scholarly journals Variability and its types: the differential approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 322 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.N. Tikhodeyev
Keyword(s):  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Differential Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Successful Resolution ◽  
Living Organisms ◽  
Component Relation

One of the key aims of current biology is to describe adequately the tremendous multiplicity of living organisms. This aim requires clear terminological apparatus. However, many terms traditionally used in such descriptions are rather vague and ambiguous. In particular, this relates to ‘variability’ and ‘variation’. In the present review, we carried out a critical analysis of these terms. We demonstrate that the widely accepted tradition to consider them as almost synonymous is incorrect. Moreover, both terms are initially ambiguous and thus are poorly suitable for biologists. To avoid this ambiguity, we clearly delineate three phenomena: 1) biological changeability, 2) certain biological changes, and 3) biological diversity. There is an obvious three-component relation between them: changeability realizes in certain biological changes (metamorphoses, mutations, modifications, etc.) which in turn result in biological diversity. Herein, the first component is entirely dynamic (the ability of living organisms to undergo various changes), the second aggregates both dynamic and static aspects (a certain event leads to a specific state), and the third is represented by some static ‘cadaster’, which describes the state of a given biological unity at some point of time. We classified different types of changeability. To create such classification, autonomous aspects of changeability should be distinguished and each of them should be considered separately. This approach (we name it ‘the differential concept of changeability’) allows successful resolution of multiple terminological problems in current biology.

scholarly journals La etología como herramienta para la conservación de fauna silvestre

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
ALCIDES SAMPEDRO MARÍN
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Environmental Education ◽  
Behavioral Ecology ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Adaptive Strategies ◽  
The State ◽  
Effective Size ◽  
Darwinian Theory ◽  
Living Organisms

The origins of ethology as a discipline are explained and is a proof of the Darwinian theory of the action of natural selection leading to the adaptive strategies that allow survival of living organisms. The emergence of behavioral ecology stands out as an important tool for the conservation of biological diversity. Its premises are explained, as well as several examples of behavior that affect the effective size of populations and anthropogenic impacts on various behaviors.Finally, the use of behavioral ecology as an indicator of the state of ecosystems and species and to develop environmental education is exemplified.

scholarly journals Legal Writing and Legal Reasoning

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrike Babusiaux
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Legal Reasoning ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Century ◽  
The Third ◽  
Legal Writing ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Methodological Approaches

The writings of Roman jurists from the first until the third century AD show different methodological approaches to law. These differences do not only occur between different jurists, but can be found within the work of one juridical author. Since the nineteenth century, the historical analysis of these writings has tried to reveal common structures and methodological assumptions that may lie behind different types of these legal writings. This task is complicated by the state of transmission of the writings that have essentially been passed down on us within the Justinian Compilation, i.e. in an abbreviated or even mutilated form. Keeping in mind the possible alterations, one can nevertheless try to unite different writings under a common heading. This chapter explores the different groups into which the works of these jurists may be classified from the viewpoint of a narrative analysis of law.

Health Informatics Education in the Third World

1989 ◽  
Vol 28 (04) ◽  
pp. 270-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Rienhoff
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Third World ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Collaboration Network ◽  
Educational Tools ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Third World

Abstract:The state of the art is summarized showing many efforts but only few results which can serve as demonstration examples for developing countries. Education in health informatics in developing countries is still mainly dealing with the type of health informatics known from the industrialized world. Educational tools or curricula geared to the matter of development are rarely to be found. Some WHO activities suggest that it is time for a collaboration network to derive tools and curricula within the next decade.

Topoi in der Musik Béla Bartóks

2013 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 289-299
Author(s):  
Jürgen Hunkemöller
Keyword(s):  
Bird Song ◽  
Musical Analysis ◽  
Piano Concerto ◽  
The Third ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Important Means

The recognition of topoi, i.e. traditional formulae, is an important means of musical analysis. To illustrate this, the paper discusses the types of the battaglia and the pastoral in Bach’s Cantata Halt im Gedächtnis Jesum Christ, and briefly enumerates different types of allusions to jazz in 20th-century compositions by Stravinsky, Milhaud, Blacher, Tippet, and Zimmermann. Then it raises the possibility of an analysis of topoi in Bartók’s music in four main categories. It considers Bartók’s musical quotations from Bach to Shostakovich; the chorale as special topos appearing in Mikrokosmos, in the Concerto for Orchestra, in the Adagio religioso of the Third Piano Concerto; the topos-like employment of the tritone; and finally the idea of a Bartókian Arcadia in the Finale of Music for Strings, and the integration of bird song in the Adagio religioso.

How to Define the Czechoslovak Underground

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-46
Author(s):  
Barbara Bothová
Keyword(s):  
Significant Influence ◽  
The State ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The West ◽  
State Security ◽  
The Third ◽  
Key Events

What is an underground? Is it possible to embed this particular way of life into any definition? After all, even underground did not have the need to define itself at the beginning. The presented text represents a brief reflection of the development of underground in Czechoslovakia; attention is paid to the impulses from the West, which had a significant influence on the underground. The text focuses on the key events that influenced the underground. For example, the “Hairies (Vlasatci)” Action, which took place in 1966, and the State Security activity in Rudolfov in 1974. The event in Rudolfov was an imaginary landmark and led to the writing of a manifesto that came into history as the “Report on the Third Czech Musical Revival.”

La valorisation des prestations non-bois: particularités genevoises (essai) | Commercialization of non-wood forest services: the case of Geneva (essay)

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (8) ◽  
pp. 232-234
Author(s):  
Patrik Fouvy
Keyword(s):  
Forest Regeneration ◽  
Biological Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Forest Land ◽  
Private Forests ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Body ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Near Future

The history of the forests in canton Geneva, having led to these being disconnected from productive functions, provides a symptomatic demonstration that the services provided by the forest eco-system are common goods. Having no hope of financial returns in the near future and faced with increasing social demands, the state has invested in the purchase of forest land, financed projects for forest regeneration and improvement of biological diversity and developed infrastructures for visitors. In doing this the state as a public body takes on the provision of services in the public interest. But the further funding for this and for expenses for the private forests, which must be taken into account, are not secured for the future.

Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Criminal Law Bill

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus D. Dubber
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Historical Account ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Penal State ◽  
State 1

Part III of Dual Penal State uses dual penal state analysis to generate a comparative-historical account of American penality. With comparative glimpses at Germany and, to a lesser extent, England, it distinguishes between two responses to the shared challenge of legitimating state penal power in a modern liberal democratic state: (1) the failure to appreciate the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power in particular (United States) and of modern state power in general (England); and (2) the failure to address the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power as an ongoing existential threat to the legitimacy of the state (Germany). Chapter 6 undertakes a critical analysis of Jefferson’s 1779 draft of a criminal law bill for the State of Virginia, concluding that it fell well short of a criminal code that reflected the ideals of the American legal-political project as spelled out, for instance, in Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence of 1776.

Subaltern Migrations and the State

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Zehmisch
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
The State ◽  
Penal Colony ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dynamic Relationship ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
Subaltern Agency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Media Reports

This chapter considers the history of Andaman migration from the institutionalization of a penal colony in 1858 to the present. It unpicks the dynamic relationship between the state and the population by investigating genealogies of power and knowledge. Apart from elaborating on subaltern domination, the chapter also reconstructs subaltern agency in historical processes by re-reading scholarly literature, administrative publications, and media reports as well as by interpreting fieldwork data and oral history accounts. The first part of the chapter defines migration and shows how it applies to the Andamans. The second part concentrates on colonial policies of subaltern population transfer to the islands and on the effects of social engineering processes. The third part analyses the institutionalization of the postcolonial regime in the islands and elaborates on the various types of migration since Indian Independence. The final section considers contemporary political negotiations of migration in the islands.

scholarly journals Preliminary Study on Gold Recovery from High Grade E-Waste by Thiourea Leaching and Electrowinning

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 235
Author(s):  
Nicolò Maria Ippolito ◽  
Ionela Birloaga ◽  
Francesco Ferella ◽  
Marcello Centofanti ◽  
Francesco Vegliò
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Leach Solution ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Gold Dissolution ◽  
Plastic Part ◽  
The Third ◽  
Current Consumption ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
A Current

The present paper is focused on the extraction of gold from high-grade e-waste, i.e., spent electronic connectors and plates, by leaching and electrowinning. These connectors are usually made up of an alloy covered by a layer of gold; sometimes, in some of them, a plastic part is also present. The applied leaching system consisted of an acid solution of diluted sulfuric acid (0.2 mol/L) with thiourea (20 g/L) as a reagent and ferric sulfate (21.8 g/L) as an oxidant. This system was applied on three different high-grade e-waste, namely: (1) Connectors with the partial gold-plated surface (Au concentration—1139 mg/kg); (2) different types of connectors with some of which with completely gold-plated surface (Au concentration—590 mg/kg); and (3) connectors and plates with the completely gold-plated surface (Au concentration—7900 mg/kg). Gold dissolution yields of 52, 94, and 49% were achieved from the first, second, and third samples, respectively. About 95% of Au recovery was achieved after 1.5 h of electrowinning at a current efficiency of only 4.06% and current consumption of 3.02 kWh/kg of Au from the leach solution of the third sample.

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