Derivation of the maintenance energy requirements and efficiency of metabolizable energy utilization for dry and lactating Jersey cows

Author(s):  
D.L. Morris ◽  
P.J. Kononoff
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
Debbye Chávez ◽  
Julio Villacres Matías

El presente estudio guarda estrecha relación con la alimentación de caprinos, las ganancias de peso y su producción; sabiendo que, para que un animal logre buenos rendimientos productivos se hace necesaria una alimentación que cubra necesidades energéticas de mantenimiento, luego de crecimiento y ganancia de peso o de producción; se determinó el recorrido en unidades de desplazamiento; luego, por medio de fórmulas de medición energética trasformar esto a energía metabolizable que es una unidad fácilmente relacionable con las necesidades energéticas de mantenimiento y de producción, siendo 60 cabras de diferentes razas las que se consideraron en este estudio, donde se registró su peso, y edad antes de que formen parte del ensayo. Con la ayuda de podómetros calibrados para usarlos en cabras, se determinó el recorrido habitual. Los podómetros fueron colocados en uno de sus miembros posteriores a la altura de la rodilla, y retirados 24h después, registrando su desplazamiento y actividades en busca del alimento. Utilizando Excel se procedió a la tabulación y organización de los datos, que fueron sometidos a estadística descriptiva y análisis de la información, como resultado se evidenció 5Km de recorridos por animal, con edades entre 2,5 años de promedios, de igual forma las razas de cabras más frecuentes fueron, en primer lugar la Criolla y en segundo la Nubia; ambas razas de animales no se diferenciaron en el recorrido y peso, lo que permitió utilizar una forma universal de estimación del gasto energético (0,49 kcal/kg /km) pudiéndose determinar que fueron 87,69Kcal involucradas en 24h de actividad. ABSTRACT This study is closely related to feeding goats, weight gain and production; knowing that, for an animal to achieve good production yields a feed that covers maintenance energy requirements is necessary , after growth and weight gain or production a route was determined in units of displacement; then by using formulas of energetic measurement transform these to metabolizable energy which is a easily relatable unit with the energetic requirements of maintenance and production, 60 goats from different races were considered in this study, in which their weight and ages were recorded before forming part of the test. With the help of pedometers calibrated for use in goats, the usual route is determined. Pedometers were placed in one of his post-kneemembers, and retired after 24h, recording their movement and activities in search of food. Using Excel proceeded to the tabulation and organization of data, which were subjected to descriptive statistics and analysis of information, as a result of tours 5Km animal showed, aged 2.5 years average, similarly races more frequent goats were first Creole and secondly the Nubia; both breeds of animals did not differ in the way and weight, enabling use a universal way to estimate energy expenditure (0.49 kcal / kg / km) being able to determine which were involved in 24h 87,69Kcal activity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 214-215
Author(s):  
Phillip A Lancaster

Abstract There is uncertainty whether feed efficiency traits are related to energetic efficiency. The objective of this study was to utilize comparative slaughter data to evaluate the relationships of feed efficiency traits with maintenance energy requirements (MEm) and efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) use for maintenance (km) and gain (kg). Published data were compiled (31 studies, 214 treatment means) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and composition of empty body gain in growing cattle. Data analyses were performed using R statistical software considering each treatment mean as an independent experimental unit. Assuming fasting heat production (FHP) varies only due to empty body protein (EBP) composition, it was computed as 295 kcal/kg EBP.75. MEm, km, and kg were computed from the nonlinear relationship between heat production and MEI. Residual intake (lower is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of MEI on EBW and EBW gain (RMEI) or MEI on EBP, retained energy as protein and retained energy as fat (RMEIc). Residual gain (higher is more efficient) was computed as the residual from linear regression of EBW gain on EBW and MEI (REBG) or retained energy on EBP and MEI (RRE). MEI was positively correlated with RMEI (0.46) and RMEIc (0.44), and EBW gain was correlated with REBG (0.58) and RRE (0.39). FHP was correlated with RMEIc (-0.25). MEm was weakly correlated with RMEI (0.19), RMEIc (0.22), and REBG (-0.26), but strongly correlated with RRE (-0.51). km was moderately correlated with RMEI (-0.35), but strongly correlated with REBG (0.49), RMEIc (-0.59), and RRE (0.79). kg was strongly correlated with RMEI (-0.69), REBG (0.47), RMEIc (-0.89), and RRE (0.70). Correlations among feed efficiency traits were strong (>±0.48). In conclusion, feed efficiency traits using retained energy as the dependent variable had stronger correlations with maintenance energy requirements than those using feed intake as the dependent variable.


1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH

A comparative slaughter trial involving 32 weanling pigs was conducted to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance and production and to compare the energetic efficiency of Lacombe and Yorkshire pigs. The coefficients of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and ME/DE ratio were similar for the two breeds. The fasting heat production and energy requirements for maintenance of energy equilibrium for the Yorkshire pigs were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than for the Lacombe pigs. Differences in the efficiency of utilization of ME for the function of maintenance and for production were not significant. Estimates of net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain of the corn-soybean meal diet are presented. The study suggests that these net energy values, like the DE and ME values, may be used for diet formulation without need for correction for breed. The use of the exponent 0.56 rather than 0.75 as the reference base of metabolic body size led to increased precision, as indicated by higher estimates of the coefficient of determination.


1976 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. I. Wilke ◽  
F. J. Van Der Merwe

1. Two diets, an all-roughage diet and a high-concentrate diet, were fed at two levels, a low level of estimated 1.5 times maintenance energy requirement and a higher level of estimated two times maintenance energy requirement, to South African Mutton Merino castrated male sheep, aged 13 months and in fairly lean condition at the start of the 93 d experimental period..2. Body composition and energy retention were determined using the comparative slaughter technique and two series of digestibility and balance studies were done during the course of the experiment. Metabolizability of each diet was estimated and corrected for fermentation heat using the fermentation balance approach..3. Although there were significantly different rates of energy gain on different diets and feeding levels, fat energy gained (% total energy gained) was similar for the four groups, i.e. 78–80..4. Regression of energy gain v. corrected metabolizable energy (ME) intake indicated that the maintenance energy requirements of sheep used in this experiment were 310.2 and 302.3 kJ ME/kg body-weight0.75 per d and the values for net utilization of ME for body energy gain were 0.411 and 0.479 with the roughage and concentrate diets respectively..5. It was concluded that the estimated maintenance energy requirements of sheep obtained in this study are realistic values and that the efficiency of utilization of surplus ME for the two diets did not differ significantly.


1993 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Ortigues ◽  
M. Petit ◽  
J. Agabriel

AbstractThe objective of the experiment was to test whether maintenance energy requirements of non-lactating, non-pregnant beef cows increased with body fatness. Twelve Charolais cows were initially fed to attain either lean or fat body condition. Subsequently, over a period of 66 days food allowances were regularly adjusted for zero live-weight change. For the following 76 days, lean and fat cows received either 400 or 553 kJ metabolizable energy (ME) per kg initial live weight 0·75 per day, respectively. Fat cows maintained their body weight and composition whereas lean cows lost 296 g body weight, 221 g lipid and 65 g protein daily. Calculated maintenance energy requirements averaged 516 and 536kJ ME per kg live weight 0·75 per day for lean and fat cows respectively but were not significantly affected by body fatness. Diet dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and energy apparent digestibilities but not acid-detergent fibre digestibility were significantly higher in fat animals.


1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. McG. Argot ◽  
J. S. Smith ◽  
R. N. B. Kay

AbstractRelationships between photoperiod and cycles of voluntary food intake (VFI) and maintenance energy requirements (MER) were determined in Soay rams, subjected to a 6-month photoperiodic regime. Food was offered ad libitum (no. = 5) or at a predicted maintenance level (no. = 5). All rams demonstrated 6-month cycles of VFI, growth and reproductive status. Metabolizable energy intake (MEI) was greatest in rams given food ad libitum (666 (s.e. 21.7) kJ/kg metabolic live weight (M0·75) and food-restricted (528 (s.e. 12.2) kJ/kg M0·75) rams during sexual quiescence. Conversely, MEI was minimal (ad libitum, 289 (s.e. 8.4) kJ/kg M0·75; restricted, 428 (s.e. 8.1) kJ/kg M0·75) during the rut. Distinct cycles of heat production (HP) accompanied changes in MEL Changes in HP were similar (P > 0·05) for both groups (ad libitum, 520 (s.e. 22.1) to 394 (s.e. 9.2) kJ/kg M0·75; restricted 503 (s.e. 14.0) to 407 (s.e. 17.5) kJ/kg M0·75) and therefore energy retention varied more (P < 0·015) when rams were given food ad libitum (ad libitum, 131 (s.e. 43-1) to -106 (s.e. 38.2) kJ/kg M0·75; restricted, 78·0 (s.e. 27.1) to -53.0 (s.e. 38.2) kJ/ kg M0·75). Apparent digestibility of dietary energy varied inversely with MEI (P < 0·01). MERs ranged from 524 (s.e. 35.0) kJ/kg M0·75 to 401 (s.e. 27.3) kJ/kg M0·75, a proportional fluctuation of ±0·13. Changes in metabolic rate preceded those in appetite, suggesting a causal relationship.


1990 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. D. Sainz ◽  
J. E. Wolff ◽  
M. P. Upsdell

ABSTRACTThe effects of sex (wethers v. ewes), diet (chopped lucerne hay v. lucerne-barley pellets) and cimaterol on energy utilization by Suffolk cross lambs were determined by comparative slaughter. Quadratic regression of energy retention (RE) on metabolizable energy intake (MEI) enabled estimation of maintenance energy requirements (Em), efficiencies of gain (ktotal) and maximum rates of gain (REMAX). Regressions using RE in fat and protein v. MEI yielded analogous parameters for fat and protein deposition (Em fat, kfat, REMAX fat and Emprotcin, kprolein, REMAXprotcin respectively). Em was lower in wethers than ewes (455 v. 510 kJ/kg M0·75 per day respectively), but was unaffected by diet or cimaterol. Sex and cimaterol did not affect ktotai. which was higher in lambs given pellets compared with lambs given hay (0·417 v. 0·224 respectively). Similarly, REMAX was higher in lambs given pellets than in lambs given hay (326 v. 114 kJ/kg 0·75 per day respectively). None of the groups differed significantly in the parameters of fat deposition, which averaged 480 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for Em fal, 0·224 for ktat, and 250 kJ/kg M0·75 per day for REMAX, fat- Em.protein was lower in wethers than in ewes (466 v. 569 kJ/kg 0·075 per day, respectively), and was further reduced by cimaterol (418 and 507 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for wethers and ewes respectively). Estimates of kprotcin were higher in wethers than in ewes (0·091 v. 0·064 respectively), and were increased by cimaterol (0·115 and 0·089 for wethers and ewes respectively). Similarly REMAX protein was higher in wethers than in ewes (47 v. 37 kJ/kg 0·75 per day respectively), and was increased by cimaterol (58 and 48 kJ/kg 0·75 per day for wethers and ewes respectively). The repartitioning action of cimaterol was additive with effects of diet, intake and sex.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 151-152
Author(s):  
Emily Petzel ◽  
Derek Brake

Abstract Current library values for energy content in whole or dry-rolled corn (DRC) are identical and do not differ for cattle of different age (NASEM, 2016). Calves (295 ± 29 kg) and yearlings (521 ± 29 kg) were fed whole, DRC or steam-flaked corn (SFC) to evaluate library values of energy content in different types of processed corn among cattle of different age. Cattle were fed diets comprised of 75% corn (DM-basis) to 2.5-times maintenance energy requirements using estimates of NEm in corn and SFC (NASEM, 2016). Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was no observed interaction of corn processing and cattle age (P ≥ 0.40). Time spent ruminating (min/d) was not different between dietary treatment or age. Total tract starch digestibility was greatest (P = 0.01) for cattle fed SFC (97.5%), intermediate in cattle fed DRC (92.4%) and least in cattle fed whole corn (89.5%). Nitrogen balance was not affected (P ≥ 0.30) by corn processing or age. Digestible and metabolizable energy (Mcal/kg-DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.05) for cattle fed SFC compared to DRC or whole. A greater proportion of DE was lost to heat production (P = 0.01) in cattle fed whole corn compared to DRC and tended to be greater (P = 0.08) in cattle fed SFC than DRC. Retained energy (Mcal/d) should have been similar if current library values correctly reflect energy content in each type of processed corn. However, retained energy was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for cattle fed DRC compared to whole corn and tended to be greater (P = 0.06) compared to SFC indicating that library values for DRC underestimate energy available to growing cattle. Measures of retained energy for cattle fed DRC indicated that energy available for gain from DRC was 42% greater than library values (NASEM, 2016).


2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1624-1632
Author(s):  
Ting Yang ◽  
Lexiao Yu ◽  
Min Wen ◽  
Hua Zhao ◽  
Xiaoling Chen ◽  
...  

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method.Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-dayold. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content.Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).


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