the untreated check. Back-transformation of the meta-analytic estimates indicated that the lowest and highest mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) percent reductions in incidence and sclerotia mass were 54.2 (49.3 to 58.7) and 51.6% (43.7 to 58.3) for TMET and 83.8 (79.1 to 87.5) and 87% (81.9 to 91.6) for CARB+PROC, respectively. The overall mean (95% CI) yield responses ranged from 323 kg/ha (247.4 to 400.3) for TMET to 626 kg/ha (521.7 to 731.7) for DIMO+BOSC, but the variance was significantly reduced by a binary variable (30% threshold) describing disease incidence in the untreated check. On average, an increment of 352 kg/ha was estimated for trials where the incidence was >30% compared with the low-disease scenario. Hence, the probability of breaking even on fungicide costs for the high-disease scenario was >65% for the more effective, but more expensive fungicide (FLUZ) than TMET. For the low-disease scenario, profitability was less likely and depended more on variations in fungicide cost and soybean price.

Influence of Simulated Rainfall and Soil Moisture on Herbicidal Activity of Cinmethylin

Weed Science ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven G. Russell ◽  
Thomas J. Monaco ◽  
Jerome B. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicidal Activity ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Green Foxtail ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Dry Soil ◽  
Prickly Sida

Field trials were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effects of moisture on herbicidal activity of cinmethylin applied preemergence at 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 kg ai ha to both dry and moist sandy loam soil. Herbicide application was followed by varying amounts of irrigation. Weed species included velvetleaf, prickly sida, green foxtail, and barnyardgrass. When cinmethylin was applied to a moist soil or when 2.5 cm of irrigation was applied 5 days after cinmethylin application to a dry soil, overall weed control was reduced. Optimum weed control resulted from cinmethylin application to dry soil followed either by a 2.5-cm irrigation within 8 h or a 7.6-cm irrigation within 36 h.

Weeds and yields of spring cereals as influenced by stubble-cultivation and reduced doses of herbicides in five long-term trials

2000 ◽  
Vol 134 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. BOSTRÖM ◽  
M. HANSSON ◽  
H. FOGELFORS
Keyword(s):  
Weed Management ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Full Dose ◽  
Spring Cereals ◽  
One Year

The influence of herbicides at reduced rates and repeated stubble-cultivation on weeds and crop yields was estimated in five field trials with spring-sown cereals situated in the south of Sweden during the autumn of 1989 until the spring of 1997. Stubble-cultivation was accomplished during 1989–1996, while herbicides were applied at 0, 1/8, 1/4 or 1/2 of full dose during 1990–1996.In the spring of 1997, i.e. after 7 years without herbicide application, seedling densities 3 weeks after weed emergence were 68–340/m2 at three sites and 535–610/m2 at two sites when averaged over tillage treatments.Averaged over herbicide doses, stubble-cultivation reduced the plant density of annual broad- leaved weeds by 6–32% at three sites and increased the density by 25% at one site. At the remaining site, the density was not significantly influenced. Stubble-cultivation reduced the populations of two perennial and seven annual weed species, while one species was stimulated and nine species showed null, or inconsistent, responses. In the spring of 1997, i.e. one year after the last herbicide application, the densities of weed seedlings in 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2-doses were 34, 46 and 56% lower, respectively, than in the untreated controls.Stubble-cultivation increased crop yields at four sites by 200 kg/ha as a mean over herbicide doses. At these four sites, averaged over 1993–1995, herbicides increased yields in plots that were not stubble-cultivated by 7, 8 and 10% in the 1/8, 1/4 and 1/2 of a full dose, respectively, relative to the untreated control. In 1996, herbicides increased yields at only two sites.It is concluded that a fruitful way for weed management with a low input of agrochemicals is to combine the use of herbicides at reduced rates with repeated stubble-cultivation.

scholarly journals Response of Sesame to Selected Herbicides Applied Early in the Growing Season

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. James Grichar ◽  
Jack J. Rose ◽  
Peter A. Dotray ◽  
Todd A. Baughman ◽  
D. Ray Langham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
No Reduction ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Late Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Dinitroaniline Herbicides

Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the response of sesame to PRE and POST applications of soil residual herbicides. PRE applications of acetochlor andS-metolachlor at 1.26 and 1.43 kg ai·ha−1showed little or no sesame injury (0 to 1%) 4 wks after herbicide treatments (WAT). POST treatments of acetochlor and trifluralin made 3 wks after planting (WAP) resulted in greater sesame injury (40%) compared to applications at bloom (18%). Field studies were conducted in Texas and Oklahoma during the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons to determine sesame response to clethodim, diuron, fluometuron, ethalfluralin, quizalofop-P, pendimethalin, pyroxasulfone, trifluralin, and trifloxysulfuron-sodium applied 2, 3, or 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Late-season sesame injury with the dinitroaniline herbicides consisted of a proliferation of primary branching at the upper nodes of the sesame plant (in the shape/form of a broom). Ethalfluralin and trifluralin caused more “brooming” effect than pendimethalin. Some yield reductions were noted with the dinitroaniline herbicides. Trifloxysulfuron-sodium caused the greatest injury (up to 97%) and resulted in yield reductions from the untreated check. Early-season diuron injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis) decreased as application timing was delayed, and late-season injury was virtually nonexistent with only slight chlorosis (<4%) still apparent on the lower leaves. Sesame yield was not consistently affected by the diuron treatments. Fluometuron caused early-season injury (stunting/chlorosis), and a reduction of yield was observed at one location. Pyroxasulfone applied 2 WAP caused up to 25% sesame injury (stunting) but did not result in a yield reduction. Quizalofop-P caused slight injury (<5%) and no reduction in yield.

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