scholarly journals Features of the Epidemic Process of Viral Hepatitis A and E in the Russian Federation

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
A. N. Kaira ◽  
O. A. Svitich
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Relevance. In the Russian Federation, in recent decades, there has been a decrease in the incidence of hepatitis A (HA), at the same time, not only sporadic morbidity is registered, but also an outbreak. A decrease in the circulation of the HA virus affected the increase in the number of people without antibodies to the virus, which led to a shift in the incidence to older age groups and an increase in more severe forms of the disease. Hepatitis E (HE) is quite widespread in the world, and its specific weight in the structure of acute viral hepatitis in some countries reaches 50.0%. HE has been registered in the Russian Federation only since 2013. only in certain territories, and the incidence rates are very low. In all likelihood, this indicates a hidden circulation of the HE virus in the Russian Federation. To understand the current epidemiological situation in the incidence of HA and HE, it is necessary to understand the current trends in the epidemic process of these infections. The purpose of this work was to compile an epidemiological characteristic of the incidence of hepatitis A and E in the population of the Russian Federation at the present stage for the formation of proposals for improving the system of preventive and anti-epidemic measures.Materials and methods. To achieve this goal, a retrospective epidemiological analysis of the incidence of viral hepatitis A and E in the territory of the Russian Federation, including in federal districts, was carried out. The materials for the study were the forms of official statistical observation No. 2, 5, 6 and 23, as well as state reports «On the state of sanitary and epidemiological well-being» in the Russian Federation region for 2011–2020.Results. The conducted research allows us to compare the epidemic process of hepatitis A and E in the Russian Federation with other regions of the world. The intensity of the epidemic process of HA has significantly decreased, at the same time, there is an uneven distribution of morbidity in various federal districts. In the age structure of patients with HA, the highest incidence rates are observed among the child population and adolescents. The frequency of HA infection and a decrease in the specific weight in the structure of acute viral hepatitis were revealed. Although the territory of the Russian Federation is not endemic for hepatitis E, this disease has taken root completely. The incidence of hepatitis E in the Russian Federation is at a sporadic level. The highest incidence of HE in the Russian Federation was observed among the adult population aged 18 years and older. The issue of carrying out preventive measures, including vaccination, remains relevant.Conclusion. On the territory of the Russian Federation, there is currently a steady trend of reducing the incidence of hepatitis A. However, children under the age of 14, adolescents, as well as nonimmune adults, among whom cases of diseases are registered, are still at risk. This requires adjusting the methods of preventing this infection, which is possible not only by improving sanitary and communal improvements, but also by vaccination within the national vaccination calendar, and not only for epidemic indications. The true incidence of HE today is obviously much higher than that recorded in official statistical forms, and this requires the introduction into clinical practice (especially at the polyclinic level) of modern available tests for detecting markers of the hepatitis E virus when examining patients with symptoms of liver damage, as well as the development of effective prevention methods.

scholarly journals Analysis and Forecasting of Viral Hepatitis A Morbidity in the Russian Federation Using the Wald’s Schedule

2020 ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
O. A. Burgasova ◽  
L. V. Sayapina ◽  
V. M. Volkova ◽  
V. B. Postupailo ◽  
V. P. Chulanov
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Moscow City ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Objective of the study was to conduct the analysis and develop the method of forecasting of viral hepatitis A (VHA) incidence using Wald’s schedule. Materials and methods. The work is based on official statistical data of the Rospotrebnadzor on the VHA morbidity rates in the Russian Federation and Moscow city between 2010 and 2016. Results and discussion. It is established that in the overall incidence of VHA cases in the Russian Federation over the period of 2010–2016, 67.7 % were registered among adults and 32.3 % – among children; as for the incidence among adults in Moscow, it accounted for 79.8 %, and for children – 20.2 %. To assess epidemiological situation on VHA, forecasting approach using Wald’s schedule was put forward. Based on the results of the analysis conducted, the threshold values for morbidity rates among adult population in Moscow stood at 38 cases, fluctuations in mean values ranged from 48 to 63 cases. It is shown that the total minimum and maximum levels of morbidity among adult population in 2017 would account for 180 and 624 cases, respectively. Forecast of incidence among children is determined on an accrual basis: minimum monthly level – 7 cases, maximum – 17. Monthly growth of infection is 0.9 cases. It is revealed that possible cumulative minimum and maximum morbidity rates among children would amount to 84 and 204 cases in 2017, respectively. The proposed method of Wald’s schedule for VHA incidence forecasting will allow for determining both monthly minimum and maximum rates of infection for the upcoming period and provide for timely planning of anti-epidemic measures.

scholarly journals Viral hepatitis in children: state and prospects for solving the problem

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 35-41
Author(s):  
L. G. Goriacheva ◽  
N. D. Ventslovayte ◽  
V. A. Greshnyakova
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Antiviral Drugs ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Tenofovir Alafenamide ◽  
Cost Of Drugs ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

The problem of viral hepatitis (VH) today is an acute problem for the world healthcare system. Along with the COVID-19 pandemic, the VH pandemic claims up to 1.5 million lives annually. Since 2016, the Russian Federation has launched a WHO program aimed at combating VH. One of the first steps on the path of global elimination is getting rid of the virus in the small groups, among which micro-elimination in the child population is one of the promising areas.This review is devoted to the current state of the problem of VH in children in the Russian Federation today. The success of vaccine prevention (against viral hepatitis A and B) made it possible to achieve results in the form of a significant decrease in the incidence of children, minimizing the risk of perinatal infection. However, in recent years, there has been a progressive decline in vaccination coverage. This is mainly due to the growing popularity of anti-vaccination lobbies, a decrease in the awareness of patients and health workers about the need for timely vaccination, as well as the introduction of restrictive measures to prevent a new coronavirus infection. The emergence of mutant, "vaccine-eluting" strains, which are also resistant to available antiviral drugs, is another serious problem on the way to eliminating viral HBV. In the field of treating children with HBV, the possibilities are extremely limited, only 2 drugs are available, one of which (tenofovir alafenamide) is available only from the age of 12. Registration of direct antiviral drugs for the treatment of adolescents with chronic hepatitis C has made it possible to bring closer the goal of microelimination of the virus in children. However, the high cost of drugs poses a challenge for the state to introduce long-term benefit programs to ensure the availability of treatment. In addition, at the moment, the treatment of young children in our country remains a prospect for the future.Thus, despite significant advances in the strategy for the elimination of viral hepatitis, a number of problems remain relevant and present significant difficulties in achieving the global goal.

scholarly journals HFRS Morbidity Dynamics in Federal Districts of the Russian Federation from 2001 to 2007

2008 ◽  
pp. 25-28
Author(s):  
V. P. Toporkov ◽  
L. N. Velichko ◽  
A. E. Shiyanova ◽  
E. V. Kouklev ◽  
N. V. Popov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Far East ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Sickness Rate ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Average Index ◽  
Epidemiologic Analysis

The retrospective epidemiologic analysis of HFRS morbidity carried out from 2001 to 2007 showed that the highest sickness rate was registered in Privolzhsky federal district with 20.4±2.3 average index that exceeded the similar one countrywide 4-fold and the incidence specific weight was 88.0 % of the total number of cases. The indexes of HFRS incidence in the rest 6 dis­tricts were lower than the Russia wide one 3-4-fold and more. During the analyzed period the tendency to increase the HFRS incidence level was observed in Privolzhsky, Ural and Far East districts and in the country.

History and Global Burden of Viral Hepatitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert E. Blum
Keyword(s):  
Liver Cirrhosis ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Hepatitis E ◽  
Chronic Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A

Between 1963 and 1989, 5 hepatotropic viruses have been discovered that are the major causes of viral hepatitides worldwide: hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis E virus. Their epidemiology and pathogenesis have been studied in great detail. Furthermore, the structure and genetic organization of their DNA or RNA genome including the viral life cycle have been elucidated and have been successfully translated into important clinical applications, such as the specific diagnosis, therapy and prevention of the associated liver diseases, including liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prevalence of acute and chronic viral hepatitis A-E shows distinct geographic differences. The global burden of disease (prevalence, incidence, death, disability-adjusted life years) has been analyzed in seminal studies that show that the worldwide prevalence of hepatitis A-E has significantly decreased between 1990 and 2013. During the same time, the incidence of HBV-related liver cirrhosis and HCC, respectively, also decreased or increased slightly, the incidence of the HCV-related liver cirrhosis remained stable and the incidence of HCV-related HCC showed a major increase. During the coming years, we expect to improve our ability to prevent and effectively treat viral hepatitis A-E, resulting in the control of these global infections and the elimination of their associated morbidities and mortalities.

scholarly journals Peculiarities of the Epidemic Situation on West Nile Fever in the Territory of the Russian Federation in 2018 and Forecast of its Development in 2019

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. O. Alekseychik ◽  
E. V. Putintseva ◽  
V. P. Smelyansky ◽  
N. V. Boroday ◽  
A. K. Alieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
The European Union ◽  
West Nile Fever ◽  
West Nile ◽  
European Part Of Russia ◽  
Virus Genotypes ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Russian Federation

The epidemic rise in the incidence of West Nile fever (WNF) in the season of 2018 was observed in the countries of the European Union (EU) and bordering states and exceeded the values of all previously recorded epidemic rises of 2010–2012. An increase in the incidence rate was registered in the USA and Canada, however, it did not exceed the indicators of epidemic rises of 2007–2012. In the territory of the Russian Federation, the WNF epidemiological process became more intense mainly in the territory of the Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts. In general, in Russia, the incidence rates were 2 times lower than the average annual rates, but significantly exceeded those of 2017. The epidemic process had a number of peculiarities in the seasonality, the structure of morbidity and the clinical manifestation of WNF. Genotyping of the isolated WNV RNA fragments from clinical and biological material showed that I, II and IV West Nile virus genotypes were circulating in the European part of Russia. Forecast of epidemic situation development in 2019 reveals further increase in the incidence and does not exclude the possibility of a significant localincrease of WNF incidence in certain regions of Russia. 

scholarly journals Activity of the Epidemic Process of Enterobiasis in the Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
A.N. Letyushev ◽  
T.F. Stepanova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Environmental Media ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Environmental Objects ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation

Relevance: The article describes the results of studying the activity of the epidemic process of enterobiasis, the most common parasitic disease in the Russian Federation. Our objective was to give a comprehensive assessment of the epidemic process of enterobiasis in the country based on the official data on the incidence of pinworm infection in the population and the results of parasitological studies of environmental media conducted in 2010–2017. Materials and methods: Using the methods of variation statistics, we estimated the dynamics of enterobiasis incidence and prevalence rates, studied the differences in the prevalence of enterobiasis detected during testing of suspected cases and of the general population for preventive purposes and epidemic reasons. Results: We established the role of pinworm infection in the structure of parasitic diseases, identified age groups and regions with the highest incidence and prevalence rates of enterobiasis. We observed significant differences in the prevalence of enterobiasis between Russian federal districts. The analysis of the ongoing sanitary parasitological studies helped reveal the regions of the country with a high and low frequency of detecting pinworm eggs in environmental media and the key factors activating the mechanism of transmission of pinworm eggs. Conclusions: We established that in some regions the pinworm infection was spread through the use of swimming pools, while in others it disseminated mainly through contaminated surfaces of various environmental media. At the same time, the estimated statistically significant decrease in the frequency of detecting pinworm eggs in swabs from environmental objects demonstrates the improvement of the sanitary and hygienic condition (maintenance) of epidemically significant facilities (educational establishments and other institutions).

scholarly journals Agglomerative Approach to Assessing the Degree of Criminalization of the Subjects of the Russian Federation: the Methodology of Statistical Analysis and Criminological Description

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 509-521
Author(s):  
Pavel Teplyashin ◽  
Vyacheslav Molokov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Criminal Activity ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Specific Weight ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
Calculation Results ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Stable Growth

Alongside a wide range of analytical crime research methods in criminology, the method of assessing the degree of criminalization of the subjects of the Russian Federation through an agglomerative approach to the features characterizing the indicators of regional crime is of special research interest. This method includes three stages: 1) sampling and processing empirical statistical indicators of regional crime; 2) clustering of regions by groups of criminological characteristics; 3) criminological analysis and summary of obtained results. In order to assess the criminalization of subjects and Districts of the Russian Federation, the authors use such indicators as the categories of crimes, as they are most informative ones regarding the degree of crime prevalence in the population. The calculations are based on crimes registered by category per 100 thousand residents in the corresponding subject or District. The authors use three classes of criminal activity of population to present the results of clustering which reflects the minimal number of elements necessary for the discrete covering of all the variety of manifestations of criminal social prevalence and makes it possible to characterize groups of regions with high, medium and low levels of such prevalence. Calculation results allowed the authors to interpret classes as groups of subjects with a low (first class), medium (second class) and high (third class) level of criminalization of their population. The authors also present the clustering of subjects and Federal Districts of the Russian Federation by coefficients of registered crimes of the corresponding categories. This clustering encompasses information in 2010–2020. The dynamics of the distribution of the subjects of the Russian Federation by class showed a wave-like transition of the specific weight of the corresponding classes and a stable growth of criminal prevalence in the population in 2019–2020. The scattering diagrams make it possible to use a trendline with linear parameters to show either a positive or a negative correlation of crime indicators. The authors use the clustering of subjects to show that, among the Federal Districts, the specific weight of the third class is prevalent in the Siberian Federal District in 2010–2020. The presented methodology can be applied to create a probability model of predicting that a subject or a District will be in a certain class.

Features of Long-Term Incidence Rates of Acute Viral Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Influenza in the Population of the Rostov Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 63-70
Author(s):  
SS Slis ◽  
EV Kovalev ◽  
AA Kononenko ◽  
OV Sergienko ◽  
EG Yanovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Epidemic Process ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

Summary. Introduction: As of today, acute viral upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) remain the most common diseases in the world and the Russian Federation and one of the most important problems of national health care. The objective of our work was to study the dynamics and intensity of the epidemic process of influenza and other URTIs in the Russian Federation and Rostov Region over a thirty-year period and to establish the main features of the disease incidence in the Rostov Region. Materials and methods: We analyzed data of annual State Reports on Sanitary and Epidemiological Wellbeing of the Population in the Russian Federation and Statistical Form No. 2 on information about infectious and parasitic diseases for the period 1990–2019 and data on the size of population using StatSoft STATISTICA 6.1.478 Russian, Microsoft Excel, and NextGIS QGIS software. Results: We found that in 1990–1999, 2000–2009, and 2010–2019, regional URTI rates tended to decrease in each subsequent decade compared to the previous one. The long-term incidence rate of URTIs in the Rostov Region was 16,099.2 ± (2.045 × 384.2) ‰оо, lower than the Russian average rate of 19,710.3 ± (2.045 × 326.4) (p = 0.05). The amplitude of fluctuations in the incidence was 8,015.4 ‰оо and 7,619.6 ‰оо in the Rostov Region and the Russian Federation, respectively. Until 1997, regional incidence rates were comparable to the national averages but demonstrated an upward trend since the year 2000. We revealed unevenness of the course of the epidemic process related to cyclicity, with an increase in the duration of cycles since 1998. It was determined that the regional incidence of influenza was significantly lower than the national average and had a tendency to decrease. The long-term influenza rate in the Rostov Region was 412.4 ± (2.045 × 131.3) (p = 0.05) or almost three times lower than that in the country 1,553.0 ± (2.045 × 301.2) (p = 0.05). The dynamics of influenza incidence in the Rostov Region also had a cyclical course with a smaller amplitude of fluctuations (3,215.1 ‰оо) than in the Russian Federation (5,164.8 ‰оо). The duration of epidemic cycles in 1990–1998 and 2002–2012 was two years but we noted a three-year cycle in 1999–2001. We established a correlation between influenza and URTI rates and population density in regional cities and various age groups: the highest URTI rates (74.9 %) were registered in children between two to 17 years of age while 52.5 % of influenza cases were adults (aged 18+). Conclusion: The established characteristics of the development of the epidemic process of influenza and URTIs in the Rostov Region prove the necessity of a differentiated approach to organizing and implementing comprehensive preventive measures within optimization of epidemiological surveillance of these diseases, and can also serve as basic criteria for disease prediction.

scholarly journals EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND EPIZOOTOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HYDATIDIC ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN THE KARACHAY-CHERKESS REPUBLIC

2019 ◽  
pp. 141-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bolatchiev ◽  
Uzdenov ◽  
Nagorniy ◽  
Kostenich ◽  
Andreeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
High Tech ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Social Significance ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
The North ◽  
Working Age ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
The Russian Federation

Based on the results of retrospective epidemiological and epizootological studies, the epidemiological features of hydatidic echinococcosis in the Karachay-Cherkess Republic were determined. An assessment of the main factors of infection has been made and measures have been proposed to reduce the incidence of the population with this helmintosis.Echinococcosis in the structure of parasitic human invasions occupy a special place in connection with a long asymptomatic course, the development of formidable surgical complications, and frequent recurrences after surgical treatment. The social significance of echinococcosis is due to the primary lesion of people of working age, as well as the need for high-tech surgical interventions, long-term conservative therapy of inoperable forms of invasion, including with the aim of preventing relapse and treatment of residual forms. About 200 thousand new cases of human echinococcosis are diagnosed in the world every year. In the last 10 years, in the Russian Federation, the highest incidence rates of hydatid echinococcosis of people are recorded in the territories of the North Caucasus and Volga federal districts, annually exceeding the average federal level 2.4 –3.5 times. The Karachay-Cherkess Republic (KCR) is one of the most deprived regions of the Russian Federation with echinococcosis with formed stable endemic foci.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document