Survey on the disposal of waste milk containing antimicrobial residues on Swiss dairy farms

A cross sectional study was conducted during October and November 2006 on 69 smallholder dairy farms with lactating cows in Mvomero and Njombe districts Tanzania, to determine the prevalence of mastitis and to assess the milk quality on the study farms. Clinical mastitis was investigated using clinical changes of udder and milk at animal level. Cow-side California Mastitis Test (CMT) and microbiological cultures were used to assess subclinical mastitis at quarter level. Milk quality was determined on bulk milk samples at herd level using alcohol and acidity tests, butter fat content, total solids, ash content as well as Delvotest® for antimicrobial residues. Overall prevalence of clinical mastitis at herd level in both districts was 21.7 % (n = 69). Based on CMT, prevalence of subclinical mastitis at animal level was 51.6 % (n = 91). Prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 35.2 % (n = 91) while for fungal it was 16.7 % (n = 90). Based on CMT results, prevalence of subclinical mastitis at quarter level was 30 % (n = 353), while for bacteria and fungi it was 16 % and 6 % respectively. Contamination of milk with antimicrobial residues was 4.5 % (n =67). The milk quality parameters for most of the milk samples were within acceptable levels. Findings in this study have demonstrated high prevalence of subclinical mastitis that may contribute to low productivity of dairy cattle in both districts. About 20 % of CMT subclinical cases had no involvement of microbial pathogens that suggested the need for minimal interventions with antimicrobial agents. These findings call for use of udder disinfectants and improved milking hygiene as intervention strategies to control mastitis on the smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania.

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Multidrug residues and antimicrobial resistance patterns in waste milk from dairy farms in Central California

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2018-14398 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 101 (9) ◽

pp. 8110-8122 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P.N. Tempini ◽

S.S. Aly ◽

B.M. Karle ◽

R.V. Pereira

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Central California ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Waste Milk

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The Effects of Feeding Waste Milk Containing Antimicrobial Residues on Dairy Calf Health

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020112 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 112

Author(s):

Clair Firth ◽

Katrin Kremer ◽

Thomas Werner ◽

Annemarie Käsbohrer

Keyword(s):

Dairy Calves ◽

Intestinal Microbiome ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Calf Health ◽

E Coli ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Waste Milk ◽

Faecal Bacteria

A number of studies have reported that there is a high prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant faecal bacteria excreted by dairy calves. Although faecal shedding is influenced by a variety of factors, such as the environment and calf age, feeding milk with antimicrobial residues contributes significantly to an increased prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria, such as extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. As a follow-up to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) Scientific Opinion on the risk of AMR development in dairy calves published in January 2017, this review aims to illustrate more recent research in this area, focusing on the period 2016 to 2020. A total of 19 papers are reviewed here. The vast majority assess the commensal faecal bacteria, E. coli, isolated from dairy calves, in particular its antimicrobial-resistant forms such as ESBL-producing E. coli and AmpC-producing E. coli. The effect of waste milk feeding on the prevalence of pathogens such as Salmonella spp. has also been investigated. Current research findings include positive effects on daily liveweight gain and other advantages for calf health from feeding waste milk compared to milk replacer. However, the negative effects, such as the demonstrable selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, the shift in the intestinal microbiome and the possible negative consequences that these could have on global public health, should always be taken into consideration.

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Prevalence and Risk Factors for ESBL/AmpC-E. coli in Pre-Weaned Dairy Calves on Dairy Farms in Germany

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9102135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 2135

Author(s):

Laura Patricia Weber ◽

Sylvia Dreyer ◽

Maike Heppelmann ◽

Katharina Schaufler ◽

Timo Homeier-Bachmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Animal Health ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Positive Sample ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Federal States ◽

E Coli ◽

German Federal States ◽

Waste Milk

The objectives of this study were to ascertain the fecal ESBL/AmpC-E. coli prevalence and to detect risk factors for their occurrence in young pre-weaned calves and their dams on large dairy farms in Germany. From 2018–2019 we investigated 2816 individual fecal samples from pre-weaned dairy calves and their dams, representing seventy-two farms (mean = 667 milking cows) from eight German federal states. To assess possible risk factors associated with ESBL/AmpC-E. coli prevalence in calves and dams, a questionnaire was performed, collecting management data. We observed an ESBL/AmpC-E. coli prevalence of 63.5% (95% CI: 57.4–69.5) among the sampled calves and 18.0% (95% CI: 12.5–23.5) among the dams. On all farms, at least one positive sample was obtained. To date, this is the highest ESBL/AmpC-E. coli prevalence observed in dairy herds in Europe. Feeding with waste milk was identified as a significant risk factor for a high prevalence of ESBL/AmpC-E. coli in calves. Many calves at large dairies in Germany are fed with waste milk due to the large amounts generated as a result of antibiotic dry-off routines and mastitis treatment with antibiotics. Other notable risk factors for high ESBL/AmpC-E. coli in calves were the general fitness/health of dams and calves, and the quality of farm hygiene. Taken together, these findings suggest that new or improved approaches to animal health management, for example, antibiotic dry cow management (selective dry cow therapy) and mastitis treatment (high self-recovery), as well as farm hygiene, should be researched and implemented.

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Presence of Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis DNA in milk used to feed calves in Portugal

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029917000164 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (2) ◽

pp. 124-127 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Célia Leão ◽

Ana Botelho ◽

Elisabete Martins ◽

Carla Aguiar ◽

Inês Rebelo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Mitigation Strategies ◽

Male And Female ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Single Origin ◽

Waste Milk ◽

Potential Risks ◽

Bulk Tank

This Technical Research communication describes results of a study aimed at detecting the presence of Map in milk fed to calves, and identifying possible risk factors for that presence. A questionnaire was performed on 37 dairy farms and waste milk samples were collected on 3 occasions separated by a minimum of 1 week. For farms not feeding waste milk, bulk tank milk samples were collected instead. A real time PCR for the detection of the IS900 sequence was performed for the detection of Map. A majority of farms (89·2%) fed waste milk, with only one pasteurising the milk before feeding it to calves. Results of the PCR showed that 51·5% of the farms that were feeding waste milk had a positive result for Map on that milk. None of the studied risk factors were significantly associated with the presence of Map in milk samples, possibly due to the small number of farms entering the study. However, the prevalence of positive samples for Map on PCR was 3·5 times higher for farms that bought in animals from a single origin and 1·9 times higher for farms that bought from multiple farms, when compared with closed farms. Having a calving area for multiple cows also increased the risk of a positive Map result by 1·5 when compared with single pens. The risk of having a positive Map result on waste milk was 1·6 times higher for farms feeding that milk to male calves and 1·4 for farms feeding to both male and female calves, when compared with farms not feeding waste milk. This study highlights paratuberculosis as one of the potential risks of feeding waste milk to calves, and the need for mitigation strategies to be in place to avoid unnecessary disease transmission.

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Dairy Calf Welfare and Factors Associated with Diarrhea and Respiratory Disease among Chilean Dairy Farms

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10071115 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 1115

Author(s):

Javiera Calderón-Amor ◽

Carmen Gallo

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Disease ◽

Management Practices ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Herd Size ◽

Dairy Calves ◽

Dairy Calf ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Waste Milk ◽

Milk Feeding

This study aimed to describe management practices that may compromise the welfare of unweaned dairy calves on 29 dairy farms in Chile, and identify factors associated with diarrhea and respiratory disease (n = 700 calves). Evaluations were divided into protocol-, facility-, and animal-based measurements. Calf diarrhea and respiratory disease data were analyzed using logistic regression models. Management practices identified as risk factors for poor calf welfare were: relying on the mother to provide colostrum (48.0% of the farms); using restrictive milk feeding (65.5%), and unpasteurized waste milk (51.7%); giving water after 30 days of age (17.2%); disbudding without analgesia (89.6%) or anesthesia (79.3%); lacking euthanasia protocols (61.5%). Factors significantly (p < 0.05) associated with increased odds of diarrhea were: cleaning the calves’ bed once a week and 2–3 times a week compared with every day, using milk replacer and untreated waste milk compared with treated waste milk (pasteurized or acidified), animals scored dirty in the calf cleanliness score compared with clean animals, and greater herd size. Factors significantly associated with increased odds of respiratory disease were: less pen space allowance (<1.8 m2), farms that did not check colostrum quality, and animals that scored dirty and moderately dirty compared with clean calves. These results suggest the need to improve specific management practices associated with reduced welfare and health in dairy calves in Chile.

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Detection of antibiotic residues and association of cefquinome residues with the occurrence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria in waste milk samples from dairy farms in England and Wales in 2011

Research in Veterinary Science ◽

10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.10.009 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 96 (1) ◽

pp. 15-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Luke Randall ◽

Katharina Heinrich ◽

Robert Horton ◽

Lucy Brunton ◽

Matthew Sharman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farms ◽

Antibiotic Residues ◽

England And Wales ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Extended Spectrum ◽

Waste Milk

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Survey on Antimicrobial Residues in Raw Milk and Antimicrobial Use in Dairy Farms in the Emilia-Romagna Region, Italy

Italian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4081/ijas.2013.e68 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 12 (3) ◽

pp. e68 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Andrea Serraino ◽

Federica Giacometti ◽

Giacomo Marchetti ◽

Angelo V. Zambrini ◽

Giampaolo Zanirato ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Farms ◽

Raw Milk ◽

Antimicrobial Use ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Emilia Romagna Region

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Assessment of Raw Cow Milk Quality in Smallholder Dairy Farms in Pemba Island Zanzibar, Tanzania

Veterinary Medicine International ◽

10.1155/2018/1031726 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S. H. Gwandu ◽

H. E. Nonga ◽

R. H. Mdegela ◽

A. S. Katakweba ◽

T. S. Suleiman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Milk Production ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Cow Milk ◽

Production Chain ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Pemba Island ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Smallholder Dairy Farms

Milk quality depends on the physicochemical characteristics, hygienic standards, and nutritional quality; however, animal husbandry practices, unhygienic harvesting and processing, may affect its quality. A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2010 and July 2011 to assess the hygiene of cow milk production environment, raw cow milk physicochemical characteristics, and microbial quality and estimate the prevalence of antimicrobial residues using standard methods in Pemba Island. A total of 98 raw cow milk samples from selected smallholder dairy farms were analyzed, and the judgement on the quality used the East African Standards. Generally, the milk production chain was done under the unhygienic condition, and dirty plastic containers were used for collection and storage of milk under room temperature. Some milk samples had abnormal colour (2.1%), abnormal smell (7.1%), and pH below normal (35.7%), clotted on alcohol test (9.2%), and had the specific gravity below normal (13.3%). All the milk samples had mineral contents within the recommended range. Milk samples with butterfat below normal were 29.6%, while 14.3% had total solids below recommended values. The mean total viable count (TVC) of milk container surfaces was9.7±10.5 log CFU/100 cm2, while total coliform count (TCC) was7.8±8.5 log CFU/100 cm2. Up to 55.1% of milk had TVC beyond the recommended levels. The milk mean TVC was11.02±11.6 log CFU/ml and TCC was6.7±7.3 log CFU/ml. Up to 26.5% of milk samples had the TCC beyond levels. Results on physicochemical characteristics and nutritional analysis show that the raw cow milk in Pemba Island is of inferior quality. Microbiological results of this study imply heavy contaminations of milk. Antimicrobial residues were detected in 83% of the samples and most of them were from Wete District. Unhygienic milk production chain accelerates microbial contaminations, and antimicrobial residues in milk are a big problem that needs urgent attention from the responsible authority.

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