scholarly journals Contribution of Russian zoologists to the collecting and first descriptions of the World avian fauna

2018 ◽  
Vol 322 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.A. Payevsky
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Geographical Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
First Descriptions

A brief overview is given of the formation of museum collections of birds in Russia, collected as a result of academic expeditions around the world and across Russia. The imperishable value of zoological collections, concentrated in zoological museums and institutes, is underlined. The results of expeditions are described in chronology, beginning with 18th century (they were conducted under the auspices of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society): the First Siberian expedition (D.G. Messershmidt), the First Kamchatka and the Great Northern expeditions (V.I. Bering, А.I. Chirikov, G.F. Müller, G.V. Stöller, I.G. Gmelin, S.P. Krasheninnikov), Great academic expeditions across Russia (P.S. Pallas, S.G. Gmelin, I.A. Güldenstädt, I.I. Lepyokhin, I.P. Falk, I.G. Georgi), round-the-world sea expeditions (I.F. Kruzenshtern and Yu.F. Lisyansky, F.F. Bellingshausen and M.P. Lazarev, F.G. Kittlitz and A.K. Mertens), as well as expeditions to Brazil (G. I. Langsdorf and E.P. Menetries) and expedition of I.G. Voznesensky in Russian America, the Commanders and Kamchatka. Reference is made to the importance of zoological expeditions of K.F. von Baer, A.F. Middendorf, G.I. Radde, N.A. Severtsov, M.N. Bogdanov, G.E. and M.E. Grumm-Grzhimailo. Particular attention is paid to the great Asian campaigns to Central Asia in the late XIX – early XX century of NM. Przevalsky, V.I. Roborovsky, P.K. Kozlov, G.N. Potanin, M.V. Pevtsov, B.L. Grombchevsky, M.A. Pyltsov and N.A. Zarudny. The contribution of the ornithologists of Russia M.N.Bogdanov, M.M. Berezovsky, M.A. Menzbir, V.L. Bianchi, F.D. Pleske, V.I. Dybowski, V.A. Godlewski, M.I. Jankowski, V.K. Taczanowski, P.P. Sushkin and S.A. Buturlin to the bird systematics at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of XX century is described. In conclusion, it is said about the unique value of zoological collections for the study of taxonomy and phylogeny, including on the basis of molecular genetic studies.

scholarly journals Wesley in Oxford and the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight: The Study about the Root of Methodism to the World, and the Foundation of Kwansei-Gakuin in Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Kawanishi Takao
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Round Table ◽  
King Arthur ◽  
Spiritual Power ◽  
The World ◽  
Methodist Episcopal Church ◽  
New States ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract John Wesley (1703-91）is known as the founder of Methodism in his time of Oxford University’s Scholar. However, about his Methodical religious theory, he got more spiritual and important influence from other continents not only Oxford in Great Britain but also Europe and America. Through Wesley’s experience and awakening in those continents, Methodism became the new religion with Revival by the spiritual power of “Holy Grail”. By this research using Multidisciplinary approach about the study of Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight, - from King Arthur and Knights of the Round Table in the Medieval Period, and in 18th century Wesley, who went to America in the way on ship where he met the Moravian Church group also called Herrnhut having root of Pietisms, got important impression in his life. After this awakening, he went to meet Herrnhut supervisor Zinzendorf (1700-60) in Germany who had root of a noble house in the Holy Roman Empire, - and to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight Opera “Parsifal” by Richard Wagner at Bayreuth near Herrnhut’s land in the 19th century, Wesley’s Methodism is able to reach new states with the legend, such as the historical meaning of Christianity not only Protestantism but also Catholicism. I wish to point out Wesley’s Methodism has very close to Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight. In addition, after the circulation in America, in the late 19th century Methodism spread toward Africa, and Asian Continents. Especially in Japan, by Methodist Episcopal Church South, Methodism landed in the Kansai-area such international port city Kobe. Methodist missionary Walter Russel Lambuth (1854-1921) who entered into Japan founded English schools to do his missionary works. Afterward, one of them became Kwansei-Gakuin University in Kobe. Moreover, Lambuth such as Parsifal with Wesley’s theories went around the world to spread Methodism with the Spirit’s the Legend of Holy Grail’s Knight as World Citizen.

Russian Meteorological Investigations in China in the 19th Century

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Feklova
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
Scientific Network ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Meteorological Observatory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the Russian Magneto-Meteorological Observatory (RMMO) in Beijing has not been extensively researched. Sources for this information are Russian (the Russian State Historical Archive, Saint Petersburg Branch of the Archive of the Academy of Sciences, Russian National Library) and Chinese (the First Historical Archive of Beijing, the Library of the Shanghai Zikavey Observatory) archives. These archival materials can be scientifically and methodologically analyzed. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Russian Orthodox Mission (ROM) was founded in the territory of Beijing. Existing until 1955, the ROM performed an important role in the development of Russian–Chinese relations. Russian scientists could only work in Beijing through the ROM due to China’s policy of fierce self-isolation. The ROM became the center of Chinese academic studies and the first training school for Russian sinologists. From its very beginning, it was considered not only a church or diplomatic mission but a research center in close cooperation with the Russian Academy of Sciences. In this context, the RMMO made important weather investigations in China and the Far East in the 19th century. The RMMO, as well as its branch stations in China and Mongolia, part of a scientific network, represented an important link between Europe and Asia and was probably the largest geographical scientific network in the world at that time.

scholarly journals Daži agrāk aktuāli akadēmiskās dzīves aspekti: venia legendi un privātdocenta statuss pasaulē un Rīgas Politehnikumā (1862–1896)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 9-29
Author(s):  
Māris Baltiņš
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
21St Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Pētījumā aplūkots privātdocenta statuss, kas pasaulē tika ieviests 18. gadsimtā un, sākot no 19. gadsimta otrās puses līdz Otrā pasaules kara beigām, pastāvēja arī Latvijā. Privātdocenta statuss salīdzināts ar citu pasaules valstu, galvenokārt vācu tipa universitātēm. Jēdzienu «venia legendi» un «privātdocents» skaidrojumi ar piemēriem no Rīgas Politehnikuma (RP) mācībspēku darbības atspoguļo šos jēdzienus no dažādiem aspektiem, lai 21. gadsimtā būtu saprotams to lietojums iepriekšējos gadsimtos. Autors pētījumam izmantojis arhīvu dokumentus un bibliotēku krājumus, balstoties ne tikai Latvijas, bet arī Krievijas, Vācijas un citu valstu zinātnieku atziņās. The study examines the status of a private docent, the academic position which was introduced across the world in the 18th century and which also existed in Latvia from the second half of the 19th century until the end of World War II. The status of the private docent as it used to be understood in Latvia is compared with other countries, mainly considering German-type universities. Definition of the terms «venia legendi» and «private docent» providing examples of academic activity of the lecturers of Riga Polytechnicum (RP) allow considering these concepts from various perspectives in order to make their meaning and usage in the previous centuries transparent for the users in the 21st century. Conducting the present research, the author has used archival documents and library collections, the theoretical framework includes the findings of not only the Latvian scientists, but also researchers from Russia, Germany and other countries.

scholarly journals Museum of Classical Archeology of the 19th-century Imperial Academy of Sciences: The history of organizing and transferring collections to the Imperial Hermitage

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27
Author(s):  
Margarita F. Khartanovich ◽  
◽  
Maria V. Khartanovich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Fine Arts ◽  
Precious Metals ◽  
Ancient Greek ◽  
Classical Archaeology ◽  
Archaeological Collections ◽  
Imperial Academy ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Museum of Classical Archeology of the Imperial Academy of Sciences is the successor to the 18th-century Kunstkamera of the Academy of Sciences in term of collections of classical antiquities. This article discusses in detail the stages of development of the Museum of Classical Archaeology as an institution within the structure of the Academy of Sciences through the Cabinet of Medals and Rarities, Numismatic Museum, and the Museum of Classical Archaeology. The fund of the museum consisted of ancient Greek and Roman coins, ancient Russian coins, coins from oriental cultures, ancient Greek vases, antiquities from ornamental stone, glass, precious metals, impressions of medals and coins, items from archaeological excavations and treasures, manuscripts, drawings of objects and photographs. Special attention is paid to the correlation of the possibilities of museum collections of the Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Hermitage in terms of storage, exhibition, research, and promotion of archaeological collections in the second half of the 19th century. The reasons for the very active transfer of the Academy of Sciences’ archaeological collections to the Hermitage in the 19th century and the types of compensation received by the Academy for the collections are discussed. The first archaeological collections donated from the Academy of Sciences to the Hermitage on the initiative of the chairman of the Imperial Archaeological Commission S. G. Stroganov were the “Siberian collection” of Peter I and the Melgunov treasure. The collection of the Museum of Classical Archeology also attracted the attention of art critic I. V. Tsvetaev when arranging funds for the new Museum of Fine Arts at Moscow University. The article introduces into scientific circulation archival documents, showing the state of the museum work in the 19th century in the institution of the Academy of Sciences, documents depicting the structure of the Museum of Classical Archaeology, and the composition of collections.

2. Imperialism, genocide, and the ‘science’ of race

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-33
Author(s):  
Ali Rattansi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Slave Trade ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Darwinism ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Human Variation ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Impact

The term ‘race’ entered English early in the 16th century, referring to family, lineage, and breed. In the 18th-century Enlightenment, the idea of race became incorporated into more systematic meditations on the nature of the world. ‘Imperialism, genocide, and the “science” of race’ explains how doctrines of race gained considerable strength with the growing slave trade, and how, in the 19th century, a range of theories emerged that explained all human variation on the basis of innate racial characteristics. The idea of nation also played a crucial role in the origins and development of racial thinking. The impact of imperialism, the rise of eugenics, social Darwinism, and the racial genocide of the Nazis are also outlined.

Criticism of Hegel’s Philosophy in the Heritage of Philosophy Teachers Moscow Theological Academy of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 165-174
Author(s):  
Viacheslav I. Kotsiuba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Final Part ◽  
Logical Connection ◽  
Philosophy Department ◽  
The World ◽  
Dialectical Process ◽  
Divine Mind ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century

Based on student diaries and correspondence, the article examines the attitude to Hegel’s philosophy at the Moscow Theological Academy in the first half of the 19th century. Critical remarks to the teachings of Hegel by the professor of philosophy at the Moscow Academy of Sciences Feodor A. Golubinsky: the ab­sence of a logical connection between the previous and the next in the derivation of categories, the pantheistic identification of the infinite Absolute and finite things, the erasure of the ontological border between the Divine mind and the hu­man. There is a connection between the criticism of Golubinsky and the criticism of Hegel by Jacobi, about whom Golubinsky spoke with praise, in this regard, the question of Hegel’s Spinoism, the style of his writings in comparison with the style of philosophical works of the Wolffian tradition, is highlighted. Further, the article presents criticism of Hegel in the writings of a student of Golubinsky and his successor in the philosophy department of the Moscow Academy of Sci­ences Viktor D. Kudryavtsev-Platonov. The basis of this criticism is noted in the principles of philosophy of Kudryavtsev-Platonov himself, convinced of the im­possibility of knowing reality by pure deduction. The article reveals the use by Kudryavtsev-Platonov of the critical argumentation of Trendeleburg: from the very beginning Hegel implicitly introduces the concepts of motion and time taken from experience into the dialectical process. In the final part of the article, the criti­cism of the Hegelian doctrine of the Absolute in the philosophy of religion of Kudryavtsev-Platonov is analyzed, following Golubinsky who classifies Hegel as a representative of pantheism. The difference in the understanding of panthe­ism by Hegel and Kudryavtsev-Platonov is shown, the thesis of the latter about the inconsistency of Hegel’s teaching with theistic ideas about God as perfect and separated from the world is considered.

scholarly journals Women’s Hairstyles and Head Ornamentation of the Yakuts in the 18th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
A.N. Prokopeva
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Museum Collections ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Archaeological Excavations

Mass Christianization of the peoples of Yakutia (Eastern Siberia) at the end of the 18th century led to the development of a demotic Christianity throughout the 19th century. There were new rules, according to which a woman was not permitted to appear in public with her head uncovered, and therefore the marking function of the hairstyles became obsolete. This could explain the absence of rituals and rules associated with women’s hair and hairstyles in the Yakut culture of the 19th–20th centuries. The aim of this study is to prove a hypothesis, according to which pendants of hair ornamentation duplicate braids, and studying the pendants of the headrest ‘nachel’nik’ allows recreation of women’s hairstyle that had been in use before the period of mass Christianization. The article is based on the analysis of written, material, and visual sources of the 18th–19th centuries. Information about the hairstyles and adornments of the Yakuts is contained within the records of travelers of the 18th–19th centuries. Among the ethnographic works on the peoples of Siberia, one can find drawings depicting maidens and women, where particular attention is given to their hair. These materials were correlated with the data of the archaeological excavations of Yakut female burials of the 18th century. The obtained results were compared with the materials from the 19th century — photographs of women in national costumes and jewelry from museum collections. According to the results of the study, it can be stated that there was a tradition of changing maiden’s hairstyle to woman’s hairstyle in the context of the wedding ritualism. New rules of conduct, social roles, especially regulations on the appearance of women, were formalized in the society in the 19th century with the mass Christianization of the peoples of Yakutia. There were new rules, according to which a woman was not permitted to appear in public with her head uncovered, and therefore the marking function of hairstyles became obsolete. This could explain the absence of rituals and rules associated with women’s hair and hairstyles in the Yakut culture of the 19th–20th centuries.

scholarly journals Scientific journeys to one of the oldest copper cementation sites in Central Europe (Smolník, Slovakia)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-196
Author(s):  
Pavel Hronček ◽  
Bohuslava Gregorová ◽  
Dana Tometzová ◽  
Miloš Jesenský
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Technological Progress ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Commercial Production ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Mining Town ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Export Product

Abstract. The process of copper cementation has already been known since the period of antiquity in Europe. Nevertheless, the first historically relevant reports come from the 14th century from the mining town of Smolník in Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia), which makes this site the oldest place of the commercial production of copper using cementation in Europe. It is one of the oldest known sites in the world after China, where this process has been used since the 11th century. The cementation copper from Smolník was considered to be a high-quality copper in the period between the 14th and 19th century and was an important export product of Hungary. The study processes the history of cementation and discusses the production process of the artificial cementation water, as well as its subsequent mining and sedimentation. A detailed description of the technological progress of cementation from the earliest times up to the first half of the 19th century is given. The study is based upon the historical works of medieval alchemists and the first miners and naturalists, which were published as early scientific books in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century. These findings are complemented by original archival research.

scholarly journals Leibniz’s and Herder’s philosophy of optimism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 37-47
Author(s):  
Vasil Gluchman
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Possible Worlds ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Progress ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Given

Abstract The author studies Leibniz’s views of vindicating God for the existence of evil in the world, as well as the idea of the best of all possible worlds, including the past and present criticism. Following Leibniz, he opted for the presentation of Herder’s philosophy of history as one of the most significant forms of philosophical optimism that influenced the first half of the 19th century, including contemporary debates on and critiques of the topic. He defines Herder’s concept as the philosophy of historical progress, which also significantly influenced Slovak philosophy of the given period. The main goal of the article is to present Leibniz’s and Herder’s views as a starting point for the Slovak philosophy of optimism and historical progress of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century.

Funding and Directing Research or Rewarding Scientific Achievements?

Nuncius ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrice Bret
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Royal Academy ◽  
The State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Main Question ◽  
Technical Problems ◽  
Académie Des Sciences ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Abstract This study examines the science and technology prize system of the Académie des Sciences through a first survey of the prizes granted over the period extending from the 1720s to the end of the 19th century. No reward policy was envisaged by the Royal Academy of Sciences in the Réglement (statute) promulgated by King Louis XIV in 1699. Prizes were proposed later, first by private donors and then by the state, and awarded in international contests setting out specific scientific or technical problems for savants, inventors and artists to solve. Using cash prizes, under the Ancien Régime the Academy effectively directed and funded research for specific purposes set by donors. By providing it with significant extra funding, the donor-sponsored prizes progressively gave the Academy relative autonomy from the political power of the state. In the 19th century, with the growing awareness of the importance of scientific research, the main question became whether to use the prizes to reward past achievements or to incentivize future research, and the scale and nature of the prizes changed.

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