scholarly journals LINGUISTIC APHORISMS AS THE MEANS OF IMPROVEMENT OF THE FUTURE PHILOLOGISTS’ LINGUISTIC COMPETENCE

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-84
Author(s):  
Halyna Odyntsova
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Linguistic Competency ◽  
Fundamental Point ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

In the modern educational paradigm, special attention is paid to the preparation of future specialists based on the competency approach. The fundamental point of the process of professional training of students-philologists is linguistic competency as the integrated quality that includes a number of central characteristics. It is formed in the course of mastering the linguistic disciplines provided by the curriculum. Linguistic aphorisms that represent particular features of philological terms and notions in figurative form can be a significant supplement to the studied theoretical and practical material.The article deals with the essence of the notion of “linguistic competence” and its components. Taking into account the fact that linguistic competence is integral by itself, the following sub-competencies are distinguished: phonetic, orthoepic, graphic, orthographic, lexico-phraseological, lexicographic, and grammatical (its components include morphological and syntactical), punctuation and stylistic The content of each sub-competency as a linguistic subsystem has been defined in the article. Linguistic aphorisms, analyzed in the paper, represent philological notions and phenomena that are studied during the formation of every mentioned sub-competency. The interpretation of linguistic units through aphorisms is subjective, as their authors are mostly writers, scholars and philosophers. Linguistic aphorisms as individual authorial utterances cannot be treated as the ultimate source of information but rather assist in comprehending the essence of a particular linguistic phenomenon through figurative associations from the new perspective and serve as the means of its additional semantization. Having a didactic character, aphorisms can be used for educational purposes as a means of improving the linguistic knowledge of future philologists. Keywords: linguistic competency; sub-competency; linguistic aphorisms; individual authorial utterances; linguistic terms and notions; figurative associations; professional training; language personality; students-philologists.

scholarly journals Exosomes: a new perspective in EGFR-mutated lung cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Jouida ◽  
Cormac McCarthy ◽  
Aurelie Fabre ◽  
Michael P. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Egfr Mutations ◽  
Functional Effect ◽  
Prognosis And Prediction ◽  
Novel Biomarkers ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Egfr Mutated

AbstractExosomes are major contributors in cell to cell communication due to their ability to transfer biological material such as protein, RNA, DNA, and miRNA. Additionally, they play a role in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression, and recently, they have emerged as a potential source of information on tumor detection and may be useful as diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive tools. This review focuses on exosomes from lung cancer with a focus on EGFR mutations. Here, we outline the role of exosomes and their functional effect in carcinogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. Finally, we discuss the possibility of exosomes as novel biomarkers in early detection, diagnosis, assessment of prognosis, and prediction of therapeutic response in EGFR-mutated lung cancer.

Language and life history: A new perspective on the development and evolution of human language

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Locke ◽  
Barry Bogin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Adult Development ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Human Language ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Development Of Language ◽  
New Perspective

It has long been claimed that Homo sapiens is the only species that has language, but only recently has it been recognized that humans also have an unusual pattern of growth and development. Social mammals have two stages of pre-adult development: infancy and juvenility. Humans have two additional prolonged and pronounced life history stages: childhood, an interval of four years extending between infancy and the juvenile period that follows, and adolescence, a stage of about eight years that stretches from juvenility to adulthood. We begin by reviewing the primary biological and linguistic changes occurring in each of the four pre-adult ontogenetic stages in human life history. Then we attempt to trace the evolution of childhood and juvenility in our hominin ancestors. We propose that several different forms of selection applied in infancy and childhood; and that, in adolescence, elaborated vocal behaviors played a role in courtship and intrasexual competition, enhancing fitness and ultimately integrating performative and pragmatic skills with linguistic knowledge in a broad faculty of language. A theoretical consequence of our proposal is that fossil evidence of the uniquely human stages may be used, with other findings, to date the emergence of language. If important aspects of language cannot appear until sexual maturity, as we propose, then a second consequence is that the development of language requires the whole of modern human ontogeny. Our life history model thus offers new ways of investigating, and thinking about, the evolution, development, and ultimately the nature of human language.

Words, constructions and corpora: Network representations of constructional semantics for Mandarin space particles

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alvin Cheng-Hsien Chen
Keyword(s):  
Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Scale Free ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Quantitative Properties ◽  
Local Clustering Coefficient ◽  
Linguistic Units

AbstractIn this study, we aim to demonstrate the effectiveness of network science in exploring the emergence of constructional semantics from the connectedness and relationships between linguistic units. With Mandarin locative constructions (MLCs) as a case study, we extracted constructional tokens from a representative corpus, including their respective space particles (SPs) and the head nouns of the landmarks (LMs), which constitute the nodes of the network. We computed edges based on the lexical similarities of word embeddings learned from large text corpora and the SP-LM contingency from collostructional analysis. We address three issues: (1) For each LM, how prototypical is it of the meaning of the SP? (2) For each SP, how semantically cohesive are its LM exemplars? (3) What are the emerging semantic fields from the constructional network of MLCs? We address these questions by examining the quantitative properties of the network at three levels: microscopic (i.e., node centrality and local clustering coefficient), mesoscopic (i.e., community) and macroscopic properties (i.e., small-worldness and scale-free). Our network analyses bring to the foreground the importance of repeated language experiences in the shaping and entrenchment of linguistic knowledge.

scholarly journals Variation is information: Analyses of variation across items, participants, time, and methods in metalinguistic judgment data

Linguistics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-81
Author(s):  
Véronique Verhagen ◽  
Maria Mos ◽  
Joost Schilperoord ◽  
Ad Backus
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Judgment Task ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Prepositional Phrases ◽  
Linguistic Representations ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Judgment Data

AbstractIn a usage-based framework, variation is part and parcel of our linguistic experiences, and therefore also of our mental representations of language. In this article, we bring attention to variation as a source of information. Instead of discarding variation as mere noise, we examine what it can reveal about the representation and use of linguistic knowledge. By means of metalinguistic judgment data, we demonstrate how to quantify and interpret four types of variation: variation across items, participants, time, and methods. The data concern familiarity ratings assigned by 91 native speakers of Dutch to 79 Dutch prepositional phrases such as in de tuin ‘in the garden’ and rond de ingang ‘around the entrance’. Participants performed the judgment task twice within a period of one to two weeks, using either a 7-point Likert scale or a Magnitude Estimation scale. We explicate the principles according to which the different types of variation can be considered information about mental representation, and we show how they can be used to test hypotheses regarding linguistic representations.

The Growth of Linguistic Knowledge and Language Processing in Undergraduate Learners of French

1996 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 175-186
Author(s):  
Richard J. Towell
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Second Language Learner ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Fluent Language

In this article it is argued first that linguistic knowledge consists of two components, linguistic competence and learned linguistic knowledge, and that these components are created in the mind of the second language learner by different processes. It is further argued that these two kinds of knowledge must be stored in the mind as proceduralised knowledge, through a process of automatization or proceduralisation, in order to permit fluent language processing. Using evidence gathered from undergraduate learners of French, these two hypotheses are investigated. The acquisition of competence is investigated through grammaticality judgement tests, the acquisition of proceduralised knowledge is investigated through the measurement of temporal variables. In relation to the acquisition of linguistic competence, the results suggest that learners do not re-set parameters even after a lengthy period of exposure to the L2, but that they may mimic the L2 on the basis of the LI. In relation to the proceduralisation of linguistic knowledge, the results suggest that learners do not possess the L2 knowledge in the same way as the LI knowledge but that specific aspects of the knowledge are proceduralised over time. It is expected that further investigation of the data set will enable more detailed statements about exactly what kind of knowledge has been acquired and proceduralised and what has not.

scholarly journals Morphosyntactic knowledge of clitics by Portuguese heritage bilinguals

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
ESTHER RINKE ◽  
CRISTINA FLORES
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Heritage Language ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Grammaticality Judgment ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Almost All

This paper focuses on the linguistic competence of adult Portuguese–German bilinguals in their heritage language, European Portuguese (EP), which they acquired at home in early childhood in the context of German as the majority language. Based on a grammaticality judgment test, we investigate their morphosyntactic knowledge of clitics. The central questions are whether possible deviations from native monolinguals may be traced back to a) lack of contact with the formal register; b) reduced input after preschool age; and c) cross-linguistic influence. The results reveal qualitative differences between the heritage speakers and a group of monolingual controls in almost all test conditions. We conclude that although the linguistic knowledge of the heritage bilinguals investigated in this study differs from that of monolinguals, it is not “deficient” but “different” and “innovative”, because it is primarily based on the spoken variety of the language and because it promotes linguistic changes which are inherent in the speech of native monolinguals.

Methodist Newspapers and the Fugitive Slave Law: A New Perspective for the Slavery Crisis in the North

1974 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. Keller
Keyword(s):  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The North ◽  
Fugitive Slave Law ◽  
Weekly Newspapers ◽  
Fugitive Slave ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Church ◽  
Moldboard Plow

Nineteenth-century denominational newspapers, relatively unavailable to historians until recently, constitute an important untapped source of information regarding public attitude toward national issues. Unlike the more commonly cited religious quarterlies and convention records, the weekly newspapers sought to provide their readers with regular news and comments about secular events. To be sure, articles on doctrine and evangelism seldom relinquished the prominence of page one. But news of the latest steamboat disaster, the new moldboard plow and last week's congressional proceedings were regularly mixed with local church items on pages three and four. And as the nation faced crises of significant proportion, editors often felt it their duty to offer their prescriptions in lengthy editorials on page two. Nowhere in the church apparatus was there a more obvious place for secular concerns to receive religious scrutiny. Widely circulated, welcoming reader response and edited by clergymen responsible to the denomination as a whole but particularly to the churchmen of their respective regions, the papers provide the best running account of religious response to troubles of the nation. For an age still steeped in the discourse and habit of churchly practice, they provide a perspective which historians can ill afford to neglect.

scholarly journals Teaching Foreign Languages to Students of the Philological Direction Using the Academic Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 2423-2442
Author(s):  
Oksana V. Asadchykh ◽  
Liudmyla H. Smovzhenko ◽  
Iryna V. Kindras ◽  
Ihor I. Romanov ◽  
Tetiana S. Pereloma
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Academic Language ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Spoken Language ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Foreign Languages ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Knowledge And Skills

Modern socio-educational student environment, which stands on communication is based on the exchange of visual images and philological units. Philology students see in communicating with foreign language communicants an opportunity to develop the spoken language of a non-native language, as well as to supplement this knowledge with cultural characteristics and new images. The perception of academically correct lexical group is relevant in combination with spoken language. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that the authors go beyond the stereotype, according to which the academic language is conventionally considered an anachronism and, in general, not an effective means to expand linguistic competence. The article proves that students are ready to learn the academic language not only ion the cultural plane, but also with the help of pedagogical methods. The study also confirms the authors' assertion that it is advisable to introduce an extended learning format into the curriculum in line with the techniques of linguistic learning. The practical value of this article lies in the fact that the study of the academic language by philology students will help them apply the acquired knowledge and skills in different social situations, which are often based on in-depth historical linguistic knowledge.

scholarly journals Pedagogical paradigms of professional training of future engineers in the conditions of educational and information environment of technical university

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3C) ◽  
pp. 584-594
Author(s):  
Vitalii Rakhmanov ◽  
Nataliia Vasylyshyna ◽  
Lesia Kozubtsova ◽  
Dmytro Kilderov ◽  
Anzhelika Kokarieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Professional Training ◽  
Information Environment ◽  
Academic Disciplines ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Self Development ◽  
Training Activities ◽  
Technical University ◽  
Educational Paradigm ◽  
Principles Of Learning ◽  
Personal Fulfillment

The article identifies and analyzes the paradigm of educational information environment formation in the technical higher educational institutions. The authors presented the paradigm based on the humanitarization of higher education, which aims to provide valuable guidance and motivation to establish criteria for creating conditions for self-development and personal fulfillment of future engineers. The article argues that revealing of the integrity of education and regulating scientific, research and practical innovation of training activities and educational paradigm should be considered in conjunction. The pedagogical paradigms of professional training of future engineers in the educational and information environment of a technical university enable determining the content of academic disciplines. In general, the analysis of the dynamics of formation and development of the paradigm helps to preserve the principles of learning and a genetic nucleus of the national pedagogical science and practice.

scholarly journals THE EXISTENCE OF ARABIC LANGUAGE IN INDONESIAN SOURCE TEXT AND ENGLISH TARGET TEXT

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 990-1003
Author(s):  
Erlina Zulkifli Mahmud ◽  
Bima Bayusena ◽  
Ratna Erika Mawarrani
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Method ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Arabic Literature ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Single Procedure ◽  
Data Source ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Linguistic Phenomenon

Purpose: To study the existence of the Arabic language in the Indonesian language mostly limited to terms used in Islam religion. Methodology: This article discusses the existence of Arabic literature in the Indonesian source text, a novel with the life in a pesantren as the setting, where the author of the source text needs to translate the Arabic expressions used in the story into Indonesian. Then from the Indonesian source text, the novel is translated into English. The method used in this research is the descriptive comparative method. The leading theory used for this research is the strategies of Translation by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), what Arabic linguistic units involved in the Indonesian source text, and what strategy of conversion used by the author and the translator become the objectives of this research. Principal Findings: The results show that the Arabic linguistic units found are ranging from a word into a clause or sentence, and the strategies of Translation used in the target text do not always deal with one single procedure; sometimes, it involves a combination of some procedures. Applications of this study: The translation work may lead to similar as well as a contrastive linguistic phenomenon. People can learn more about languages involving in a translation, particularly when the structures of the source and target language are compared linguistically. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study covers the gap left in the previous research carried out by the same team entitled “Translation Equivalences of Islamic Terms in the Novel (The Land of Five Towers ‘Negeri Lima Menara’). This previous research used the same data source, Arabic expressions, in the novel. It focused more on the Arabic feelings relating to Islamic terms, such as names of five obligational prayers, names of optional prayers, activities in shalat, or praying. The rest of the Arabic phrases which are not used in this previous research are left unstudied.

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