scholarly journals The duration and specificity of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-12
Author(s):  
E. I. Dubrovskyi ◽  
B. V. Dons’koi
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Quality Control ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Obstetrics And Gynecology ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Pcr Test

Background. Our assumption that immunity after COVID-19 will persist has been fully confirmed in the researches already conducted. Our work is a continuation of research that demonstrates the results obtained 12 months of determining the humoral response in patients after COVID-19. Materials and methods. The research involved 42 individuals. All subjects had a positive PCR test for COVID-19. At certain intervals, from 40 to 240 days, individuals in the group were tested for IgG SARS-CoV-2. The last step was to check the level of IgG to the COVID-19 nucleocapsid and spike protein in the research group for 360 days from the onset of the disease. A private certified laboratory in Kyiv, the “DNA Laboratory”, was involved. Patients were tested for antibodies to COVID-19 by ELISA using serology COVID-19 test systems VitroTest (Ukraine). The immunological laboratory of the Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology was used in parallel for interlaboratory quality control. The results of the research coincided. Results. The level of class G immunoglobulins to nucleocapsid in the subjects has gradually decreased over 8 months. It is noteworthy that in the period from 40 to 150 days in all 42 patients (100 %) antibodies did not disappear. Decreasing of antibodies occurred between 150 and 240 days. However, the data obtained for 360 days significantly changed the picture. In a certain part of the subjects, who had low or even negative levels of antibodies for 8 months, as of 12 months, the level of immunoglobulin (Ig) class G again rose above the threshold value. Thus, we see that from the group of 42 people 92.8 % have positive antibodies to the nucleocapsid, and 7.2 %. Conclusions. The data obtained illustrate that in the study group within 12 months after SARS-CoV-2, the vast majority of individuals remain with specific antibodies to the nucleocapsid and spike-protein.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000733
Author(s):  
Astrid Muyldermans ◽  
Maria Bjerke ◽  
Thomas Demuyser ◽  
Deborah De Geyter ◽  
Ingrid Wybo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Tear Fluid ◽  
Local Response ◽  
Schirmer Test ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Reverse Transcription Pcr ◽  
Ocular Symptoms

Background/aimsSARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious. More evidence concerning extrapulmonary transmission routes such as the eyes is urgently needed. Although the humoral immune response is important in the viral containment, the local response in tears has not yet been studied. The aim of our study was twofold: to assess the prevalence of both SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibodies in tear fluid.MethodsIn a first series, nasopharyngeal sampling and tear sampling by Schirmer test strips were performed in 26 acutely ill patients with COVID-19 to assess the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by reverse transcription PCR. In a second series, IgG and IgA responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in serum and tear fluid of convalescent individuals (n=22) were compared with control individuals (n=15) by ELISA.ResultsSARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in tears of 7/26 (26.9%) patients with COVID-19. None of them had ocular symptoms. Convalescent individuals displayed a significant higher ratio of IgG (p<0.0001) and IgA (p=0.0068) in tears compared with control individuals. A sensitivity of 77.3% and specificity of 93.3% was observed for IgG, and 59.1% and 100% for IgA.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA and a local IgG and IgA immune response in tear fluid. These data confirm the possibility of SARS-CoV-2 transmission through tear fluid and the importance of the eye as a first defence against SARS-CoV-2, indicating the potential of tears as a non-invasive surrogate for serum in monitoring the host immune response.

scholarly journals Immunological imprinting of the antibody response in COVID-19 patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Aydillo ◽  
Alexander Rombauts ◽  
Daniel Stadlbauer ◽  
Sadaf Aslam ◽  
Gabriela Abelenda-Alonso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Nucleocapsid Protein ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Human Coronaviruses

AbstractIn addition to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans are also susceptible to six other coronaviruses, for which consecutive exposures to antigenically related and divergent seasonal coronaviruses are frequent. Despite the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing research, the nature of the antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is unclear. Here we longitudinally profile the early humoral immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients and quantify levels of pre-existing immunity to OC43, HKU1 and 229E seasonal coronaviruses, and find a strong back-boosting effect to conserved but not variable regions of OC43 and HKU1 betacoronaviruses spike protein. However, such antibody memory boost to human coronaviruses negatively correlates with the induction of IgG and IgM against SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid protein. Our findings thus provide evidence of immunological imprinting by previous seasonal coronavirus infections that can potentially modulate the antibody profile to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Crucial Mutations of Spike Protein on SARS-CoV-2 Evolved to Variant Strains Escaping Neutralization of Convalescent Plasmas and RBD-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chengchao Ding ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Xiangyu Zhang ◽  
Chengcheng Jiang ◽  
Yong Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Spike Protein ◽  
Single Amino Acid ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Cross Neutralization ◽  
Altered Sensitivity ◽  
Single Amino Acid Mutation

Small number of SARS-CoV-2 epidemic lineages did not efficiently exhibit a neutralization profile, while single amino acid mutation in the spike protein has not been confirmed in altering viral antigenicity resulting in immune escape. To identify crucial mutations in spike protein that escape humoral immune response, we evaluated the cross-neutralization of convalescent plasmas and RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against various spike protein-based pseudoviruses. Three of 24 SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses containing different mutations in spike protein, including D614G, A475V, and E484Q, consistently showed an altered sensitivity to neutralization by convalescent plasmas. A475V and E484Q mutants are highly resistant to neutralization by mAb B38 and 2-4, suggesting that some crucial mutations in spike protein might evolve SARS-CoV-2 variants capable of escaping humoral immune response.

scholarly journals Impact of Binge Alcohol Intoxication on the Humoral Immune Response during Burkholderia spp. Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Ryan M. Moreno ◽  
Victor Jimenez ◽  
Fernando P. Monroy
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
Alcohol Intoxication ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Healthy Humans ◽  
The Impact

Burkholderia pseudomallei, the causative agent of melioidosis can occur in healthy humans, yet binge alcohol use is progressively being recognized as a major risk factor. Currently, no experimental studies have investigated the effects of binge alcohol on the adaptive immune system during an active infection. In this study, we used B. thailandensis and B. vietnamiensis, to investigate the impact of a single binge alcohol episode on the humoral response during infection. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were administered alcohol comparable to human binge drinking (4.4 g/kg) or PBS intraperitoneally 30 min before intranasal infection. Mice infected with B. thailandensis had a 100% survival rate, while those infected with B. vietnamiensis had a 33% survivability rate when a binge alcohol dose was administered. B. thailandensis was detected in blood of mice administered alcohol at only 7 days post infection (PI), while those infected with B. vietnamiensis and receiving alcohol were found throughout the 28-day infection as well as in tissues at day 28 PI. Binge alcohol elevated IgM and delayed IgG specific to the whole cell lysate (WCL) of B. vietnamiensis but not B. thailandensis infections. Differences in immunogenicity of B. pseudomallei near-neighbors provide a framework for novel insights into the effects of binge alcohol’s suppression of the humoral immune response that can cause opportunistic infections in otherwise healthy hosts.

scholarly journals The expression of an intraspecific aggressive reaction in the face of a stressor agent alters the immune response in rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Barreto-Medeiros ◽  
E. G. Feitoza ◽  
K. Magalhães ◽  
R. R. da Silva ◽  
F. M. Manhães-de-Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Aggressive Response ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Face ◽  
Intraspecific Aggressiveness ◽  
Specific Humoral Response

The repercussion on the immune response of the expression of intraspecific aggressiveness in the face of a stressor agent was investigated in rats. Ninety-day-old animals were divided into three groups: the control group (only immunological measurements were performed), the foot-shock (FS) (animals individually receiving FS), and the intraspecific aggressive response (IAR) group (animals receiving FS and presenting IAR). For immunological measurements, blood samples were collected promptly at 7 and 15 days after FS or IAR. The FS reduced the total leukocyte amount presented. However, aggressiveness triggered not only reduction of the leukocytes, but also lymphocyte decrease and neutrophil increase. Moreover, an elevation in total leukocytes associated with an increase in the humoral immune response was also observed one week after IAR. In this study, the expression of intraspecific aggressiveness in the face of a stressor seemed to activate the immune system and to potentiate the antigen specific humoral response.

scholarly journals Antibodies Induced by Lipoarabinomannan in Bovines: Characterization and Effects on the Interaction betweenMycobacterium aviumSubsp.paratuberculosisand MacrophagesIn Vitro

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Jolly ◽  
Silvia Beatriz Colavecchia ◽  
Bárbara Fernández ◽  
Eloy Fernández ◽  
Silvia Leonor Mundo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Macrophage Cell Line ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Bovine Macrophage

Lipoarabinomannan (LAM) is a major glycolipidic antigen on the mycobacterial envelope. The aim of this study was to characterize the humoral immune response induced by immunization with a LAM extract in bovines and to evaluate the role of the generated antibodies in thein vitroinfection of macrophages withMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(MAP). Sera from fourteen calves immunized with LAM extract or PBS emulsified in Freund's Incomplete Adjuvant and from five paratuberculosis-infected bovines were studied. LAM-immunized calves developed specific antibodies with IgG1 as the predominant isotype. Serum immunoglobulins were isolated and their effect was examined in MAP ingestion and viability assays using a bovine macrophage cell line. Our results show that the antibodies generated by LAM immunization significantly increase MAP ingestion and reduce its intracellular viability, suggesting an active role in this model.

Immunologic Responder Groups.

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (22) ◽  
pp. SCI-47-SCI-47
Author(s):  
Steven R. Sloan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Conflicts Of Interest ◽  
Distinct Group ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Blood Transfusions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Abstract SCI-47 Transfusion medicine has long recognized that there is significant variation in the human immune response to red blood cell (RBC) transfusions.1 All allogeneic RBC transfusions expose the recipient to multiple foreign antigens, but very few RBC transfusions induce a detectable humoral immune response. Using statistical analyses of antibody responses among transfused patient populations, we found that the response closely approximates a geometric distribution that would be predicted by a random memory-less (stochastic) process. These statistical analyses demonstrate that most patients fail to mount immune responses to RBC transfusions but a distinct group of patients, termed potential responders, is capable of mounting an immune response to blood transfusions. Potential responders comprise approximately 13% of the transfused population and this proportion does not depend on pathologic diagnoses, age, gender or racial group. The only group that has a higher rate of potential responders are pregnant women, but those patients have a second route of antibody exposure. Although the ability to immunologically respond to blood transfusions appears to be limited to the relatively small population of potential responders, even potential responders do not mount an immune response to most RBC transfusions. Additionally, the specific antibodies that patients make are not completely independent of each other. Indeed, patients who have made some specific antibodies are more likely to subsequently make one set of anti-erythrocyte antibodies and less likely to make another set of anti-erythrocyte antibodies. This suggests that the potential immune repertoire differs between patients and the difference in potential repertoire is not solely explained by the antigens expressed on the patients' erythrocytes. Moreover, the potential repertoire is influenced by the age of the patient. Younger patients have a more diverse immune response producing antibodies against a broad spectrum of RBC antigens. As patients get older, the immune response becomes more limited and usually only responds against the most immunogenic RBC antigens. In summary, these results suggest that potential responders to intravenous administration of RBCs comprise a genetically distinct group and that additional factors determine which transfusion will induce an immune response in potential responders. The factors that cause a person to be a potential responder and the factors that cause a potential responder actually respond to a specific transfusion are subjects of ongoing research. In the meantime, transfusion services may consider minimizing immunologic stimuli to patients who are clearly responders. 1. Higgins JM, Sloan SR. Stochastic modeling of human RBC alloimmunization: evidence for a distinct population of immunologic responders. Blood. 2008;112:2546-2553. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals The time course of the humoral immune response to rhinovirus infection

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 659-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. S. Barclay ◽  
W. Al-Nakib ◽  
P. G. Higgins ◽  
D. A. J. Tyrrell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Human Rhinovirus ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Rhinovirus Infection ◽  
Nasal Secretions

SUMMARYThe specific humoral immune response of 17 volunteers to infection with human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV-2) has been measured both by neutralization and by ELISA. Six volunteers who had HRV-2-specific antibodies in either serum or nasal secretions before HRV-2 inoculation were resistant to infection and illness. Of the remaining 11 volunteers who had little pre-existing HRV-2-specific antibody, one was immune but 10 became infected and displayed increases in HRV-2-specific antibodies. These antibodies first increased 1–2 weeks after infection and reached a maximum at 5 weeks. All six resistant volunteers who had high pre-existing antibody and eight of the volunteers who became infected maintained their HRV-2-specific antibody for at least 1 year. At this time they were protected against reinfection. Two volunteers showed decreases in HRV-2-specific antibodies from either serum or nasal secretions. They became infected but not ill after HRV-2 inoculation 1 year later.

scholarly journals Should be a Third Dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19-Vaccine Administered in Patients with Myelofibrosis Under Ruxolitinib?

Blood ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 2573-2573
Author(s):  
Giovanni Caocci ◽  
Olga Mulas ◽  
Daniela Mantovani ◽  
Alessandro Costa ◽  
Andrea Galizia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Present Report ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Prognostic Scoring System ◽  
Humoral Immune

Abstract Introduction. Patients with Myelofibrosis (MF) are considered fragile and thus eligible in Italy for COVID-19 BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. According to the International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS), patients with intermediate and high MF, may receive clinical benefits from ruxolitinib, the first approved JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor. Given the potent anti-inflammatory properties of ruxolitinib against immunocompetent cells, we previously reported a lower but non-statistically absolute IgG anti-Spike humoral response in vaccinated MF patients treated with ruxolitinib. In the present report we extended the cohort of MF patients. Methods. All MF patients received 2 injections of 30 ug per dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine 3 weeks apart, according to the standard protocol. After injection, mild pain at the injection site was frequently reported. No serious adverse events were registered. The serum level of IgG anti-Spike glycoprotein was tested after a median time of 45 days (range 40-60) from the second vaccine dose, using the approved anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG CLIA (LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 TrimericS IgG assay, Diasorin, Saluggia, Italy). An Arbitrary Units per milliliter (AU/mL) ratio of &lt;12.0 was considered to be negative, 12.0-15.0 AU/mL to be borderline and &gt;15 AU/mL to be positive. A conversion of AU/mL to binding antibody units (BAU/mL) as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines was achieved considering the following equation: BAU/mL = 2.6*AU/mL. Results. Overall, 30 MF patients (median age 65 years, range 48-83) were vaccinated. A diagnosis of primary MF was reported in 21 cases (70%), post essential thrombocythemia-MF in 6 (20%) patients and post polycythemia vera-MF in 3 (10%) patients; 23 out of 30 patients (76.6%) were positive for the JAK2V617F, 5 (16.6%) for CALR mutation, 1 (3.3%) for MPL mutation and 1 patient (3.3%) resulted triple negative. Splenomegaly was observed in 14 patients (46%) and 19 (63.3%) reported comorbidities. Nineteen patients (63.3%) were classified as DIPSS low or intermediate-1 risk, and 11 (36.6%) as intermediate-2 or high risk. Fifteen patients (50%) were receiving ruxolitinib, at a median total dose of 20 mg/die (range 20-40 mg) and the remaining 15 patients other treatments (8 patients hydroxyurea and 7 only supportive therapy). None of the patients reported COVID-19 infection neither previous nor subsequently to vaccination. Overall, a positive immune response against COVID-19 was observed in 8 out of 15 patients (53.3%) in the ruxolitinib group, in comparison with 13 out 15 patients (86.6%) in the other treatment group (p=0,046). The absolute IgG anti-Spike value was lower in the ruxolitinib group (median 35.2±49.81) in comparison with the other group (median 226.1±163.9; p=&lt;0.001), Figure 1. In univariate analysis, only ruxolitinib treatment was found associated with a lower humoral immune response to the vaccine. Conclusions. MF patients under ruxolitinib achieved a lower humoral immune response in comparison with MF patients who underwent other treatments. No COVID-19 infection was observed in both groups after vaccination, after a median follow up of 3 months since the second dose. Whether patients with a potential insufficient humoral response to vaccine will benefit from a third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine is a matter of further investigation. Our preliminary data need to be confirmed in larger cohort of MF patients. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures Murru: Abbvie: Consultancy, Honoraria, Other: travel and accommodation; Janssen: Consultancy, Honoraria.

scholarly journals Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Captopril and Diuretics on Macrophage Activity in Mouse Humoral Immune Response

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11374
Author(s):  
Paweł Bryniarski ◽  
Katarzyna Nazimek ◽  
Janusz Marcinkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
B Cells ◽  
Humoral Immune Response ◽  
Humoral Response ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
Surface Markers ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Macrophage Activity ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Hypertension is accompanied by the over-activation of macrophages. Diuretics administered alone or in combination with hypotensive drugs may have immunomodulatory effects. Thus, the influence of tested drugs on mouse macrophage-mediated humoral immunity was investigated. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with captopril (5 mg/kg) with or without hydrochlorothiazide (10 mg/kg) or furosemide (5 mg/kg) by 8 days. Mineral oil-induced peritoneal macrophages were harvested to assess the generation of cytokines in ELISA, and the expression of surface markers was analyzed cytometrically. Macrophages were also pulsed with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and transferred to naive mice for evaluation of their ability to induce a humoral immune response. Tested drugs increase the expression of surface markers important for the antigen phagocytosis and presentation. SRBC-pulsed macrophages from mice treated with captopril combined with diuretics increased the secretion of antigen-specific antibodies by recipient B cells, while macrophages of mice treated with hydrochlorothiazide or furosemide with captopril increased the number of antigen-specific B cells. Tested drugs alter the macrophage secretory profile in favor of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Our results showed that diuretics with or without captopril modulate the humoral response by affecting the function of macrophages, which has significant translational potential in assessing the safety of antihypertensive therapy.

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