scholarly journals Biological and economic efficiency of optimised pest control schemes for mandarin fruit in Abkhazian

2021 ◽  
pp. 36-43
Author(s):  
L. D. Kulava ◽  
N. N. Karpun ◽  
E. N. Zhuravleva ◽  
L. Ya. Ayba
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Control Schemes ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
The Republic ◽  
New Crop

Abkhazian mandarin crop is infected by over 50 pest species incurring marketable yield losses up to 83 %, which prioritises the development of new crop protection strategies that avoid organophosphorus compound usage leading to pest resistance. The studies were conducted during 2019–2020 in full-grown Citrus unshiu mandarin plantations at the Gulrypsh District of the Republic of Abkhazia adhering to the common protocol. Seven schemes were covered in study for the mandarin crop protection from rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead and brown marble bug Halyomorpha halys Stål. Two schemes have been selected as optimised: scheme 5 (treatment 1 with Confidor Extra tank mix, 0.05 % WDG (imidacloprid) and 0.15 % Cytovit; treatment 2 with Vertimek tank mix, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L) and 0.15 % Cytovit; treatments 3--4 with Karate Zeon tank mix, 0.05 % OEC (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L) and 0.15 % Cytovit) and scheme 6 (treatment 1 with Metomax tank mix, 0.15 % SC (methomil 250 g/kg + bifenthrin 25 g/kg) and Vertimek, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L); treatments 2--3 with Karate Zeon, 0.05 % ISS (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L) and Vertimek, 0.1 % EC (abamectin, 18 g/L); treatment 4 with Karate Zeon, 0.05 % OEC (lambda-cyhalothrin, 50 g/L)). The schemes’ biological efficacy against mandarin pests was 80.0–84.2 and 81.3–87.7 %, providing for an average fruit weight improvement by 89.5 and 94.7 % vs. control, and 22.0 and 25.4 % vs. benchmark, respectively. Yield excess in the schemes was 85.7 and 91.7 % vs. control, and 36.8 and 41.3 % vs. economic cultivation, respectively. Class 1 fruits accounted for 63.3–65.6 % total harvest in schemes 5 and 6, whilst were not obtained in control.

Rational strategies for the control of queleas and other migrant bird pests in Africa

1979 ◽  
Vol 287 (1022) ◽  
pp. 289-300 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Control Effort ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Migrant Bird

The red-billed quelea, Quelea quelea , a major pest of cereal crops in Africa, has been ‘controlled’ in many countries for over 20 years. Yet its numbers do not appear to have altered significantly in consequence. Low rainfall, which adversely affects the supply of the birds’ natural food (wild grass seeds), can be held responsible for the temporary decline in numbers in South Africa between 1955 and 1963, and for the currently reduced population in the Sahel states. Attempts to make the population reduction strategy effective by increasing the control effort are likely to be unsuccessful and costly. Instead, other crop protection strategies should be selected, each appropriate to particular damage situations. Where damage is caused to irrigated crops in the dry season, or to wet season crops grown along the birds’ migration routes, an alteration of crop phenology strategy is appropriate. But where damage is caused by newly independent young, the destruction of nearby breeding colonies is required. Such destruction should aim to give local and temporary relief and not attempt overall regulation of the pest’s population. Neither scaring techniques (including chemical repellents), nor so-called birdproof varieties, offer much hope, since damage is largely caused by birds which have no alternative, natural, food source at the time. Other bird pest species require substantial biological research before logical decisions on strategy can be made.

scholarly journals Metabolomics, an Essential Tool in Exploring and Harnessing Microbial Chemical Ecology

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-210
Author(s):  
Joshua Kellogg ◽  
Seogchan Kang
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Ecology ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Microbial Interactions ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Analytical Instruments ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Production Face ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
New Crop

Efforts to meet the steadily increasing global need for plant products without continuously expanding the environmental footprint of crop production face several convoluted challenges. One challenge is minimizing crop loss due to diseases and pests without heavily relying on synthetic pesticides. Microorganisms secrete diverse molecules to influence surrounding organisms and environments. Research on these molecules has uncovered diverse mechanisms underpinning both beneficial and harmful microbial interactions and has also resulted in new crop protection strategies. However, compared with rapid advances in research on secreted proteins, research on metabolites, particularly volatile compounds, considerably lags. Diverse roles of secreted metabolites are highlighted here to underscore the need for systematically exploring microbial chemical ecology. This review focuses on how genomics, especially metabolomics, can enlighten the nature and mechanism of diverse microbial chemical ecology processes crucial for plant health and how to translate resulting insights into environment-friendly and sustainable crop protection strategies. Metabolomics entails comprehensive and rapid profiling of an entire measurable set of compounds in complex mixtures derived from organisms or environments using a growing array of analytical instruments. Metabolomics has expediated discoveries of novel bioactive compounds and subsequent studies on their mode of action. We review a variety of metabolomics tools and how they can be integrated with other tools to study and harness microbial chemical ecology.

Plant stress signalling: understanding and exploiting plant–plant interactions

2003 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Pickett ◽  
H.B. Rasmussen ◽  
C.M. Woodcock ◽  
M. Matthes ◽  
J.A. Napier
Keyword(s):  
Plant Stress ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Sensory System ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Plant Interactions ◽  
Intact Plants ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Defence Responses ◽  
Stress Signals ◽  
New Crop

When plants are attacked by insects, volatile chemical signals can be released, not only from the damaged parts, but also systemically from other parts of the plant and this continues after cessation of feeding by the insect. These signals are perceived by olfactory sensory mechanisms in both the herbivorous insects and their parasites. Molecular structures involved can be characterized by means of electrophysiological assays, using the insect sensory system linked to chemical analysis. Evidence is mounting that such signals can also affect neighbouring intact plants, which initiate defence by the induction of further signalling systems, such as those that increase parasitoid foraging. Furthermore, insect electrophysiology can be used in the identification of plant compounds having effects on the plants themselves. It has been found recently that certain plants can release stress signals even when undamaged, and that these can cause defence responses in intact plants. These discoveries provide the basis for new crop protection strategies, that are either delivered by genetic modification of plants or by conventionally produced plants to which the signal is externally applied. Delivery can also be made by means of mixed seed strategies in which the provoking and recipient plants are grown together. Related signalling discoveries within the rhizosphere seem set to extend these approaches into new ways of controlling weeds, by exploiting the elusive potential of allelopathy, but through signalling rather than by direct physiological effects.

scholarly journals Higher Temperatures Decrease Fruit Size in Strawberry Growing in the Subtropics

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Christopher Menzel
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Significant Relationships ◽  
Small Fruit ◽  
Solids Content

Five strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown in Queensland, Australia to determine whether higher temperatures affect production. Transplants were planted on 29 April and data collected on growth, marketable yield, fruit weight and the incidence of small fruit less than 12 g until 28 October. Additional data were collected on fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) from 16 September to 28 October. Minimum temperatures were 2 °C to 4 °C higher than the long-term averages from 1965 to 1990. Changes in marketable yield followed a dose-logistic pattern (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.99). There was a strong negative relationship between fruit weight (marketable) and the average daily mean temperature in the four or seven weeks before harvest from 29 July to 28 October (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.90). There were no significant relationships between SSC and TA, and temperatures in the eight days before harvest from 16 September to 28 October (p > 0.05). The plants continued to produce a marketable crop towards the end of the season, but the fruit were small and more expensive to harvest. Higher temperatures in the future are likely to affect the economics of strawberry production in subtropical locations.

scholarly journals Managing Bees for Delivering Biological Control Agents and Improved Pollination in Berry and Fruit Cultivation

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heikki M. T. Hokkanen ◽  
Ingeborg Menzler-Hokkanen ◽  
Marja-Leena Lahdenpera
Keyword(s):  
Crop Protection ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Dissemination Activity ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Commercial Farms ◽  
Disease Pressure

<p>Targeted precision biocontrol and improved pollination were studied Europe-wide in the EU ERA-NET CORE ORGANIC 2 project BICOPOLL (Biocontrol and Pollination). A case study was conducted on the management of strawberry grey mold <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, with the biocontrol fungus, <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em>, vectored by honey bees or bumble bees. A joint field trial carried out in five countries targeted strawberry cultivations in open field, and included four treatments: untreated control, chemical fungicide, entomovectored biocontrol, and chemical and biocontrol combined. In organic fields, no pesticide treatments were included. The proportion of moldy berries, and/or the marketable yield of healthy berries were recorded from each treatment, along with other parameters of local interest. A pilot study was started in Finland in 2006, and, by 2012, large commercial farms were using entomovectoring. In 2012, field trials were started in Estonia and in Italy, and in 2013-14, these experiments were expanded to Slovenia and Turkey. In total, 26 field tests were conducted using entomovectoring and <em>Gliocladium catenulatum</em> (Prestop<sup>®</sup> Mix) on strawberry, with five additional trials on raspberry. Efficacy results have been excellent throughout the field studies. The results show crop protection equalling or exceeding that provided by a full chemical fungicide program, under all weather conditions, and over a wide geographical range (from Finland to Turkey). Under heavy disease pressure, entomovectoring provided on average a 47% disease reduction, which was the same as multiple fungicide sprays. Under light disease pressure, biocontrol decreased grey mold by an average of 66%, which was greater than fungicide sprays. The concept has proven to be effective on strawberries, raspberries, pears, apples, blueberries, cherries, and grapes. A conservative estimate for Finland is that over 500 ha of strawberry cultivation currently use the technique (≈15% of the strawberry growing area). To make full use of the entomovectoring technique, organic berry and fruit growers are encouraged to (i) keep bees, or to hire the service from local beekeepers for entomovectoring; and (ii) manage vegetation within and around the target crop to support the activity of bees and other pollinators, which can help to disseminate the beneficial microbial populations within the crop. Beekeepers are encouraged to (i) market pollination and biocontrol services to fruit and berry growers, and (ii) ensure that all operations are effective in mananging bees and their microbe dissemination activity. Biocontrol product manufacturers are encouraged to further develop products and their formulations specifically for entomovectoring, because current formulations are suboptimal as they are initially optimized for other uses (e.g., mixing into the soil).</p>

scholarly journals Irrigation and fertigation frequencies with nitrogen in the watermelon culture

Bragantia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 106-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Newdmar Vieira Fernandes ◽  
Benito Moreira de Azevedo ◽  
Joaquim Raimundo Nascimento Neto ◽  
Thales Vinícius de Araújo Viana ◽  
Geocleber Gomes de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Shell Thickness ◽  
Citrullus Lanatus ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Equatorial Diameter ◽  
Polar Diameter

This study evaluates the influence of different irrigation frequencies and different nitrogen fertigation frequencies on the growth performance of the watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) culture. Two experiments were conducted at the Paraguay farm in the Cruz municipality, Ceará, Brazil. They was randomized blocks design with six treatments and four replications. The irrigation frequency experiment consisted of the application of different irrigation frequencies. The treatments were: DM - daily irrigation in the morning with 100% daily dosage; DT - daily irrigation in the afternoon, with 100% daily dosage; DMT - twice daily irrigation, with 50% daily dosage in the morning and 50% daily dosage in the afternoon; 2D - irrigation every two days; 3D - irrigation every three days and 4D - irrigation every four days. To the experiment with different nitrogen fertigation frequencies, the treatments used were: 2F - 2 fertigations in a cycle; 4F - 4 fertigations in a cycle; 8F - 8 fertigations in a cycle; 16F - 16 fertigations in a cycle; 32F - 32 fertigations in a cycle and 64F - 64 fertigations in a cycle. We evaluated the marketable yield (PC), fruit weight (M), polar diameter (DP), equatorial diameter (DE), shell thickness (EC) and soluble solids (SS). The irrigation frequency treatments influenced all variables significantly, with twice daily irrigation (DMT, 50% in the morning and the 50% in the afternoon) promoting the highest productivity (69.79 t ha-1). The different frequencies of fertigation also significantly influenced all variables, except for the shell thickness, the highest yield (80.69 t ha-1) being obtained with treatment 64 fertigations in a cycle.

scholarly journals Effect of rejuvenation pruning on the growth, productivity and disease incidence in declining trees of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Kandhari Kabuli

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 358-362
Author(s):  
D. P. Sharma ◽  
Niranjan Singh
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Disease Attack ◽  
Punica Granatum L

Pruning of fruit trees is an important aspect for the improvement of fruit quality and to minimize the pests and disease attack. Pruning was performed in the month of December in seven year old unpruned trees of Punica granatum cv. Knadhdri Kabuli having many interfering branching and a heavy infestation of bacterial blight orchard. The pruning treatments viz., T1: Retention of 15cm fruiting shoot length, T2: Retention of 30cm fruiting shoot length, T3: Retention of 45cm fruiting shoot length, T4: Retention of 60cm fruiting shoot length and T5: control (No heading back and no thinning) plant. The results of the present investigation revealed that among different pruning treatment, the best results in terms of shoot extension (56.34 cm), fruit size (Diameter 9.66 cm and Length 9.65 cm, fruit weight (278.50 g), marketable yield (10.25 kg) and fruit qualities were in fruits from T1 and T2 where retention of 15cm fruiting shoot length respectively and retention of 30cm fruiting shoot length were maintained. However, maximum fruit set (54.73%) was recorded in control, and it decreased with increasing pruning intensity. The pruning treatments also proved beneficial in controlling bacterial blight on fruit (12.86%) and leaf surface (26.60%) to some extent.

Harnessing chemical ecology for environment-friendly crop protection

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seogchan Kang ◽  
Rhea Lumactud ◽  
Ningxiao Li ◽  
Terrence H Bell ◽  
HyeSeon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Bioactive Metabolites ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environment Friendly ◽  
Protection Strategies ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides

Heavy reliance on synthetic pesticides for crop protection becomes increasingly unsustainable, calling for robust alternative strategies that do not degrade the environment and vital ecosystem services. There exist numerous reports of successful disease control using various microbes in small-scale trials. However, their inconsistent efficacy has hampered large-scale applications. An enhanced understanding of how beneficial microbes interact with plants, other microbes, and the environment and which factors affect their efficacy of disease control is crucial to deploy microbial allies as effective and reliable pesticide alternatives. Diverse metabolites produced by plants and microbes participate in pathogenesis and defense, regulate the growth and development of themselves and neighboring organisms, help maintain cellular homeostasis under varied environmental conditions, and affect the assembly and activity of plant and soil microbiomes. However, research on the metabolites associated with plant growth/health-related processes, except antibiotics, has not received adequate attention. This review highlights several classes of metabolites known or suspected to affect plant health, focusing on those associated with biocontrol and belowground plant-microbe and microbe-microbe interactions. The review also presents how new insights anticipated from systematically exploring the diversity and mechanism of action of bioactive metabolites can be harnessed to develop novel crop protection strategies.

scholarly journals Deposit of pesticides without and with adjuvants on citrus seedlings following different intervals of artificial rain

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Augusto Decaro ◽  
Sergio Tadeu Decaro Junior ◽  
Marcelo da Costa Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Crop Protection ◽  
Copper Oxychloride ◽  
Technology Research ◽  
Copper Hydroxide ◽  
Application Technology ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Artificial Rain ◽  
Citrus Leaves

ABSTRACT: For a crop protection product to achieve its goal, the product must be applied and remain on the leaves until it is absorbed. This situation may be compromised due to rainfall after spraying, thus necessitating reapplication which increase the overall cost. Application technology research has focused on alternatives and solutions to mitigate this effect through the use of adjuvants. The objective of this research was to evaluate the deposit of spraying liquid on citrus seedlings using the products spirodiclofen, propargite, imidacloprid, lambda cyhalothrin, copper oxychloride, and copper hydroxide with water mixed with the adjuvants polydimethylsiloxane and phosphatidylcholine. Seedlings were subjected to simulated rains of 10mm at intervals of 1, 6, 12 and 24h after spraying, and the remaining deposits of spraying liquid per leaf area were analyzed by spectrophotometry by assessing a metallic marker previously added in the spraying liquids. Variables were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey's test (P&lt;0.05). The rains that occurred soon after spraying resulted in decreased spraying liquids deposits on citrus leaves. Adjuvant phosphatidylcholine promoted the greatest retention of spraying liquid on citrus leaves after rainfall.

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