scholarly journals Multiple Sclerosis and Chlamydia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Jose Artur Medina
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Interferon Alpha ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Viral Protein Synthesis ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Ifn Alpha ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Different Cell Types

Although the epidemiological similarity between the two diseases is true, this thesis was not discussed extensively, perhaps because it implied that some children might have been victims of abuse, which sounds false and potentially unfair. We believe that transverse myelitis and MS are the result of an infectious disease, eventually sexually transmitted by chlamydia/gonococcus, which is caused by a subclinical bacterial urethritis/inflamatory pelvic disease (IPD) among adults. In children it is the same disease but caused by common uropathogens/enterobacteria. Both UTI and MS are much more common in girls than in boys [2, 3]. These UTIs would favor herpetic proliferation via toll-like receptors (TLRs), since the virus is endemic and always present, and it is not possible to eradicate it completely. Herpes viral load is counteracted by interferon alpha 1 (IFN alpha-1), present in different cell types, from macrophages to lymphocytes passing through endothelia and fibroblasts. Interferon alpha 1, when interacting with its specific receptors, produces in the intracellular the action of antiviral RNAse and the inhibition of viral protein synthesis

scholarly journals Therapeutic Attributes of Endocannabinoid System against Neuro-Inflammatory Autoimmune Disorders

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3389
Author(s):  
Ishtiaq Ahmed ◽  
Saif Ur Rehman ◽  
Shiva Shahmohamadnejad ◽  
Muhammad Anjum Zia ◽  
Muhammad Ahmad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cannabinoid Receptors ◽  
Cannabinoid Receptor ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Endocannabinoid System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Autoimmune Disorders ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Different Cell Types

In humans, various sites like cannabinoid receptors (CBR) having a binding affinity with cannabinoids are distributed on the surface of different cell types, where endocannabinoids (ECs) and derivatives of fatty acid can bind. The binding of these substance(s) triggers the activation of specific receptors required for various physiological functions, including pain sensation, memory, and appetite. The ECs and CBR perform multiple functions via the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1); cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2), having a key effect in restraining neurotransmitters and the arrangement of cytokines. The role of cannabinoids in the immune system is illustrated because of their immunosuppressive characteristics. These characteristics include inhibition of leucocyte proliferation, T cells apoptosis, and induction of macrophages along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines secretion. The review seeks to discuss the functional relationship between the endocannabinoid system (ECS) and anti-tumor characteristics of cannabinoids in various cancers. The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for cancer—both in vivo and in vitro clinical trials—has also been highlighted and reported to be effective in mice models in arthritis for the inflammation reduction, neuropathic pain, positive effect in multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes mellitus, and found beneficial for treating in various cancers. In human models, such studies are limited; thereby, further research is indispensable in this field to get a conclusive outcome. Therefore, in autoimmune disorders, therapeutic cannabinoids can serve as promising immunosuppressive and anti-fibrotic agents.

scholarly journals The Role of MicroRNAs in Repair Processes in Multiple Sclerosis

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1711 ◽  
Author(s):  
Conor P. Duffy ◽  
Claire E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Repair Process ◽  
Rna Molecules ◽  
Current State ◽  
Non Coding Rna ◽  
Repair Mechanisms ◽  
Different Cell Types

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by demyelination of central nervous system neurons with subsequent damage, cell death and disability. While mechanisms exist in the CNS to repair this damage, they are disrupted in MS and currently there are no treatments to address this deficit. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the influence of the small, non-coding RNA molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), in autoimmune disorders, including MS. In this review, we examine the role of miRNAs in remyelination in the different cell types that contribute to MS. We focus on key miRNAs that have a central role in mediating the repair process, along with several more that play either secondary or inhibitory roles in one or more aspects. Finally, we consider the current state of miRNAs as therapeutic targets in MS, acknowledging current challenges and potential strategies to overcome them in developing effective novel therapeutics to enhance repair mechanisms in MS.

Cytokine release from innate immune cells: association with diverse membrane trafficking pathways

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paige Lacy ◽  
Jennifer L. Stow
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Trafficking ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Innate Immune Cells ◽  
Cytokine Release ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Different Cell Types

AbstractCytokines released from innate immune cells play key roles in the regulation of the immune response. These intercellular messengers are the source of soluble regulatory signals that initiate and constrain inflammatory responses to pathogens and injury. Although numerous studies describe detailed signaling pathways induced by cytokines and their specific receptors, there is little information on the mechanisms that control the release of cytokines from different cell types. Indeed, the pathways, molecules, and mechanisms of cytokine release remain a “black box” in immunology. Here, we review research findings and new approaches that have begun to generate information on cytokine trafficking and release by innate immune cells in response to inflammatory or infectious stimuli. Surprisingly complex machinery, multiple organelles, and specialized membrane domains exist in these cells to ensure the selective, temporal, and often polarized release of cytokines in innate immunity.

scholarly journals Host and Tissue Specificity of Trichomonas vaginalis Is Not Mediated by Its Known Adhesion Proteins

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (7) ◽  
pp. 4358-4360 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Filippa Addis ◽  
Paola Rappelli ◽  
Pier Luigi Fiori
Keyword(s):  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Tissue Specificity ◽  
Mycoplasma Hominis ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Adhesion Proteins ◽  
Vaginal Epithelial Cells ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Different Cell Types

ABSTRACT Adhesion of Trichomonas vaginalis is believed to be dependent on four adhesion proteins, which are thought to bind to vaginal epithelial cells in a specific manner with a ligand-receptor type of interaction. However, the specific receptors on the host cell have not yet been identified. In this work, the ability of the T. vaginalis adhesins to bind to cells of different histologic derivations and from different species has been studied. HeLa, CHO, and Vero cell lines; erythrocytes from different species; and a prokaryote without a cell wall, Mycoplasma hominis, were employed in order to investigate the cell specificity of the T. vaginalis adhesins. We observed that the T. vaginalisadhesins are able to bind to the different cell types to the same extent, suggesting that the host and tissue specificity of T. vaginalis adhesion should not be due to specificity of the parasite adhesins. Our results suggest that the data published to date on the subject are probably artifactual and that the experiments reported in the literature are not appropriate for identification of protozoan adhesins.

scholarly journals Role of Lipopolysaccharide, Derived from Various Bacterial Species, in Pulpitis—A Systematic Review

Biomolecules ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 138
Author(s):  
Aniela Brodzikowska ◽  
Monika Ciechanowska ◽  
Michał Kopka ◽  
Albert Stachura ◽  
Paweł K. Włodarski
Keyword(s):  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Pulp Inflammation ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Specific Receptors ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Different Cell Types

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is widely used for induction of inflammation in various human tissues, including dental pulp. The purpose of this study was to summarize current medical literature focusing on (1) cell types used by researchers to simulate dental pulp inflammation, (2) LPS variants utilized in experimental settings and how these choices affect the findings. Our study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). We searched for studies reporting outcomes of lipopolysaccharide application on dental pulp cells in vitro using electronic databases: MEDLINE, Web of Science and Scopus. Having gathered data from 115 papers, we aimed to present all known effects LPS has on different cell types present in dental pulp. We focused on specific receptors and particles that are involved in molecular pathways. Our review provides an essential foundation for further research using in vitro models of pulpitis.

scholarly journals Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) receptor/ligand system in multiple sclerosis brain.

1996 ◽  
Vol 184 (4) ◽  
pp. 1513-1518 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Dowling ◽  
G Shang ◽  
S Raval ◽  
J Menonna ◽  
S Cook ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Fas Ligand ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Fas Receptor ◽  
Ligand System ◽  
Fas L ◽  
Dying Cells ◽  
Different Cell Types

Immunohistochemical methods were used to search for Fas receptor/Fas ligand system involvement in multiple sclerosis (MS) white matter brain lesions. We found large numbers of Fas ligand (Fas-L)-bearing cells present in two acute lesions and 12 of 16 chronic MS lesions, and very few positive cells in non-inflammatory controls. Four of six brains from non-MS neuropathologic conditions associated with inflammation and white matter disease were, however, also positive for Fas-L. Double staining with cell-specific markers revealed that the pattern of ligand-positive cells in chronic MS lesions was complex and composed of several different cell types which were primarily resident glial cells with a small overlay of macrophages. Fas/APO 1 (CD95) receptor expression in MS tissue was also evaluated and marked upregulation of the receptor was found. In addition, Fas receptor was induced, but to a lesser extent, in numerous control brains. The observations that TUNEL-positive dying cells were present in MS lesions and showed excellent co-localization with Fas-L, indicate that the Fas death system may contribute to plaque pathogenesis and could lead to the development of a new category of therapeutic agents for MS.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

Processing and Characterization of Recombinant von Willebrand Factor Expressed in Different Cell Types Using a Vaccinia Virus Vector

1992 ◽  
Vol 67 (01) ◽  
pp. 154-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Meulien ◽  
M Nishino ◽  
C Mazurier ◽  
K Dott ◽  
G Piétu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccinia Virus ◽  
Von Willebrand Factor ◽  
Human Fibroblasts ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
L Cells ◽  
Von Willebrand ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
Willebrand Factor

SummaryThe cloning of the cDNA encoding von Willebrand factor (vWF) has revealed that it is synthesized as a large precursor (pre-pro-vWF) molecule and it is now clear that the prosequence or vWAgll is responsible for the intracellular multimerization of vWF. We have cloned the complete vWF cDNA and expressed it using a recombinant vaccinia virus as vector. We have characterized the structure and function of the recombinant vWF (rvWF) secreted from five different cell types: baby hamster kidney (BHK), Chinese hamster ovary (CHO), human fibroblasts (143B), mouse fibroblasts (L) and primary embryonic chicken cells. Forty-eight hours after infection, the quantity of vWF antigen found in the cell supernatant varied from 3 to 12 U/dl depending on the cell type. By SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis, the percentage of high molecular weight forms of vWF varied from 39 to 49% relative to normal plasma for BHK, CHO, 143B and chicken cells but was less than 10% for L cells. In all cell types, the two anodic subbands of each multimer were missing. The two cathodic subbands were easily detected only in BHK and L cells. By SDS-PAGE of reduced samples, pro-vWF was present in similar quantity to the fully processed vWF subunit in L cells, present in moderate amounts in BHK and CHO and in very low amounts in 143B and chicken cells. rvWF from all cells bound to collagen and to platelets in the presence of ristocetin, the latter showing a high correlation between binding efficiency and degree of multimerization. rvWF from all cells was also shown to bind to purified FVIII and in this case binding appeared to be independent of the degree of multimerization. We conclude that whereas vWF is naturally synthesized only by endothelial cells and megakaryocytes, it can be expressed in a biologically active form from various other cell types.

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