scholarly journals Markups and Contribution Margins of Nursing Homes

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-02
Author(s):  
Ecler Jaqua ◽  
Terry Jaqua
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Market Share ◽  
High Price ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Critical Difference ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Accounting Terms

Markups and profit margins are different accounting terms that analyze similar transactions and use the same inputs but show additional information. The two use costs and revenues as in their calculations. The critical difference is that while profit margins refer to sales less the cost of goods sold, markups refer to the amount that needs to be added to the cost of goods to get to the final selling price. Understanding these two terms ensures that price setting is done correctly. Too low or high price setting may cause lost profits or sales. Also, with time, the price setting of a firm impacts its market share. This research paper discusses markups and contribution margins of nursing homes.

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENETAPAN HARGA JUAL PADA KOMUNITAS DROPSHIPER DI LINGKUNGAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM MADURA

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (01) ◽  
pp. 53-65
Author(s):  
HALIMATUS SAKDIYAH ◽  
Wardaturrohah Wardaturrohah
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Pricing Strategy ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
High Price ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Price Setting ◽  
Price Determination ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Standard Cost ◽  
Collection Methods

The purpose of this study was to determine the selling price setting strategy used by the dropshiper community in the Islamic University of Madura. The type of research method used is descriptive quantitative. Sources of data in this study are primary data and secondary data. With data collection methods, namely interviews, observation, documentation and literature study. The results showed that the strategy of fixing the selling price in the drosphiper community in the Islamic University of Madura used two strategies: first, the standard cost-based pricing strategy was determined by adding a certain percentage of costs to all items in a product class. second, using a demand-based selling price strategy. This skiming pricing strategy is determined by setting a high price for a new or innovative product during the introductory stage, then lowering the price when the competition is getting tighter. Keywords: selling price determination strategy, dropshiper

scholarly journals Cost Structure Analysis in Inter Island Perishable Goods Transport (Case Study: South Konawe Citrus, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia)

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Kuncoro Harto Widodo ◽  
Dwi Ardianta Kurniawan
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
High Price ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
On The Road ◽  
The Cost

The objectives of this paper are to measure prices and costs on the supply chains of fresh oranges products. It also qualitatively investigates supply chain bottlenecks and their impact in terms of access toward markets for small producers in rural areas. The analysis of supply-chain bottlenecks is focusing on the breakdown of costs (production, post-harvest, and logistics (transport)) within the supply chain. The location study is in South Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia which is known as one of the largest citrus producer in Indonesia. The results show that the formation of the price of oranges is formed with the following characteristics: 1) cost at the farm level is made up of costs for production activities and processing activities are not done because orange is sold in the form of raw materials, 2) factors that affect the cost at the trade level is the infrastructure condition, mileage and processes during delivery, and 3) the selling price is determined by the trader in accordance with market demand. Merchants were indicated to have the power to determine the prices are a big trader in Java, with implications for the pricing down to the farm level. The condition of infrastructure is an important aspect in the formation of prices. Badly damaged roads often cause farmers cannot sell their production to other regions because of the high risk of damage to goods due mired vehicles on the road, as well as a long time transporting. Another issue that arises is related to inadequate governance in the Port of Kendari, Southeast Sulawesi which caused the cost of transportation by the port to be expensive. The existence of interests of the parties that play a role in making the port of unloading handling process becomes inefficient. High price made by the association of workers unloading for example, makes the high cost of handling goods. Not to mention the imbalance in the flow of goods in and out of the Port of Kendari, mainly from Java, which caused the vessel operator must take into account the condition of empty when the ship returned in Java. Another condition is a problem with the transport of goods is the last priority given to freight transport compared to passenger transport. This often makes long waiting times at the port, which will affect the transported goods, especially perishables goods such as fruits. Generally this indicates inefficient trading patterns oranges in South Konawe requiring further intervention of the various parties concerned. Keywords: Sulawesi Citrus; South Konawe; Cost; Price

scholarly journals ANALISIS MEKANISME PENENTUAN PROFIT MARGIN PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH LEMBAGA KEUANGAN SYARIAH (LKS) AL YASINI PASURUAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-200
Author(s):  
Silfiyah ◽  
Muhammad Fahmul Iltiham ◽  
Abdillah Mundir
Keyword(s):  
Research Result ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Sample Data ◽  
The Cost

: The focus of the problem is (1) What is the mechanism for determining the selling price and profit margin in murabahah financing at Al-Yasini LKS. (2) What methods are used to determine the profit margin in murabahah financing by LKS Al-Yasini. (3) What are the factors that affect the profit margin on murabahah financing at Al-Yasini LKS. The objectives in writing this thesis have a purpose, namely: (a) To discount the selling price and profit margin on murabahah financing at LKS Al-Yasini. (b) To discuss the method in determining the selling price and profit margin carried out by LKS Al-Yasini. against murabahah financing. (c) To discuss the factors that affect the profit margin in murabahah financing at LKS Al-Yasini. This type of research is the researcher uses a qualitative approach and analysis techniques using descriptive methods by analyzing the data that has been obtained is qualitative, the sample data obtained is from primary data which is directly obtained from LKS Al-Yasini regarding the policy of determining murabahah profit margins. , and from secondary data which is processed data whose source can be trusted and scientifically accounted for by conducting literature studies, interviews, the internet, and others. The research result in this thesis is the method in determining the margin carried out by LKS Al-Yasini using themethod  flat , where themethod flat is the calculation of the profit margin against the cost of cost of financing on a regular basis from one period to another, even though the debit balance decreases as a result of the installments. cost of goods sold. The factors that affect the selling price and profit margin made at Al-Yasini LKS are firstly related to the time period. second is related to the use of funds. third Related to the customer's condition.  

The Unusual Cruelty of Nursing Homes Behind Bars

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 264-271
Author(s):  
Rachel E. López
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Human Dignity ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Term Care ◽  
Trained Staff ◽  
State Prisons ◽  
The Cost

The elderly prison population continues to rise along with higher rates of dementia behind bars. To maintain the detention of this elderly population, federal and state prisons are creating long-term care units, which in turn carry a heavy financial burden. Prisons are thus gearing up to become nursing homes, but without the proper trained staff and adequate financial support. The costs both to taxpayers and to human dignity are only now becoming clear. This article squarely addresses the second dimension of this carceral practice, that is the cost to human dignity. Namely, it sets out why indefinitely incarcerating someone with dementia or other neurocognitive disorders violates the Eighth Amendment of the United States Constitution’s prohibition on cruel and unusual punishment. This conclusion derives from the confluence of two lines of U.S. Supreme Court precedent. First, in Madison v. Alabama, the Court recently held that executing someone (in Madison’s case someone with dementia) who cannot rationally understand their sentence amounts to cruel and unusual punishment. Second, in line with Miller v. Alabama, which puts life without parole (LWOP) sentences in the same class as death sentences due to their irrevocability, this holding should be extended to LWOP sentences. Put another way, this article explains why being condemned to life is equivalent to death for someone whose neurodegenerative disease is so severe that they cannot rationally understand their punishment.

TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DEVICE FOR THE PREVENTION OF APNEA DURING PHYSIOLOGICAL SLEEP IN HUMANS

2020 ◽  
pp. 198-210
Author(s):  
Сергей Борисович Казаков ◽  
Дмитрий Михайлович Шишов ◽  
Антон Игоревич Ларин ◽  
Александр Петрович Николаев ◽  
Аза Валерьевна Писарева
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Lung Ventilation ◽  
High Price ◽  
Device Structure ◽  
Artificial Lung Ventilation ◽  
Exact Moment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical Solutions ◽  
Physiological Sleep

В статье представлен обзор существующих технических решений в сфере мониторинга и предотвращения апноэ во сне. Произведён анализ существующих аппаратов для предотвращения апноэ, который показал, что на рынке присутствует большое количество импортных моделей, однако они имеют довольно высокую цену. Разработанный нами Российский аналог проектируемого аппарата, при схожих характеристиках, будет иметь более привлекательную цену, чем у импортных приборов. Интегрирование датчика влажности в персональную маску пациента даёт возможность отслеживать остановки дыхания пациента во время сна, и тем самым включать процесс принудительной подачи дыхательной смеси именно в тот момент, когда она необходима для устранения патологии. Целью научной работы является разработка конструкции прибора и создание алгоритма программы для управления аппарата искусственной вентиляции лёгких для предотвращения апноэ во сне. Показана разработка структуры устройства аппарата. Подобран компрессор и датчик влажности с обоснованными характеристиками для создания аппарата, а также основные элементы. Разработана конструкция корпуса аппарата и разработана компоновка. Выполнено технико-экономическое обоснование разработки аппаратно-программного комплекса для предотвращения апноэ во сне. Показано, что себестоимость готового изделия достаточно конкурентна The article presents an overview of existing technical solutions in the field of monitoring and prevention of sleep apnea. An analysis of existing devices for preventing apnea was made, which showed that there are a large number of imported models on the market, but they have a fairly high price. The Russian analog of the designed device developed by us, with similar characteristics, will have a more attractive price than that of imported devices. The integration of the humidity sensor into the patient's personal mask makes it possible to monitor the patient's breathing stops during sleep, and thus enable the process of forced delivery of the respiratory mixture at the exact moment when it is necessary to eliminate the pathology. The purpose of the research is to develop the device design and create a program algorithm for controlling the artificial lung ventilation device to prevent sleep apnea. The development of the device structure is shown. The compressor and humidity sensor with reasonable characteristics for creating the device, as well as the main elements are selected. The design of the device body and its layout were developed. A feasibility study for the development of a hardware and software system for preventing sleep apnea has been completed. It is shown that the cost of the finished product is quite competitive

scholarly journals ALPINE: Active Link Prediction Using Network Embedding

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 5043
Author(s):  
Xi Chen ◽  
Bo Kang ◽  
Jefrey Lijffijt ◽  
Tijl De Bie
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Protein Interactions ◽  
Link Prediction ◽  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Network Embedding ◽  
Protein Protein Interactions ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Active Link

Many real-world problems can be formalized as predicting links in a partially observed network. Examples include Facebook friendship suggestions, the prediction of protein–protein interactions, and the identification of hidden relationships in a crime network. Several link prediction algorithms, notably those recently introduced using network embedding, are capable of doing this by just relying on the observed part of the network. Often, whether two nodes are linked can be queried, albeit at a substantial cost (e.g., by questionnaires, wet lab experiments, or undercover work). Such additional information can improve the link prediction accuracy, but owing to the cost, the queries must be made with due consideration. Thus, we argue that an active learning approach is of great potential interest and developed ALPINE (Active Link Prediction usIng Network Embedding), a framework that identifies the most useful link status by estimating the improvement in link prediction accuracy to be gained by querying it. We proposed several query strategies for use in combination with ALPINE, inspired by the optimal experimental design and active learning literature. Experimental results on real data not only showed that ALPINE was scalable and boosted link prediction accuracy with far fewer queries, but also shed light on the relative merits of the strategies, providing actionable guidance for practitioners.

scholarly journals Model Predictive Control Strategies to Activate the Energy Flexibility for Zones with Hydronic Radiant Systems

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195
Author(s):  
Ali Saberi Derakhtenjani ◽  
Andreas K. Athienitis
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
High Price ◽  
Electricity Prices ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Heating Systems ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Demand Reduction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Floor System ◽  
Radiant Floor Heating

This paper presents control strategies to activate energy flexibility for zones with radiant heating systems in response to changes in electricity prices. The focus is on zones with radiant floor heating systems for which the hydronic pipes are located deep in the concrete and, therefore, there is a significant thermal lag. A perimeter zone test-room equipped with a hydronic radiant floor system in an environmental chamber is used as a case study. A low order thermal network model for the perimeter zone, validated with experimental measurements, is utilized to study various control strategies in response to changes in the electrical grid price signal, including short term (nearly reactive) changes of the order of 10–15 min notice. An index is utilized to quantify the building energy flexibility with the focus on peak demand reduction for specific periods of time when the electricity prices are higher than usual. It is shown that the developed control strategies can aid greatly in enhancing the zone energy flexibility and minimizing the cost of electricity and up to 100% reduction in peak power demand and energy consumption is attained during the high-price and peak-demand periods, while maintaining acceptable comfort conditions.

An Economic and Antitrust Analysis of the Distribution of Medical Products

1990 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-523
Author(s):  
Arnold C. Celnicker
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Price Discrimination ◽  
High Price ◽  
Medical Products ◽  
Pricing Scheme ◽  
Antitrust Analysis

The techniques used to distribute medical products are designed to maximize the manufacturers’ profits by charging a relatively low price to hospitals and a relatively high price to other purchasers, such as doctors and nursing homes. This pricing scheme raises complex antitrust problems, including vertical price fixing between the manufacturer and its distributors, price discrimination by the manufacturer, and agreements between the manufacturer and the hospitals restricting the hospitals’ ability to resell. This Article examines these antitrust issues.

Cost efficiency and budget-neutral expanded access to antineoplastic therapy from cost-savings derived from conversion to biosimilar pegfilgrastim-cbqv for the prophylaxis of chemotherapy-induced (febrile) neutropenia (CIN/FN):Simulation modeling in metastatic pancreatic cancer.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 441-441
Author(s):  
Ali McBride ◽  
Karen MacDonald ◽  
Ivo Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Selling Price ◽  
Expanded Access ◽  
Conversion Rates ◽  
Insured Patients ◽  
The Cost

441 Background: Biosimilars have contributed to the reduction in the cost of prophylaxis of CIN/FN in recent years. Savings generated from conversion to biosimilars could be reallocated on a budget-neutral basis to provide expanded access to additional prophylaxis or to anti-neoplastic treatment. To demonstrate this, we simulated: 1) the savings that could be realized from CIN/FN prophylaxis with biosimilar pegfilgrastim-cbqv (BIOSIM-PEG) over reference pegfilgrastim with or without on-body injector (PEG/PEG-OBI), 2) a model of expanded access to BIOSIM-PEG from cost-savings achieved from conversion from PEG/PEG-OBI, 3) a model of expanded access to chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, leucovorin, irinotecan, and fluorouracil (FOLFIRINOX) for metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC), 4) the number-needed-to-convert (NNC) to BIOSIM-PEG to purchase one additional treatment of BIOSIM-PEG, and 5) the NNC to purchase one cycle of FOLFIRINOX. Methods: This simulation modeling from the US payer perspective utilized: 1) a blended rate of average selling price (ASP; derived from CMS Q4 2020 reimbursement) and wholesale acquisition cost (WAC; Redbook) for PEG/PEG-OBI, BIOSIM-PEG, and all FOLFIRINOX agents proportionate to the estimated 2020 incident pancreatic cancer age distribution per Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program (67.6% Medicare-insured patients ≥65 years of age; 32.4% commercially insured patients <65 years); 2) between one and twelve cycles of prophylaxis in a panel of 2,500 mPC patients treated with FOLFIRINOX; and 3) conversion rates from PEG/PEG-OBI to BIOSIM-PEG ranging from 10%—100%. Results: Using a current blended ASP/WAC rate, cost-savings of BIOSIM-PEG over PEG/PEG-OBI in a panel of 2,500 mPC patients range from $188,780 (for 1 cycle of prophylaxis at 10% conversion) to $22,653,609 (12 cycles at 100%). In a single cycle of chemotherapy, these savings translate into expanded access to additional BIOSIM-PEG prophylaxis ranging from 53 cycles at 10% conversion from PEG/PEG-OBI to 528 cycles at 100% or to between 321 to 3,214 cycles of FOLFIRINOX, respectively. The savings over twelve cycles could provide up to 6,330 additional cycles of BIOSIM-PEG or 38,571 cycles of FOLFIRINOX (at 100% conversion). The NNC from PEG/PEG-OBI to purchase one additional cycle of BIOSIM-PEG is 4.74; the NNC to purchase once cycle of FOLFIRINOX is 0.78. Conclusions: These simulated models demonstrate the magnitude of the cost savings for CIN/FN prophylaxis that can be generated by conversion to biosimilar pegfilgrastim-cbqv. Further, these savings could be reallocated to provide access to anti-neoplastic treatment on a budget-neutral basis, thus enhancing the value of cancer care to both payers and patients.

Design for Variety: A Methodology for Understanding the Costs of Product Proliferation

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark V. Martin ◽  
Kosuke Ishii
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Product Line ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Profit Margins ◽  
Design For Variety ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Market Coverage ◽  
Product Proliferation ◽  
The Cost

Abstract This paper further develops the previously introduced concept of Design for Variety (DFV). Our study seeks a tool that enables product managers to estimate the cost of introducing variety into their product line. This will help them to maximize market coverage while maintaining required profit margins. Variety incurs many indirect costs that are not always well understood or are difficult to capture. These costs are often not considered by people making the decision about introducing variety. Our DFV model attempts to capture these indirect costs through the measurement of three indices: commonality, differentiation point, and set-up cost. These indices will allow the decision makers to estimate some of the generally unmeasurable costs of providing variety. We conclude this paper by discussing our validation plans for testing the model in industry.

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