Effect of chopping straw on the intensity of biogas output

Straw has a high energy capacity, but it is not ideal for the operation of biogas plants, since it contains a large amount of nitrogen-free substances, and only 4-6% nitrogen and mineral salts, but if it is properly pretreated, it is possible to reduce the fermentation time and increase the biogas yield. The positive results of pretreatment of biological raw materials are a high degree of grinding and homogenization of raw materials; reduction of the biomass fermentation period; the release of natural enzymes that are biological catalysts for the fermentation of biomass; stabilization of biological processes, which leads to the absence of foam and floating crust in the upper part of the bioreactor; the percentage of methane in biogas increases to 70-75 %. The aim of the study is to determine the intensity of methane fermentation of crushed buckwheat, rapeseed, soybean straw and corn stalks, depending on the size of crushed particles and the method of grinding. The article discusses the issue of determining the dynamics of biogas output depending on the method and geometric dimensions of grinding buckwheat straw, soybeans, rapeseed and corn chaff in a mesophilic mode of fermentation. The following devices were used to prepare the straw: shears, hammer mill, feed chopper and extruder. Additionally, soaking was carried out in water at a certain temperature. The prepared biomass together with the seed in a ratio of 1: 4 was put into laboratory fermenter bags and a thermostat. The biogas yield was measured for 42 days using special methods, which are patented in Ukraine. Based on the measurement results, graphs were built that characterize the dynamics of biogas output.

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Influence of Slag-Flux Mixture on the Properties of Welded Joints

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1029.164 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1029 ◽

pp. 164-169

Author(s):

János Dobránszky ◽

Levente Németh ◽

Csaba Biczó

Keyword(s):

Arc Welding ◽

Raw Materials ◽

High Energy ◽

Waste Reduction ◽

Renewable Raw Materials ◽

Steel Grades ◽

High Degree ◽

Welding Processes ◽

Flux Component ◽

Submerged Arc

<p>Submerged arc welding (SAW) is one of the most versatile welding processes. All steel grades, from non- to high alloyed, including Ni-based alloys, can be welded with a combination of various techniques. The process became common worldwide for these properties, and shows a high degree of growth in countries with significant heavy industry. In the process, a large amount of slag is formed from the flux, which is treated as waste. The slag contains non-renewable raw materials, minerals. The mining, processing represents a significant environmental impact. Short life cycle of products from high-energy input is not compatible with the eco-thinking. That is why recycling of these materials is highly appropriate from environmental and economical aspects. The paper presents a method in which the slag can be used as a valuable flux component with significant cost- and waste reduction by ensuring no loss of mechanical properties.</p>

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Experimental Study on Energy Conversion Efficiency of Biogas Fermentation of Sorghum Distilled Residue Based on Properties of Raw Materials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.675.374 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 675 ◽

pp. 374-378

Author(s):

Bin Yang ◽

Fa Gen Yang ◽

Wu Di Zhang ◽

Fang Yin ◽

Xing Ling Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Conversion ◽

Conversion Efficiency ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Clean Energy ◽

Energy Conversion Efficiency ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Heating Value ◽

Biogas Yield

In order to gain biogas production potential and energy conversion efficiency of biogas fermentation of sorghum distilled residue (SDR), the anaerobic batch fermentation experiments were performed at 30 degrees Celsius. After experiments, we got experimental results as follows: biogas production of SDR during total fermentation time of 28days is 2885mL; properties of raw materials including: TS is 88.58%, VS is 16.69%, heating value is 15.684kJ/g, TS biogas yield is 220mL/g, VS biogas yield is 1300ml/g, raw material biogas yield is 190mL/g, and energy conversion efficiency of biogas fermentation of SDR is 30.38%. The results indicate that biogas fermentation is an effective new method to recycle clean energy from SDR.

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CREATION OF A COMPUTER-ASSISTED MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR THE RAW MATERIALS BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v17.n35.2020.55_tlebayev_pgs_640_654.pdf ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (35) ◽

pp. 640-654

Author(s):

Manat B. TLEBAYEV ◽

Bolotbek I. BIIBOSUNOV ◽

Zhazira K. TASZHUREKOVA ◽

Marina A. BAIZHARIKOVA ◽

Zamira K. AITBAYEVA

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Methane Concentration ◽

Anaerobic Fermentation ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Biogas Yield

During anaerobic fermentation, the alternation of liquid and solid substances in the substrate makes the bacteria adapt to changing conditions, which significantly reduces the biogas yield, reduces the methane concentration in it, and increases the retention time of the substrate in the bioreactor. The solution to this problem when using cavitation destruction can not only minimize temperature nonuniformity but also solve the problem of the same load on the biocenosis and maximum contact surface of bacteria during anaerobic fermentation in the bioreactor. Studies have shown that the composition and quantity of biogas are not constant and depend on the type of substrate being processed and the biogas production technology. To stabilize the composition of the resulting biogas and bring it to a high-quality, independent alternative energy source, it is possible using membrane destruction or crushing of organic raw materials. The energy consumption, fermentation time, and methane concentration in the final biogas output depend on the primary treatment. This work proposes a mathematical model of the process of crushing, dispersing, and blending waste from dairy and fattening farms, which allows to determine and optimize its operating parameters, as well as to promote effective anaerobic fermentation of the substrate in the bioreactor. To determine the mathematical model for the raw materials biological processing with known theoretical or experimental parameters, numerical methods were used, which are one of the powerful mathematical tools for solving the problem. The results of the operational parameters of the studied processes were obtained using the Mathcad environment and tested in the SCADA Trace Mode 6.10.1 automated process control and monitoring software package.

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A possibility of using nickel concentrate, obtained as a result of hydrometallurgical enrichment of manganese-containing raw materials, at steel alloying

Ferrous Metallurgy Bulletin of Scientific Technical and Economic Information ◽

10.32339/0135-5910-2020-7-709-715 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 76 (7) ◽

pp. 709-715

Author(s):

O. Yu. Kichigina

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Experimental Studies ◽

Selective Extraction ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Nickel Iron ◽

Nickel Recovery ◽

Nickel Concentrate ◽

Steel Alloying ◽

High Degree ◽

Comprehensive Processing

At production of stainless steel expensive alloying elements, containing nickel, are used. To decrease the steel cost, substitution of nickel during steel alloying process by its oxides is an actual task. Results of analysis of thermodynamic and experimental studies of nickel reducing from its oxide presented, as well as methods of nickel oxide obtaining at manganese bearing complex raw materials enrichment and practice of its application during steel alloying. Technology of comprehensive processing of complex manganese-containing raw materials considered, including leaching and selective extraction out of the solution valuable components: manganese, nickel, iron, cobalt and copper. Based on theoretical and experiment studies, a possibility of substitution of metal nickel by concentrates, obtained as a result of hydrometallurgical enrichment, was confirmed. Optimal technological parameters, ensuring high degree of nickel recovery out of the initial raw materials were determined. It was established, that for direct steel alloying it is reasonable to add into the charge pellets, consisting of nickel concentrate and coke fines, that enables to reach the through nickel recovery at a level of 90%. The proposed method of alloying steel by nickel gives a possibility to decrease considerably steel cost at the expense of application of nickel concentrate, obtained out of tails of hydrometallurgical enrichment of manganese-bearing raw materials, which is much cheaper comparing with the metal nickel.

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MANUFACTURING GASEOUS PRODUCTS BY PYROLYSIS MICROALGAE BIOMASS

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2018.31-36.023-034 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 23-34

Author(s):

N. I. Chernova ◽

S. V. Kiseleva ◽

O. M. Larina ◽

G. A. Sytchev

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

High Energy ◽

Initial Mass ◽

Solid Residue ◽

Algae Biomass ◽

Gaseous Products ◽

Microalgae Biomass ◽

Pyrolysis Liquid ◽

Pyrolysis Gases

Algae biomass is considered as an alternative raw material for the production of biofuels. The search for new types of raw materials, including high-energy types of microalgae, remains relevant, since the share of motor fuels in the structure of the global fuel and energy balance remains consistently high (about 35%), and the price of oil is characterized by high volatility. The authors have considered the advantages of microalgae as sources of raw materials for fuel production. Biochemical and thermochemical conversion are proposed as technologies for their processing. This paper presents the results of the study of the pyrolysis of the biomass of clonal culture of blue-green microalgae / cyanobacteriumArthrospira platensis rsemsu 1/02-Pfrom the collection of the Research Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources of the Lomonosov Moscow State University. An experiment to study the process of pyrolysis of microalgae biomass was carried out at the experimental facility of the Institute of High Temperatures RAS in pure nitrogen grade 6.0 to create an oxygen-free environment with a linear heating rate of 10 ºС / min from room temperature to 1000 ºС. The whole process of pyrolysis proceeded in the field of endothermy. The specific amounts of solid residue, pyrolysis liquid and gaseous products were experimentally determined. As a result of the pyrolysis of microalgae biomass weighing 15 g, the following products were obtained: 1) coal has the mass of the solid residue is 2.68 g, or 17.7% of the initial mass of the microalgae (while 9.3% of the initial mass of the microalgae remained in the reactor); 2) pyrolysis liquid – weight 3.3 g, or 21.9% of the initial weight; 3) non-condensable pyrolysis gases – weight 1.15 l. The specific volumetric gas yield (the amount of gas released from 1 kg of the starting material) was 0.076 Nm3/ kg. The analysis of the composition and specific volume yield of non-condensable pyrolysis gases formed in the process of pyrolysis, depending on temperature. It is shown that with increasing temperature, the proportion of highcalorie components of the gas mixture (hydrogen, methane and carbon monoxide) increases. The calorific value of the mixture of these gases has been estimated.

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Brewers’ spent grain as substrate for dextran biosynthesis by Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM20193 and Weissella confusa A16

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-021-01515-4 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Prabin Koirala ◽

Ndegwa Henry Maina ◽

Hanna Nihtilä ◽

Kati Katina ◽

Rossana Coda

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fermentation Time ◽

Viscosity Increase ◽

Spent Grain ◽

Leuconostoc Pseudomesenteroides ◽

Weissella Confusa

Abstract Background Lactic acid bacteria can synthesize dextran and oligosaccharides with different functionality, depending on the strain and fermentation conditions. As natural structure-forming agent, dextran has proven useful as food additive, improving the properties of several raw materials with poor technological quality, such as cereal by-products, fiber-and protein-rich matrices, enabling their use in food applications. In this study, we assessed dextran biosynthesis in situ during fermentation of brewers´ spent grain (BSG), the main by-product of beer brewing industry, with Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides DSM20193 and Weissella confusa A16. The starters performance and the primary metabolites formed during 24 h of fermentation with and without 4% sucrose (w/w) were followed. Results The starters showed similar growth and acidification kinetics, but different sugar utilization, especially in presence of sucrose. Viscosity increase in fermented BSG containing sucrose occurred first after 10 h, and it kept increasing until 24 h concomitantly with dextran formation. Dextran content after 24 h was approximately 1% on the total weight of the BSG. Oligosaccharides with different degree of polymerization were formed together with dextran from 10 to 24 h. Three dextransucrase genes were identified in L. pseudomesenteroides DSM20193, one of which was significantly upregulated and remained active throughout the fermentation time. One dextransucrase gene was identified in W. confusa A16 also showing a typical induction profile, with highest upregulation at 10 h. Conclusions Selected lactic acid bacteria starters produced significant amount of dextran in brewers’ spent grain while forming oligosaccharides with different degree of polymerization. Putative dextransucrase genes identified in the starters showed a typical induction profile. Formation of dextran and oligosaccharides in BSG during lactic acid bacteria fermentation can be tailored to achieve specific technological properties of this raw material, contributing to its reintegration into the food chain.

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COMPARATIVE TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ESTIMATION OF THE SMALL-SCALE ON-FARM COMPOUND FEED PLANTS

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ◽

10.26897/2687-1149-2021-5-59-65 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 59-65

Author(s):

SERGEY V. BRAGINETS ◽

Keyword(s):

Net Present Value ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Small Scale ◽

Hammer Mill ◽

Capital Investments ◽

Agricultural Enterprises ◽

Feed Production ◽

Effi Ciency ◽

On Farm

On-farm compound feed production from self-produced raw materials is favorable to agricultural enterprises under present-day conditions. The authors carried out a comparative technical and economic study of the conventional and modular small-scale on-farm compound feed plants with a capacity of 2 tons per hour, designed for agricultural enterprises with an average livestock population of 6…8 thousand pigs. The proposed modular plant consists of two modules – the operative storage of raw materials and the main module of grinding and mixing. Modules with installed equipment are delivered and placed on a light foundation, connected by transport equipment and with tanks for raw materials and fi nished products. The conventional factory is a technological line housed in a hangar and used for crushing, metering, and mixing raw materials. It consists of a separator, a hammer mill, weighing equipment, a mixer, containers for raw materials and fi nished products, transport, and aspiration equipment. The technical and economic analysis has shown that the erection and operation of the on-farm modular enterprise require 41% less capital investments than a traditional compound feed plant of the same capacity. The use of a small-scale modular plant will reduce operating costs by 23.8% (from 3094 to 2358 thousand rubles), increase the specifi c economic eff ect from the compound feed production by 1.6% (from 8.64 to 8.78 thousand rubles per ton) and return on margin by 4% (from 10.2 to 10.6%), reduce the payback period by 42% (from 0.8 to 0.46 years), and increase the net present value by 3% (from 66167 to 68216 thousand rubles), as compared to a conventional enterprise. The modular on-farm plants producing loose compound feed with a productivity of up to 3 tons per hour are profi table and economically sound as they can increase production effi ciency of compound feeds for farm animals.`

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Automated Computation of One-Loop Amplitudes

Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science ◽

10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-020959 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 68 (1) ◽

pp. 291-312 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Celine Degrande ◽

Valentin Hirschi ◽

Olivier Mattelaer

Keyword(s):

High Energy Physics ◽

Expert Knowledge ◽

Hadron Collider ◽

High Energy ◽

Hadron Colliders ◽

Collider Phenomenology ◽

Physics Community ◽

High Degree ◽

Energy Physics ◽

Loop Amplitudes

The automation of one-loop amplitudes plays a key role in addressing several computational challenges for hadron collider phenomenology: They are needed for simulations including next-to-leading-order corrections, which can be large at hadron colliders. They also allow the exact computation of loop-induced processes. A high degree of automation has now been achieved in public codes that do not require expert knowledge and can be widely used in the high-energy physics community. In this article, we review many of the methods and tools used for the different steps of automated one-loop amplitude calculations: renormalization of the Lagrangian, derivation and evaluation of the amplitude, its decomposition onto a basis of scalar integrals and their subsequent evaluation, as well as computation of the rational terms.

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Fabrication of Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite by a novel method

Science of Sintering ◽

10.2298/sos1103289z ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (3) ◽

pp. 289-294 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. Zhu ◽

L. Ye ◽

F. Wang

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Fracture Toughness ◽

Hot Pressing ◽

Reaction Path ◽

Raw Materials ◽

High Energy ◽

Good Combination ◽

High Energy Milling ◽

Al2o3 Composite ◽

Novel Method

A Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 nanocomposite was synthesized using Ti, Al, C and TiO2 as raw materials by a novel combination of high-energy milling and hot pressing. The reaction path of the 3Ti-8C-16Al-9TiO2 mixture of powders was investigated, and the results show that the transitional phases TiC, TixAly and Al2O3 are formed in high-energy milling first, and then TixAly is transformed to the TiAl phase during the hot pressing. Finally, a reaction between TiC and TiAl occurs to produce Ti3AlC2 and the nanosized Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite is synthesized. The Ti3AlC2/Al2O3 composite possessed a good combination of mechanical properties with a hardness of 6.0 GPa, a flexural strength of 600 MPa, and a fracture toughness (K1C) of 5.8 MPa?m1/2. The strengthening and toughening mechanisms were also discussed.

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