scholarly journals Modeling net energy requirements of 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (10) ◽  
pp. 1624-1632
Author(s):  
Ting Yang ◽  
Lexiao Yu ◽  
Min Wen ◽  
Hua Zhao ◽  
Xiaoling Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Objective: A total of three hundred unsexed ducks were utilized to estimate net energy requirements of maintenance (NEm) and weight gain (NEg) for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks and to establish a model equation to predict NE requirements using the factorial method.Methods: To determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of the diet, fifty 7-day-old ducks at approximately equal body weights (BWs) were randomly assigned into five groups that were fed at different levels (ad libitum, 85%, 75%, 65%, and 55% of ad libitum intake), and the endogenous acid-insoluble ash as indigestible marker. The two hundred and fifty 7-day-old ducks were used for a comparative slaughter experiment. At the beginning of the experiment, ten ducks were sacrificed to determine the initial body composition and energy content. The remaining ducks were randomly assigned into five groups (same as metabolic experiment). Ducks of the ad libitum group were slaughtered at 14 and 21-dayold. At the end of the experiment, two ducks were selected from each replicate and slaughtered to determine the body composition and energy content.Results: The results of the metabolizable experiment showed AME values of 13.43 to 13.77 MJ/kg for ducks at different feed intakes. The results of the comparative slaughter experiment showed the NEm value for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was 549.54 kJ/kg of BW0.75/d, and the NEg value was 10.41 kJ/g. The deposition efficiency values of fat (Kf) and crude protein (Kp) were 0.96 and 0.60, respectively, and the values of efficiency of energy utilization (Kg) and maintenance efficiency (Km) were 0.75 and 0.88, respectively.Conclusion: The equation for the prediction of NE requirements for 2 to 3-week-old Cherry Valley ducks was the following: NE = 549.54 BW0.75+10.41 ΔW, where ΔW is the weight gain (g).

Efficiency of energy utilization in cattle given food ad libitum: predictions according to the ARC system and practical consequences

1994 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Tolkamp ◽  
J. J. M. H. Ketelaars
Keyword(s):  
Energy Intake ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Overall Efficiency ◽  
Diet Type

AbstractOverall efficiency of energy utilization (i.e. total net energy intake as a fraction of metabolizable energy intake) in cattle given food ad libitum was calculated from information included in the United Kingdom energy evaluation system as published by the Agricultural Research Council. For growing cattle (live weight 250 kg), overall efficiency was estimated for five levels of diet metabolizability (ranging from q = 0·45 to q = 0·65) for each of two diet types: coarse/long roughage and fine/pelleted diets. The overall efficiencies varied from 0·58 to 0·62 and were not systematically affected by diet type or diet metabolizability. For lactating cattle (live weight 600 kg), overall efficiency was also calculated for five diets with metabolizability ranging from 0·45 to 0·65. Calculations were made for cows at equilibrium intake (i.e. zero energy balance) and at milk production levels proportionately 0·30 higher or lower than those attained at equilibrium intake. Overall efficiencies varied from 0·60 to 0·63 and were not systematically affected by diet metabolizability.It is concluded that, in practical cattle production systems with ad libitum feeding, the net energy content of food may be estimated at 0·6 of the metabolizable energy content (or 0·5 of the digestible energy content), irrespective of diet type, diet metabolizability or productive function.

Energy content of intact and heat-treated dry extruded-expelled soybean meal fed to growing pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonjin Koo ◽  
Olumide Adeshakin ◽  
Charles Martin Nyachoti
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Heat Treated

Abstract An experiment was performed to evaluate the energy content of extruded-expelled soybean meal (EESBM) and the effects of heat treatment on energy utilization in growing pigs. Eighteen growing barrows (18.03 ± 0.61 kg initial body weight) were individually housed in metabolism crates and randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments (six replicates/treatment). The three experimental diets were: a corn-soybean meal-based basal diet and two test diets with simple substitution of a basal diet with intact EESBM or heat-treated EESBM (heat-EESBM) at a 7:3 ratio. Intact EESBM was autoclaved at 121°C for 60 min to make heat-treated EESBM. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 16 d, including 10 d for adaptation and 6 d for total collection of feces and urine. Pigs were then moved into indirect calorimetry chambers to determine 24-h heat production and 12-h fasting heat production. The energy content of EESBM was calculated using the difference method. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Pigs fed heat-EESBM diets showed lower (P < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter (DM), gross energy, and nitrogen than those fed intact EESBM. A trend (P ≤ 0.10) was observed for greater heat increments in pigs fed intact EESBM than those fed heat-EESBM. This resulted in intact EESBM having greater (P < 0.05) digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) contents than heat-EESBM. However, no difference was observed in net energy (NE) contents between intact EESBM and heat-EESBM, showing a tendency (P ≤ 0.10) toward an increase in NE/ME efficiency in heat-EESBM, but comparable NE contents between intact and heat-EESBM. In conclusion, respective values of DE, ME, and NE are 4,591 kcal/kg, 4,099 kcal/kg, and 3,189 kcal/kg in intact EESBM on a DM basis. It is recommended to use NE values of feedstuffs that are exposed to heat for accurate diet formulation.

Fish-meal supplementation of grass silage offered to young steers: Effects on growth, body composition and nutrient efficiency

2001 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. SANDERSON ◽  
M. S. DHANOA ◽  
C. THOMAS ◽  
A. B. McALLAN
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Nitrogen Intake

Growth and efficiencies of nitrogen and energy utilization for growth by 72 young British Friesian steers (initial live weight (LW) 110 kg) offered a well preserved, formic acid-treated, perennial ryegrass silage with and without supplements of fish meal were examined. Silage was offered either alone or mixed with 50, 100 or 150 g fish meal/kg silage dry matter (DM) and each diet was offered either ad libitum or intakes were restricted to 16, 19 or 22 g dietary DM/kg LW/day. Treatments were imposed over a period of 132 days. Body component weight gains were determined by comparative slaughter.Increasing the level of either feeding or fish meal increased rates of empty body weight gain linearly (P<0·001) and curvilinearly (P<0·05) respectively. Fish-meal supplementation increased rates of ash and crude protein gain (P<0·001) but, in comparison with the curvilinear response to increasing level of feeding (P<0·001), had small linear effects on fat gain (P>0·01). Consequently, in terms of whole body composition, animals given fish meal were leaner than animals offered silage alone. Fish-meal supplementation had no significant effect on the composition of the carcass but increased the concentration of protein in the liver and gastrointestinal tract.The increase in nitrogen intake associated with feeding fish meal resulted in a reduction in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization as level of fish meal increased. Nitrogen intake required for maintenance was estimated to be 1·054 g/kg LW0·75. In spite of marked differences in the composition of the empty body-weight gain, there was no evidence to support an effect of fish meal on the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) utilization for growth (kf) which was estimated to be 0·346 on the basis of data scaled by LW0·75. ME intake required for maintenance (MEm) was estimated to be 0·536 and 0·502 MJ/kg LW0·75 for silage alone and the 150 g fish-meal level respectively.

Undernutrition in grazing sheep. I. Changes in the composition of the body, blood, and rumen contents

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
DJ Farrell ◽  
RA Leng ◽  
JL Corbett
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Plasma Urea ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Group A ◽  
Body Energy

Studies were made on three initially similar groups of adult Merino sheep at pasture; each group comprised eight animals of which four each had a rumen cannula. Group A was kept at about the initial mean liveweight of 35 kg; groups B and C were reduced in weight over 14 weeks by restriction of grazing and then held at about 26 and 23 kg respectively for 9 months. Measurements were made at intervals of 4-6 weeks of ruminal concentrations of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia, rumen volume and flow rate of digesta, tritiated water (TOH) space, and blood composition. Haemoglobin concentrations and haematocrit values decreased in the undernourished sheep, but there were no marked changes in blood β-hydroxybutyrate, or lactate, or plasma urea nitrogen. Estimates of body composition from TOH space indicated that sheep in groups B and C lost 51 and 58 Mcal respectively during the first 14 weeks; estimated fat contents were thereafter about 9 and 7% of liveweight. Metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance were calculated from estimated VFA production rates and changes in body energy content. During a 9 month period commencing shortly after shearing and extending into winter, requirements per unit liveweight were about 45% greater for the undernourished groups B and C than for group A.

Mustard cake a substitute for groundnut cake in egg-type and meat-type chick diets

1977 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 759-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. K. Cilly ◽  
G. N. Lodhi ◽  
J. S. Ichhponani
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Groundnut Cake ◽  
True Protein ◽  
Meat Type

SummaryExperiments were made to assess the nutritive value of expeller-proeessed mustard cake (MS) for egg-type and meat-type chicks. Eight samples of MS on average contained 37·2% crude protein, 27·5% true protein, 12·6% available carbohydrate and 2·09 % tannins. The average metabolizable energy content (ME) of eight samples of MS for egg-type and meat-type chicks were 2350 and 2300 kcal/kg respectively. MS in the diet replacing groundnut cake (GN) which formed 30–32 % of the control diets was found to have no effect on growth rate of the chicks of either breed although there was thyroid enlargement. MS was also found not to affect the body composition of the chicks.

ENERGY UTILIZATION BY THE LACOMBE AND YORKSHIRE BREEDS OF PIG

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. D. SHARMA ◽  
L. G. YOUNG ◽  
G. C. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Reference Base ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Yorkshire Pigs ◽  
Energy Equilibrium

A comparative slaughter trial involving 32 weanling pigs was conducted to estimate the energy requirements for maintenance and production and to compare the energetic efficiency of Lacombe and Yorkshire pigs. The coefficients of digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and ME/DE ratio were similar for the two breeds. The fasting heat production and energy requirements for maintenance of energy equilibrium for the Yorkshire pigs were significantly higher (P < 0.01) than for the Lacombe pigs. Differences in the efficiency of utilization of ME for the function of maintenance and for production were not significant. Estimates of net energy for maintenance and net energy for gain of the corn-soybean meal diet are presented. The study suggests that these net energy values, like the DE and ME values, may be used for diet formulation without need for correction for breed. The use of the exponent 0.56 rather than 0.75 as the reference base of metabolic body size led to increased precision, as indicated by higher estimates of the coefficient of determination.

Comparisons of body composition and energy utilization between Merino and fixed halfbred (Border Leicester × Merino) wethers

1972 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 339 ◽  
Author(s):  
TW Searle ◽  
NM Graham
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
The Body ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energetic Efficiency ◽  
Detectable Difference ◽  
Concentrate Mixture ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Water Space

Merino and halfbred weaner sheep were fed ad libitum for 6 months and food intake recorded; some animals of each breed were given a roughage-concentrate mixture and others were given a wholly roughage diet. The chemical composition of the body was determined from time to time. The halfbred animals ate more of each diet and grew faster than the Mennos. The Merinos became progressively fatter, weight for weight, than the halfbreds; fatness was not affected by diet per se. There was no detectable difference between the breeds in energetic efficiency. Prediction of the energy content of the body from tritiated water space measured in vivo gave similar results to carcass analysis.

scholarly journals Methane production and energy partition of cattle in the tropics

1999 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 227-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Kurihara ◽  
T. Magner ◽  
R. A. Hunter ◽  
G. J. McCrabb
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Energy Partition ◽  
Rhodes Grass ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Ad Libitum

The aim of this experiment was to determine CH4production and energy partition for a range of diets fed toBos indicuscattle. Six Brahman cattle were fed on three different diets in a replicated Latin square experiment over three periods. The diets were (1) long-chopped Angleton grass (Dicanthium aristatum) hayad libitum(DM digestibility (DMD) 41 (se 2)%; 4 g N/kg), (2) long-chopped Rhodes grass (Chloris gayana) hayad libitum(DMD 60 (se 1)%; 14 g N/kg) or (3) 2 kg long-chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay/d plus a high-grain diet (ad libitum) (DMD 70 (se 1)%; 31 g N/kg). CH4production was measured using confinement-type respiration chambers. Metabolizable energy intake (MJ/d) of cattle fed on Angleton grass (18·4 (se 2·0)) was lower (P< 0·01) than that for Rhodes grass (54·9 (se 2·1)), which was lower (P< 0·01) than that for the high-grain diet (76·7 (se 5·8)). CH4production (g/d) for cattle fed on Rhodes grass (257 (se 14)) was higher (P< 0·01) than that for cattle fed on both the high-grain diet (160 (se 24)) and Angleton grass (113 (se 16)). CH4conversion rate (MJ CH4produced per 100 MJ gross energy intake) was not significantly different between cattle fed on Angleton (10·4 (se 1·1)) and Rhodes (11·4 (se 0·3)) grass, but was higher (P< 0·01) than for cattle fed on the high-grain diet (6·7 (se 0·7)). CH4production (g/kg live-weight gain) was associated (P< 0·001) with both live-weight gain and feed: gain ratio. We conclude that the relationships between CH4production, energy utilization and live-weight change of cattle fed on tropical forages differ from those of cattle fed on diets based on temperate forages.

The effect of the β agonist clenbuterol on the composition of body gain of veal calves

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
L. Pagliani ◽  
G. M. Innes ◽  
K. Pennie
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Adrenergic Agonist ◽  
Rapid Weight Gain ◽  
Veal Calves ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Comparative Slaughter

Clenbuterol, a β adrenergic agonist, acts as a repartitioning agent increasing the ratio of protein to fat in the carcass. Recent reports on the action of clenbuterol in the bovine have indentified the repartitioning action but body composition has been estimated from sample joints and regression equations based on untreated cattle. Such data may not be appropriate for use with animals treated with repartitioning agents. A comparative slaughter experiment was designed to study the effects of clenbuterol on body composition and energy content of weight gain in the bovine. Veal calves were chosen as the model since they exhibit rapid weight gain, and in the latter stages of growth, prior to slaughter, a high proportion of the gain is fat; such animals may therefore be sensitive to the effects of a repartitioning agent.

scholarly journals Energy and protein requirements during the growing phase of indigenous goats

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kléber Tomás Resende ◽  
Silvio Doria de Almeida Ribeiro ◽  
Amélia Katiane de Almeida ◽  
Marcelo Teixeira Rodrigues ◽  
José Américo Garcia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Energy Utilization ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Indigenous Goats ◽  
The Difference

The objective of this study was to investigate both energy and protein requirements for the maintenance and growth of indigenous goats, based on data from two separate studies. Goats were weaned at 79 ± 4.4 days of age, with milk and solid diet intake recorded daily. To determine energy maintenance requirements, 32 kids of 4.90 ± 0.302 kg initial body weight (BW) were used. Ten kids were slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW to estimate initial body composition, with the remaining kids randomly assigned to one of two DM intake levels: ad libitum and restricted-fed (1.2-times maintenance level). Heat production (HP) was calculated as the difference between ingested metabolizable energy (MEI) and retained energy. Net energy requirement for maintenance (NEm) was estimated as the ?0 parameter of the relationship between HP and MEI [HP = ?0 × exp (?1 × MEI)]. Metabolizable energy required for maintenance (MEm) was calculated iteratively, as HP = MEI. Efficiency of energy utilization for maintenance (km) was calculated as NEm/MEm. The intercept of the linear regression of retained CP on CP intake was used to calculate net protein requirements for maintenance (NPm). Net energy and protein requirement for gain (NEg and NPg, respectively) were obtained using 26 kids fed ad libitum and randomly slaughtered at 5.40 ± 0.484 kg BW (n = 10), 15.8 ± 0.655 kg BW (n = 10), and 26.3 ± 1.27 kg BW (n = 6). The first derivative of the allometric equation (used to calculate energy and protein contents in empty body weight (EBW)) with respect to EBW yielded estimates of NEg and NPg. A Monte Carlo-based method was employed to simulate variation in MEm, NEg, and NPg. This study indicated that the net energy required for maintenance is 310.1 ± 36.7 kJ kg-0.75 EBW, with MEm estimated at 499.1 ± 52.1 kJ kg-0.75 EBW and km equal to 0.62. This study indicated that 1.246 g CP kg-0.75 EBW is required by indigenous kids weighing from 5 to 25 kg BW to meet their NPm. In addition, indigenous goats require between 186.6 ± 2.97 and 214.3 ± 12.9 g CP, and between 5.39 ± 1.49 and 9.74 ± 2.57 MJ to gain one kilogram of EBW. This study may contribute to future adjustments in feeding system energy and protein recommendations for indigenous kids.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document