Effects of replacing soybean meal with canola meal differing in rumen-undegradable protein content on ruminal fermentation and gas production kinetics using 2 in vitro systems

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of increasing levels of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) in ruminant diets on in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), gas production kinetics, ruminal fermentation parameters, ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), and pH of the artificial rumen contents. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 5 x 4 + 1 design, with five concentrate levels (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1,000 g kg-1 DM) and four CNSL levels (0, 0.3, 0.6, and 1.2 g kg-1 DM), as well as a control diet comprising only whole-plant corn silage, totaling 21 treatments. The inclusion of concentrate linearly increased IVDMD, while CNSL levels showed a quadratic effect, with the maximum estimated at 0.5 g kg-1 of CNSL. The total gas production, the disappearance of the substrate, the fraction of slow degradation (fraction VF2), and the respective degradation rate (fraction µ2) linearly increased with increasing levels of concentrate in the diet. Increasing concentrate levels resulted in a linear increase in the concentration of NH3-N and a reduction in the pH of the rumen liquid. Increasing CNSL levels decreased the concentration of NH3-N and increased the ruminal pH. The inclusion of 0.5 g CNSL kg-1 in the ruminant diets improved IVDMD, without altering the kinetic parameters of ruminal fermentation. The addition of CNSL to ruminant diets reduces ammoniacal nitrogen production and can avoid drastic reductions in ruminal pH, favoring better fermentation in the rumen.

Download Full-text

A comparison of the suitability of different models for describing the gas production kinetics of whole-crop wheat

BSAP Occasional Publication ◽

10.1017/s0263967x0003264x ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 215-216

Author(s):

A. T. Adesogan ◽

E. Owen ◽

D. I. Givens

Keyword(s):

Mathematical Model ◽

Time Course ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Production Kinetics ◽

Fermentation Profile ◽

Kinetics Of

Menkeet al. (1979), Beuvinket al. (1992) and Theodorouet al. (1994) developed techniques for measuring the time course of gas production of foods fermentedin vitrowith rumen fluid. These techniques require description of the fermentation profile with an appropriate mathematical model. Although several authors have used these techniques to study the ruminal fermentation of foods, little information is available on the suitability of the model chosen for describing the fermentation profile of the food under study. In this study, the models of Ørskov and McDonald (1979), Franceet al. (1993) and Beuvink and Kogut (1993) were fitted to thein vitrogas production profiles of 10 whole-crop wheat (WCW) forages (cv.Slepjner) to determine the model most suited to describing the data.

Download Full-text

In vitro ruminal fermentation kinetics of diets with crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein by gas production technique

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2021v42n6p3399 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 42 (6) ◽

pp. 3399-3414

Author(s):

Angela Rocio Poveda-Parra ◽

Odimári Pricila Prado-Calixto ◽

Elzânia Sales Pereira ◽

Fernando Luiz Massaro Junior ◽

Larissa Nóbrega de Carvalho ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Gas Production ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Production Technique ◽

Meal Protein ◽

Feedlot Lambs ◽

Gas Volume

The objective of this study was to evaluate ingredients and diets containing increasing levels of crambe cake protein replacing soybean meal protein, with in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters using a gas production technique. Diets were formulated for feedlot lambs and contained different levels of crambe cake protein (0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g kg-1) replacing soybean meal protein. Corn silage was used as roughage. Carbohydrate digestion rates were estimated using the in vitro gas production technique and the cumulative gas production kinetics were analyzed using the bicompartmental logistic model. The parameters values of ruminal degradation kinetics were generated using the R statistical program with the Gauss-Newton algorithm and then subjected to analysis of variance and regression (when necessary) according to a completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and five replications. Upon carbohydrate fractionation of ingredients and experimental diets, it was observed that corn grain and corn silage presented the highest levels of total carbohydrates (TC), with values of 128.3 and 464.8 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) in fraction B2, respectively. Lower TC content was found for soybean meal and crambe cake (CC). There was a predominance of fractions A + B1 in the ingredients and experimental diets. The B2 fraction decreased in the diets with the inclusion of the CC protein, and CC presented the highest C fraction. Protein fractionation (g kg-1 DM and g kg-1 crude protein - CP), the ingredients and diets showed a higher proportion of fractions A and B1 + B2. In in vitro degradation, the diet without CC (0 g kg-1 DM) showed the highest final cumulative gas production (365.04 mL g-1 of incubated DM), while the CC presented the lowest volume (166.68 mL g-1 of incubated DM). The gas volume of non-fibrous carbohydrate fermentation and fibrous carbohydrate degradation rate exhibited a quadratic effect according increasing levels of CC (Pmax = 265.8 g kg-1 DM and Pmin = 376.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively). The lag time and final gas volume showed a decreasing linear effect with increasing levels of CC protein. The degradation rate of non-fibrous carbohydrates and the final volume of fibrous carbohydrates did not differ. Replacing soybean meal protein with CC protein at the level of 250 g kg-1 of dry matter in diets formulated for feedlot lambs leads to good profiles of ruminal fermentation kinetics with respect to the degradation of fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates.

Download Full-text

Manipulation of In Vitro Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Digestibility as Influenced by Yeast Waste-Treated Cassava Pulp Substitute Soybean Meal and Different Roughage to Concentrate Ratio

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7030196 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 196

Author(s):

Gamonmas Dagaew ◽

Anusorn Cherdthong ◽

Sawitree Wongtangtintharn ◽

Metha Wanapat ◽

Chanon Suntara

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Bacterial Population ◽

Gas Production ◽

Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽

Partial Replacement ◽

In Vitro Digestibility ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Cassava Pulp ◽

Feed Digestibility

Cassava pulp (CS) is high in fiber and low in protein; hence, improving the nutritive value of CS is required to increase its contribution to enhancing ruminant production. The present work hypothesized that CS quality could be enhanced by fermentation with yeast waste (YW), which can be used to replace soybean meal (SBM), as well as lead to improved feed utilization in ruminants. Thus, evaluation of in vitro ruminal fermentation and feed digestibility, as influenced by YW-treated CS and different roughage (R) to concentrate (C) ratios, was elucidated. The design of the experiment was a 5 × 3 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Each treatment contained three replications and three runs. The first factor was replacing SBM with CS fermented with YW (CSYW) in a concentrate ratio at 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100, respectively. The second factor was R:C ratios at 70:30, 50:50, and 30:70. The level of CSYW showed significantly higher (p < 0.01) gas production from the insoluble fraction (b), potential extent of gas production (a + b), and cumulative gas production at 96 h than the control group (p < 0.05). There were no interactions among the CSYW and R:C ratio on the in vitro digestibility (p > 0.05). Furthermore, increasing the amount of CSYW to replace SBM up to 75% had no negative effect on in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradability (IVNDFD) (p > 0.05) while replacing CSWY at 100% could reduce IVNDFD (p > 0.05). The bacterial population in the rumen was reduced by 25.05% when CSYW completely replaced SBM (p < 0.05); however, 75% of CSWY in the diet did not change the bacterial population (p > 0.05). The concentration of propionate (C3) decreased upon an increase in the CSYW level, which was lowest with the replacement of SBM by CSYW up to 75%. However, various R:C ratios did not influence total volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and the proportion of VFAs (p > 0.05), except the concentration of C3, increased when the proportion of a concentrate diet increased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, CSYW could be utilized as a partial replacement for SBM in concentrate diets up to 75% without affecting gas kinetics, ruminal parameters, or in vitro digestibility.

Download Full-text

Use of different carbohydrate sources associated with urea and implications for in vitro fermentation and rumen microbial populations

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an18633 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 60 (8) ◽

pp. 1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

K. C. Santos ◽

F. F. R. Carvalho ◽

M. M. Carriero ◽

A. L. R. Magalhães ◽

A. M. V. Batista ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Protein Nitrogen ◽

Microbial Profile ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

Nellore Cattle ◽

True Protein

Context Alternative feed sources have been investigated as replacements for green forages and cereal grains traditionally used in ruminant feed. We hypothesised that, when replacing sources of true protein with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in the ruminant diet, the efficiency of utilisation of the NPN may be affected by the source of energy and that different energy resources used as alternatives to maize may improve efficiency and maximise ruminal fermentation characteristics. Aims The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets containing different carbohydrate sources associated with urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial profile. Methods Four diets based on Tifton 85 Bermuda grass hay (584 g/kg dry matter) were tested as substrates: cornmeal + soybean meal (C + SM, typical diet), cornmeal + urea (C + U), cassava scraping + urea (CS + U), and spineless cactus + urea (SC + U). The experimental design consisted of randomised blocks with four treatments and five blocks. Five adult Nellore cattle with permanent fistula in the rumen were used as inoculum donors. The semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique was used in two experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to monitor the changes in the rumen microbial community. Key results The diets containing C + U and CS + U decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate after 24 h of incubation, and all diets containing urea decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of isobutyrate, isovalerate and valerate after 96 h and increased (P < 0.05) acetate:propionate ratio. After 96 h of incubation, the diets containing CS + U and SC + U resulted in a lower (P < 0.05) population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens than the C + U diet, and a lower (P < 0.05) population of Streptococcus bovis than the C + SM diet. Conclusions From our results, a diet containing cassava scraping produces more methane per unit of degraded organic matter, which reduces fermentation efficiency. Diets that contain corn with either soybean meal or urea result in greater degradability with lower gas production rates than diets that contain either cassava scrapings or spineless cactus with urea. Diets containing urea as a total substitution for soybean meal alter the production of short-chain fatty acids and reduce the populations of S. bovis and R. flavefaciens. Implications Use of urea to replace soybean meal in the ruminant diet alters ruminal fermentation and rumen microbial population.

Download Full-text

Comparison of lignosulfonate-treated canola meal and soybean meal as rumen undegradable protein supplements for lambs

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas95-056 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 75 (3) ◽

pp. 371-377 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

K. Stanford ◽

T. A. McAllister ◽

Z. Xu ◽

K.-J. Cheng ◽

M. Pickard

Keyword(s):

Soybean Meal ◽

Average Daily Gain ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Feed Conversion ◽

Protein Supplements ◽

Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽

Daily Gain ◽

Growth Experiments

An experiment was undertaken to determine the effect of lignosulfonate (LSO3) treatment on the rumen-undegradable protein (RUDP) value of canola meal (CM) and soybean meal (SM). Canola meal and SM were treated with 7% LSO3 and heated (95 °C) for 1 h. Treated and untreated meals were compared in vitro, in situ and in digestibility and growth experiments using Romanov × Suffolk and Romanov × Dorset lambs. Lambs were fed four barley-based diets [13.5% crude protein (CP)] with one of CM, SM, LSO3-treated CM (LSO3-CM) or LSO3-treated SM (LSO3-SM) as protein supplements. Lignosulfonate treatment increased acid detergent insoluble nitrogen (ADIN) five-fold in SM and threefold in CM. After 6 h incubation with ruminal fluid, ammonia production from LSO3-treated meals was one-half that from untreated meals. Lignosulfonate treatment reduced (P < 0.01) in situ rates of dry matter (DM) and protein disappearance and the soluble DM and protein fractions for both SM and CM, but not the potentially digestible fractions. No differences in feed conversion or average daily gain (P > 0.05) were found among the treatments. Although LSO3 treatment did not improve the ADG of lambs fed barley-based diets, it increased the RUDP value of SM and CM without adverse effects on digestibility. Key words: Lignosulfonate, canola meal, soybean meal, lamb

Download Full-text

Variability in the rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of the dry matter, nitrogen and amino acids of canola meal

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas91-089 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (3) ◽

pp. 739-754 ◽

Cited By ~ 31

Author(s):

E. M. Kendall ◽

J. R. Ingalls ◽

R. J. Boila

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Key Words ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Essential Amino Acids ◽

Canola Meal ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Processing Plants

The rumen degradability and postruminal digestion of rumen escape dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and metabolically essential amino acids (EAA) for canola meal (CM) from five different processing plants (samples 1–5) and one sample of soybean meal (SBM) were compared. Rumen degradability was estimated by incubating sample-filled small nylon bags in situ in the rumen of steers for 0, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 30 h. Postruminal digestion was estimated using a sequence of ruminal in situ incubations for 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16 h, in vitro incubation in an acid-pepsin solution and a mobile nylon bag technique distal to the abomasum. The rumen escape of nutrients for CM1 was consistently lower compared to other CM samples, while CM4 resulted in the highest escape of nutrients at 30 h. An estimate of maximum degradability of EAA measured at 30 h differed among CM samples, with the rumen escape of EAA being CM4 > CM2 = CM5 ≥ CM1 = CM3 > SBM. The DM, N and EAA content of mobile bag residues was relatively uniform among CM samples, particularly after 12 and 16 h of ruminal fermentation, but was higher for CM than for SBM, probably due to a low digestibility of CM hulls. The rumen degradability of CM from different processing plants differed and as a consequence the postruminal digestion of nutrients in CM differed. Key words: Canola meal, rumen degradability, postruminal digestion, dry matter, nitrogen, amino acids

Download Full-text

Study on Effect of Fibrolytic Enzymes Supplementation on in vitro Gas Production Kinetics and Ruminal Fermentation of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) By-Products

10.9734/bpi/raavs/v3/12608d ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 74-88

Author(s):

Khalil Abid ◽

Jihene Jabri ◽

Yves Beckers ◽

Hela Yaich ◽

Atef Malek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Date Palm ◽

Phoenix Dactylifera ◽

Gas Production ◽

Ruminal Fermentation ◽

Fibrolytic Enzymes ◽

Production Kinetics ◽

In Vitro Gas Production ◽

By Products

Download Full-text

Ruminal Fermentation, Growth Rate and Methane Production in Sheep Fed Diets Including White Clover, Soybean Meal or Porphyra sp.

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10010079 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 79 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Vibeke Lind ◽

Martin R. Weisbjerg ◽

Grete M. Jørgensen ◽

Júlia E. Fernandez-Yepes ◽

Lesly Arbesú ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Methane Production ◽

Volatile Fatty Acids ◽

Control Diet ◽

Gas Production ◽

Daily Weight Gain ◽

Ruminal Fermentation

The aim of the present work was to investigate the potential of Porphyra sp. as an alternative source of protein to soybean meal in diets for sheep. Our experimental treatments included a control diet (CON) based on grass silage and crushed oats and three diets containing protein supplements, clover silage (CLO), soybean meal (SOY) or Porphyra sp. (POR) to increase dietary crude protein concentrations. We studied its effects on rumen fermentation, growth rate and methane emissions. Ruminal fermentation characteristics, kinetics of gas production and methane production were studied in vitro by using batch cultures inoculated with rumen inoculum from sheep. There were no differences among diets in total volatile fatty acids (VFA) production or in the VFA profile in vitro. Across treatments, we measured no differences in methane production either in vitro or in vivo, and we saw no noticeable antimethanogenic effect of Porphyra sp. The present in vivo trial with lambs showed no differences in average daily weight gain when fed diets including Porphyra sp. or soybean meal diets (250 and 254 g/d, respectively). We conclude that Porphyra sp. has a protein value similar to high-quality protein sources like soybean meal.

Download Full-text