scholarly journals PROSPECTS OF BIOMETHANE PRODUCTION IN UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
G.G. Geletukha ◽  
Yu.B. Matveev
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Biomethane Production ◽  
The Cost

Biogas upgrading to quality of natural gas (NG) creates possibility to supply biomethane to the NG grid, easy transportation and production of electricity and heat in locations where there is guaranteed consumption of thermal energy. Biomethane as a close NG analogue can be used for heat and electricity production, as soon as motor fuel and raw material for chemical industry. The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that the world's annual biomethane production potential is 730 bcm (20% of current world's NG consumption). World biomethane production reached almost 5 bcm/yr in 2019. According to forecast of the European Biogas Association the biogas and biomethane sector may almost double its production by 2030. According to IEA estimates, annual world biomethane production could reach 200 bcm in 2040 in case the sustainable development strategy is implemented Currently, the Bioenergy Association of Ukraine estimates the potential for biogas/biomethane production in Ukraine using fermentation technology as 7,8 bcm/yr (25% of the country's current NG consumption). The roadmap of bioenergy development in Ukraine until 2050 envisages growth of biomethane production to 1,7 bcm in 2035 and up to 3 bcm in 2050. Currently the prospects for green hydrogen development are well known. The authors support the need of hydrogen technologies as one of the way for production and use of renewable gases. However, they believe that biomethane has no less prospects. Transporting of one cubic meter of biomethane through gas pipeline at 60 bar pressure transmits almost four times more energy than transporting of one cubic meter of hydrogen. This is fundamental advantage of biomethane. Another advantage is the full readiness of gas infrastructure for biomethane. Given the cost of gas infrastructure modernization to use hydrogen, it is more cost-effective to convert green hydrogen to synthetic methane. Currently, biomethane is in average three times cheaper than green hydrogen, the cost of the two renewable gases is expected to equalize by 2050, and only further possible reduction in the cost of green hydrogen below $2/kg will make green hydrogen cheaper than biomethane. Therefore, the greatest prospects can be seen in the combination of the advantages of both renewable gases and conversion of green hydrogen into synthetic methane (power-to-gas process). Authors believe that after adoption of legislation to support the development of biomethane production and use in Ukraine, the bulk of biomethane produced in the country will be exported to EU, where more favourable conditions for biomethane consumption are developed. As Ukraine's economy grows, more and more of the biomethane produced will be used for domestic consumption.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 296-304
Author(s):  
James Leigland
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Private Investment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Fundamental Causes ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Capacity ◽  
Poor Infrastructure

For reasons discussed in preceding chapters, public–private partnerships (PPPs) are unlikely to have major positive impacts on achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) or on the provision of transformational regional infrastructure, as envisioned by the G20. PPPs will continue to play modest but still important roles in the cost-effective provision of infrastructure service in many developing countries, as long as they are well structured, appropriately supported, and carefully monitored and evaluated. But PPPs made sustainable with large measures of concessional finance will do a disservice in the developing world if they distract from the fact that the fundamental causes of poor infrastructure service delivery in developing countries have very little to do with the availability of private investment. Those causes involve things like government policies, institutions, technical capacity, as well as the political economy realities of these countries and their relationships with development partners

scholarly journals Incentive policies for coal plants in Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 1917-1924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Yildizhan
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Developing Economy ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The World ◽  
Incentive Policies

Turkey need for electricity increases constantly because of its developing economy. So it applies to incentives to find solution to the problem of scarcity of electricity. Building plants using coal gets the greatest support from the state in Turkey. Electricity production with coal in Turkey increases faster than the other sources due to the incentive policies at place. On the other hand, coal compared with other fossil fuel is also the most abundant and most widely used fossil fuel in the world. According to the International Energy Agency data, building plants using coal is in the lead. In addition, it is foreseen that building plants using coal will be the major way of producing electricity although many other materials started to be used in the production of electricity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the incentive policies Turkey has in regards to coal plants and to offer policies.

scholarly journals The MENA Saga

ICR Journal ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 446-451
Author(s):  
Anis H. Bajrektarevic
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Gulf States ◽  
The Persian Gulf ◽  
The Cost

The MENA theatre is situated in one of the most fascinating locations of the world, the Middle East and North Africa. It represents, along with the Balkans-Caucasus, the only existing land corridor that connects three continents. It also holds over a half of the world’s proven oil-gas reserves (56 percent - oil, 48 percent - gas). Furthermore, the Gulf OPEC states and Libya have by far the lowest costs of oil extraction, thanks to the high crude purity (measured by overall properties such as the state of aggregation, excavation gravity, viscosity, weight, sulfuric content and other contaminants) which simplifies and reduces the cost of the refinement process. These petrol-exporters also enjoy the close proximity to open warm seas for low-cost, fast and convenient overseas shipments. Hence, the costs per barrel of crude for Libya and the Persian Gulf states are under US$ 5; for other OPEC members, below US$ 10. This is in a sharp contrast to countries such as the US, Russia, Norway, Canada and many others that bear production costs of several tens of US$ per barrel, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA). Therefore, it is an absolute imperative for the external/peripheral powers to dominate such a pivotal geo-economic and geopolitical theatre by simply keeping its centre “soft,” and pre-empting, preventing or hindering any emancipation that might come through any indigenous socio-political modernisation. This is the very same imperative that has remained a dominant rationale of inner European and Asian machtpolitik for centuries.

Accounting for environmental costs as an instrument of environmental controlling in the company

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kusnikamal Taygashinova ◽  
Alfiya Akhmetova
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
Environmental Costs ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Design Calculations ◽  
Cost Accounting System ◽  
The Cost

Purpose The purpose of this paper is study the peculiarities of environmental controlling in the context of the implementation of the sustainable development strategy and the systematization of methods, functions and tools, as well as consideration of the possibility of applying environmental controlling methods in the organization through the consideration of environmental costs. Design/methodology/approach The authors solved the following problems. The authors defined the essence of the concept of “environmental controlling;” conducted an analysis of methods, functions and instruments of environmental controlling; investigated the possibility of accounting for environmental costs as an instrument of environmental controlling; and systematized approaches of using the tool of accounting for environmental costs at enterprises. Findings The approaches to accounting for environmental costs differ in the degree of integration into the existing accounting system and in the frequency of accounts handling (one-time or regular). One-time solutions to accounting for environmental costs (e.g. environmental design calculations) are calculations conducted independently of traditional accounting. Their advantage lies in the fact that they can be formed and used without affecting the existing cost accounting system. However, they generate additional costs and generally receive less recognition than integrated solutions. Accounting for environmental costs is an integrated part of the existing and regularly conducted accounting system. Research limitations/implications Accounting of environmental costs has broad prospects for use in enterprises as an environmental controlling instrument for the improvement of management efficiency and quality. Originality/value Accounting for environmental costs is necessary as an instrument of environmental controlling in order to obtain information on the enterprise interdependencies between costs, revenues, consumption of raw materials and energy as well as environmental protection measures. In addition, the consideration of environmental costs can serve companies as a source for the identification of the potential to reduce the cost of output products.

scholarly journals New Analysis Tools and Leadership Model for A Modern UN

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tobias Bienz ◽  
Spyros Schismenos ◽  
Garry Stevens ◽  
Nichole Georgeou
Keyword(s):  
Network Effects ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Analysis Tools ◽  
Gig Economy ◽  
Winner Takes All ◽  
The Way

Digitalization has disrupted the way products are distributed. With this came an influx of products that depend on network effects and thrive in a winner-takes-all market environment (Schilling 2002). A similar trend is being observed in many frontier technologies, including applications in the so-called ‘gig economy’, which will create winners and losers. Simultaneously, governments are experiencing an erosion of their tax base (Peng 2016). These resources are desperately needed to tackle the widening digital divide, combatting the lack of electricity, and providing internet access to the poorest (International Energy Agency 2017). The current strategy of the United Nations (UN) shows promise. However, the way the UN currently operates has not been adapted to meet the challenges of a digital economy. This is often observed in global-to-local applications, especially when generalized frameworks fail to adapt to communities with different characteristics and needs. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a guiding light to rally stakeholders around specific key issues and opens the field for collaboration. The UN is in a unique position to convince all participants to engage in negotiations, to mobilize substantial resources, and has the best chance to get concessions on restrictive systems such as the intellectual property arrangements (Haugen 2010). Systems need to be in place to facilitate technology transfers and capacities need to be built up to give the least developed countries (LDCs) a chance of catching up. The UN needs to bring international institutions, governments, civil society, academia, and the private sector to the table to enable LDCs to determine their own future (Moyo 2010). The UN should introduce more heuristic analysis tools to bring more diverse partners into workable collaborations to address these challenges. A new leadership system should also be introduced to provide clearer direction and autonomy to their contributors.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF GROUNDNUT OIL EXPELLING MACHINE

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
R.O. Kuku ◽  
O.A. Adefuye ◽  
O.L. Fadipe ◽  
G.I. Adebowale ◽  
O.M. Delogan
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Groundnut Oil ◽  
Oil Seeps ◽  
The Press ◽  
Final Design ◽  
Type Machine ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
The Cost

The need for new designs of Groundnut oil expeller is based on the cost and efficiency of the machine especially for the usage in small and medium size industries. It has to be cost effective and light weight to accommodate such demands. The existing Groundnut Oil Expellers in the market are too big and too expensive for these small medium size businesses to invest on. Other limitations are its maintenances aspect as well as its operations. Therefore, series of survey and research have been done to identify the needs and base on that, the Final Design and Specifications were synthesized. The Groundnut Oil Expeller is a screw type machine, which presses groundnut through a barrel-like cavity. Raw material (groundnut) enters one side of the press and by product (cake) exit the other side. The machine uses friction and continuous pressure from the screw drives to move and compress the groundnut. The oil seeps through small openings that do not allow groundnut fibre solids to pass through. Afterward, the pressed groundnuts are formed into a hardened cake, which is removed from the machine. This machine will satisfy the demand for the small and medium size industries because of its design, functionality and price. The measurements of the performance also being analyze by calculating the design efficiency.

scholarly journals Research on the composite and functional characteristics of leather fiber mixed with nitrile rubber

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Guo Jun ◽  
Dai Rui ◽  
Chen Hui ◽  
Liang Yan ◽  
Shan Zhihua
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Leather Industry ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Sealing Material ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Important Significance ◽  
Better Than

Abstract The recycling of leather solid waste not only involves resource utilization and environmental protection but also has important significance for the sustainable development of the leather industry. In this paper, the leather waste was crushed into fibers, which were stabilized and mixed with nitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR). The mixture was milled and vulcanized and a composite NBR-SLF (Stabilized Leather Fiber) is prepared for sealing material. The physical and mechanical properties, water resistance, oil resistance and aging resistance of NBR-SLF were tested and analyzed. It is found that the optimized NBR-SLF not only reduces the cost of raw material, but also changes the physical and mechanical performance of NBR. As a sealing material, it satisfies the substitution of NBR in terms of hardness and thermal stability. Especially the anti-aging ability is better than NBR. Graphical abstract

Evaluation of the Efficiency of Enterprises by the Method of Analysis of Functioning Environment

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Andrii SAKHNO ◽  
Oksana HRYVKIVSKA ◽  
Iryna SALKOVA ◽  
Lesіa KUCHER
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Calculated Line ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Wage Earners ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

The purpose of the research is to assess the efficiency of enterprises by the means of analysis of the functioning environment, which made it possible to identify reserves for improving the results of their economic activity. For the first time, it was proposed to use the positioning (relocation) technique of enterprise positions, although previously the method of analysis of the functioning environment was used to determine the technical inefficiency of business entities. Based on the calculated line of technical efficiency on the actual results of the enterprises, a new line of technical efficiency was constructed by moving their positions to improve the income (revenue) from sales of products and labor costs of hired workers and capital (fixed assets) in the context of maximizing profits in the environment functioning of economic entities. It is proved that improvement of the position of an enterprise allows reducing expenses not only on capital, but also on wages of hired workers. Despite the ability to reduce capital expenditures and thus increase the cost of wage labor, almost all enterprises prefer saving capital over the possibility of investing in wage earners. The results of the study can be used by managers in planning the ways to achieve profit in the context of the sustainable development strategy of the enterprise.

Non-noble metal based broadband photothermal absorbers for cost effective interfacial solar thermal conversion

Nanophotonics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1539-1546
Author(s):  
Han Gong ◽  
Xin Liu ◽  
Guoliang Liu ◽  
Zhenhui Lin ◽  
Xiaoqiang Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Noble Metal ◽  
Noble Metals ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electron Excitation ◽  
Thermal Conversion ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Solar Absorbers ◽  
Physical Deposition ◽  
The Cost

AbstractIn recent years, noble metal-based solar absorbers have been extensively studied as their pronounced plasmonic resonances and high solar-to-thermal conversion efficiency. However, the high cost of noble metals is the unavoidable roadblock restricting the way towards scalability. In this work, we report a nickel-based photothermal absorbers, which is capable of realizing an average solar absorption of ∼97% in the range of 400–2500 nm originating from relatively weaker collective plasmonic resonances but more pronounced single electron excitation. Importantly, it is easily fabricated via the straightforward physical deposition and cost-effective with a raw material price of ∼0.3% gold and ∼20% of silver. We used it for interfacial solar vapor generation and realized an evaporation rate of ∼0.9 kg m−2 h−1 under one sun, almost comparable to the counterparts made from noble metals. The excellent performance combined with the cost effective and scalable fabrication process makes it be a promising candidate for mass off-grid solar desalination.

scholarly journals Managing the energy trilemma in the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef T. Yap ◽  
Aaron Joseph P. Gabriola ◽  
Chrysogonus F. Herrera
Keyword(s):  
Energy Policy ◽  
Carbon Emissions ◽  
Carbon Tax ◽  
International Energy Agency ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Energy Agency ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
World Energy ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background The transition to an energy mix with lower carbon emissions is hampered by the existence of the so-called Energy Trilemma. The primary consequence is a trade-off between various objectives of energy policy, e.g., equity and sustainability. This conflict can lead to policy gridlock if policymakers are unable to prioritize the goals. This paper proposes a framework and methodology to manage the trilemma by applying methods related to multi-criteria decision-making in order to assign weights to the various components of the trilemma. Results Following the International Energy Agency (IEA), an expanded concept of energy security is adopted and translates to a version of the trilemma different from that of the World Energy Council. This study takes into account autarky, price, supply, and carbon emissions. The values of these variables are generated by a software called PLEXOS and are incorporated in a welfare function. Trade-offs and complementarities among the four variables are taken into account by the equations in the PLEXOS model. Meanwhile, weights for each of the components of the trilemma are obtained using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. The experts interviewed for this exercise are considered hypothetical heads of the Philippine Department of Energy (DOE). Conclusion Two scenarios were compared: a market-based simulation and one where a carbon-tax was imposed. As expected, the carbon-tax leads to a fall in the level of carbon emissions but a rise in the cost of electricity. Because the demand for electricity has a higher price elasticity among lower income classes, the carbon-tax will worsen equity. Attempting to resolve the conflict among the goals of energy policy is difficult leading to a possible gridlock. Policy options can, however, be ranked using the values generated by the welfare function. The ranking clearly depends on the preference or priorities of the hypothetical head of the DOE but at least a decision could be reached. In this manner, trade-offs are measured and the trilemma can be managed even if it is not resolved.

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