scholarly journals Mucosal Bacterial Immunotherapy in Solid Organ Recipients with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections: Case Report

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Javier Carbone ◽  
Javier Carbone ◽  
Marisa di Natale ◽  
Magdalena Salcedo ◽  
Mario Romero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections

Bacterial infections are the most frequent infectious complications among solid organ recipients. These complications are associated with a high morbidity and mortality, despite recent advances in antimicrobial prophylaxis in the transplant setting. New therapeutic modalities are warranted. We present here a retrospective study based on medical records review of 2 solid organ recipients that were treated with mucosal bacterial immunotherapy because of recurrent bacterial respiratory infections long time after transplantation. A successful decrease of the frequency of bacterial respiratory infections during a period of up to 8 years was observed in one of the patients. We suggest that clinical trials in this field are warranted.

scholarly journals An Analysis of the Infections and Determination of Empiric Antibiotic Therapy in Cats and Dogs with Cancer-Associated Infections

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 700
Author(s):  
Katie Curran ◽  
Haley Leeper ◽  
Kathy O’Reilly ◽  
Joelle Jacob ◽  
Luiz E. Bermudez
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Empiric Antibiotic Therapy ◽  
Small Subset ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Tract Infections

Cancer patients commonly develop infectious complications over the course of the disease. One thousand patients receiving treatment for an oncologic disease at a single veterinary teaching hospital were retrospectively reviewed for concurrent infections. A total of 153 confirmed bacterial infections were identified, 82 of which were abscesses or wounds, 13 of which were respiratory infections, 3 of which were ear infections, and 55 of which were urinary tract infections. It was observed that the majority of the infections were caused by bacteria that are normally associated with that specific site location. Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen linked to infections in general, but Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was a frequently identified pathogen associated with wound infections. The susceptibility to diverse antimicrobials varied with the site of infection. Eleven cases (7.1%) were caused by opportunistic infections of the site, and E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were the pathogens isolated. Those bacteria were resistant to many antibiotics but showed susceptibility to aminoglycosides, imipenem, quinolones, and polymyxin B. In conclusion, veterinary patients with cancer or those under treatment for tumors develop infections by commonly encountered bacteria in the different sites of the body, with a susceptibility to antibiotics that is not out of line from what is expected. A small subset of cases developed opportunistic infections, with microbes that were more resistant to many classes of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Usefulness of procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP), and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections in children

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Lanfang Min ◽  
Xin Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infection ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Abstract Background There is a lack of studies comparing PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of ARTI. Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasmal infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (p < 0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significant higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference in PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of G+ bacterial infection and G− bacterial infection (p > 0.05). ROC curve results showed that the AUC of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be combined as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

Bacterial Infections of the Adult Upper Respiratory Tract

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura K Certain ◽  
Miriam B Barshak
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common maladies experienced by humankind.1 The majority are caused by respiratory viruses. A Dutch case-controlled study of primary care patients with acute respiratory tract infections found that viruses accounted for 58% of cases; rhinovirus was the most common (24%), followed by influenza virus type A (11%) and corona­viruses (7%). Group A streptococcus (GAS) was responsible for 11%, and 3% of patients had mixed infections. Potential pathogens were detected in 30% of control patients who were free of acute respiratory symptoms; rhinovirus was the most common.2 Given the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance and the increasing awareness of the importance of a healthy microbiome, antibiotic use for upper respiratory infections should be reserved for those patients with clear indications for treatment. A recent study of adult outpatient visits in the United States found that respiratory complaints accounted for 150 antibiotic prescriptions per 1,000 population annually, yet the expected “appropriate” rate would be 45.3 In other words, most antibiotic prescriptions for these complaints are unnecessary. Similarly, a study in the United Kingdom found that general practitioners prescribed antibiotics to about half of all patients presenting with an upper respiratory infection, even though most of these infections are viral.4 This review contains 5 figures, 16 tables, and 82 references. Keywords: infection, airway, sinusitis, otitis media, otitis externa, pharyngitis, epiglottitis, abscess

scholarly journals Application of PCT, CRP and WBC levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory tract infections

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Yang ◽  
Min Lanfang ◽  
Zhang Xin
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Tract Infections

Objective There is a lack of studies comparing Procalcitonin (PCT), C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell (WBC) levels in the differential diagnosis of acute bacterial, viral, and mycoplasmal respiratory infections. It is necessary to explore the correlation between above markers and different types of acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI). Methods 108 children with confirmed bacterial infection were regarded as group A, 116 children with virus infection were regarded as group B, and 122 children with mycoplasma infection were regarded as group C. The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC of the three groups were detected and compared. Results The levels of PCT, CRP and WBC in group A were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P <0.05). The positive rate of combined detection of PCT, CRP and WBC was significantly higher than that of single detection. There was no significant difference of PCT, CRP and WBC levels between the group of Gram-positive (G+) bacteria infection and Gram-negative (G-) bacteria infection (P >0.05). ROC curve results showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of PCT, CRP and WBC for the diagnosis of bacterial respiratory infections were 0.65, 0.55, and 0.58, respectively. Conclusions PCT, CRP and WBC can be used as effective indicators for the identification of acute bacterial or no-bacterial infections in children. The levels of PCT and CRP have higher differential diagnostic value than that of WBC in infection, and the combined examination of the three is more valuable in clinic.

Vaccines nonspecific – immunostimulation in patients with recurrent respiratory infections

2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jarosław Paśnik
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Infections ◽  
Outpatient Visits ◽  
Frequent Use ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Major Clinical Problem ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Stimulation Of

Recurrent respiratory tract infections in children are the most common cause of outpatient visits. Due to the necessity of treatment of chronic, frequent use of antibiotics and the dangers of complications are a major clinical problem. Big hopes are now with the possibility of the use of immunostimulation as prevention of these infections. The paper discusses the most important methods of stimulation of the immune system in children. In the light of previous reports were evaluated effects of this type of therapy.

scholarly journals Long-Term Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation

2021 ◽  
pp. CJN.15971020
Author(s):  
Akansha Agrawal ◽  
Michael G. Ison ◽  
Lara Danziger-Isakov
Keyword(s):  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Fungal Infections ◽  
Solid Organ Transplantation ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Solid Organ ◽  
Post Transplant ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Clostridioides Difficile ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
Tract Infections

Infections remain a common complication of solid-organ transplantation. Most infections in the first month after transplant are typically health care–associated infections, whereas late infections, beyond 6–12 months, are community-acquired infections. Opportunistic infections most frequently present in the first 12 months post-transplant and can be modulated on prior exposures and use of prophylaxis. In this review, we summarize the current epidemiology of postkidney transplant infections with a focus on key viral (BK polyomavirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and norovirus), bacterial (urinary tract infections and Clostridioides difficile colitis), and fungal infections. Current guidelines for safe living post-transplant are also summarized. Literature supporting prophylaxis and vaccination is also provided.

scholarly journals CATAMNESIS OF CHILDREN FROM MOTHERS WHO HAD A(H1N1)PDM09 INFLUENZA DURING PREGNANCY

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
�������� ◽  
Aryuna Bazarova ◽  
�������� ◽  
Yanzhima Bolotova ◽  
����������� ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Retrospective Case ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Epidemic Period ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Control Study

The aim of this study was to assess 5-years catamnesis of children from mothers who had A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza during pregnancy. The design of the research: cohort cross-sectional retrospective �case � control� study. The study group included 227 children of mothers who had A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza during pregnancy, and the control group was consisted of 227 children whose mothers didn�t have A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza in epidemic period during pregnancy. It was shown that 11,9 % of children born to mothers with influenza infection during pregnancy vs 1,8 % of children of the control group to 5-year age formed a cohort of patients with recurrent respiratory tract infections (p &#60; 0,001). Acute respiratory infections were complicated by pneumonia in 15,4 % of study group children vs 8,8 % of children in the comparison group (p = 0,044). We founded a significant association between maternity A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza during 1st and 2nd trimesters of gestation and increased frequency of asthma in their children.

scholarly journals Impact of parental smoking on influenza and others respiratory infections in children

2020 ◽  
pp. 475-482
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Side Stream ◽  
Quitting Smoking ◽  
Observational Cohort ◽  
Tract Infections

BACKGROUND. The predisposition of cigarette smokers for the development of respiratory infections, including influenza, have been well documented. As well, those exposed to side stream smoke are prone to viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. AIM. The study aimed to evaluate whether the prevalence of smoking parents is higher among children with respiratory tract infections, including influenza, in comparison to the general population. MATERIAL AND METHODS. Observational, cohort study. The authors surveyed a cohort of patients and their families, hospitalized in the Paediatric University Hospital in Warsaw during 2018 influenza season. Patients were diagnosed with influenza (using PCR) or other respiratory tract infections. A questionnaire on smoking habits was performed. RESULTS. Overall, 72 patients were included in the study, median age 2 years and 9 months (IQR: 1.4 – 7.2), influenza was diagnosed in 43% (n= 31) of patients. The percentage of regularly smoking parents in the whole cohort amounted to 33.3% (44 of 132) and was statistically significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the general population (22.7%), whereas in the subgroup with influenza and non-influenza infections it reached 32.2% and 34.2%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS. The prevalence of smoking parents of children with acute respiratory tract infections is higher than in the general population: exposing children to tobacco smoke is one of the risk factors for acquiring influenza and others respiratory tract infections. Quitting smoking can decrease the risk of infectious diseases.

scholarly journals The role of the local microbial ecosystem in respiratory health and disease

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1675) ◽  
pp. 20140294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wouter A. A. de Steenhuijsen Piters ◽  
Elisabeth A. M. Sanders ◽  
Debby Bogaert
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Colonization Resistance ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Respiratory tract infections are a major global health concern, accounting for high morbidity and mortality, especially in young children and elderly individuals. Traditionally, highly common bacterial respiratory tract infections, including otitis media and pneumonia, were thought to be caused by a limited number of pathogens including Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae . However, these pathogens are also frequently observed commensal residents of the upper respiratory tract (URT) and form—together with harmless commensal bacteria, viruses and fungi—intricate ecological networks, collectively known as the ‘microbiome’. Analogous to the gut microbiome, the respiratory microbiome at equilibrium is thought to be beneficial to the host by priming the immune system and providing colonization resistance, while an imbalanced ecosystem might predispose to bacterial overgrowth and development of respiratory infections. We postulate that specific ecological perturbations of the bacterial communities in the URT can occur in response to various lifestyle or environmental effectors, leading to diminished colonization resistance, loss of containment of newly acquired or resident pathogens, preluding bacterial overgrowth, ultimately resulting in local or systemic bacterial infections. Here, we review the current body of literature regarding niche-specific upper respiratory microbiota profiles within human hosts and the changes occurring within these profiles that are associated with respiratory infections.

Infectious complications associated with interleukin-2 administration: a retrospective review of 935 treatment courses.

1993 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
B A Pockaj ◽  
S L Topalian ◽  
S M Steinberg ◽  
D E White ◽  
S A Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Interleukin 2 ◽  
Great Majority ◽  
Venous Catheter ◽  
Infectious Complications ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Suspected Infection ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Tract Infections

PURPOSE To determine if interleukin-2 (IL-2)-treated patients are prone to develop clinically significant infections, a retrospective review of 519 patients who received 935 treatment courses over a 38-month period was conducted. MATERIALS AND METHODS Treatment records of patients receiving intravenous (IV) bolus IL-2 were reviewed. Clinically significant infectious episodes were identified by retrieving data on antibiotic usage and cross-referencing this with microbiology records and chart review. RESULTS One hundred thirty-nine documented infectious episodes occurred in 122 treatment courses (13.0%); 11 courses were associated with more than one episode of infection. Predominantly urinary tract infections (6.8%) and infections related to IV catheters (5.3%) were encountered. Fifty-eight percent of the catheter-related infections were associated with bacteremia. Other infections included respiratory tract infections (1.0%), skin/muscle infections (0.9%), and miscellaneous infections (0.9%). Bacteria were isolated from the majority of infections. Almost all patients were successfully treated for their infection, with only two septic deaths (0.2%). No difference was noted in infected versus non-infected patients with regard to diagnosis or previous therapy. There was a significant tendency for those patients who developed infection to be older (P2 = .002, Mantel test for trend). Risk factors for the development of infection included vascular access catheters, open wounds, biliary obstruction, or incomplete treatment of previous infections. Over the 3-year study period, the incidence of infection declined from 23% to 7% (P2 < .0001, Mantel test for trend) due to rigorous patient screening, vigilant monitoring for infection, liberal use of antibiotics for suspected infection, and use of prophylactic antibiotics for central venous catheter placement. CONCLUSION Although treatment with IL-2 may be associated with a slightly increased incidence of bacterial infections, these infections can be successfully managed in the great majority of cases.

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