A Meta-Analysis on the Relationship Between Intake of Nutrients and Body Weight with Milk Volume and Milk Protein Yield in Dairy Cows

Abstract The effects of ruminal protozoa (RP) concentration on methane emissions from ruminants were evaluated in a meta-analysis using 67 publications reporting data from 85 in vivo experiments. Experiments included in the database reported methane emissions (g/kg DMI) and RP (log10 cells/mL) from the same group of animals. Quantitative data including diet chemical composition, ruminal fermentation, total tract digestibility, and milk production; and qualitative information including methane mitigation strategies, animal type, and methane measurement methods were also collected. The studies were conducted in dairy cows (51%), beef steers (32%) and small ruminants (32%). 70% of the studies reported a reduction in methane emissions. Supplemental lipids reduced methane emissions 95% of the time. The relationship between methane emissions and RP concentration was evaluated as a random coefficient model with the experiment as a random effect and weighted by the inverse pooled SEM squared, including the possibility of covariance between the slope and the intercept. A quadratic effect of RP concentration on methane emissions was detected: CH4= -28.8 + 12.2 × RP-0.64 × RP2. To detect potential interfering factors in the relationship, the influence of several qualitative and quantitative factors were separately tested. Acetate, butyrate, and isobutyrate molar proportions had positive relationships with methane emissions and influenced the relationship between RP concentration and methane emissions, where the presence of ruminal fermentation variables reduced the effects of RP concentration in methane emissions. Total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and CP had negative relationships while NDF digestibility had a positive relationship with methane emissions; however, they only changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship. For dairy cows, milk fat and protein concentrations had positive relationships and milk yield had a negative relationship with methane emissions and changed the magnitude of intercept and slope of RP and RP2 for the relationship.

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Effect of Metabolisable Protein on intake of grass silage and milk protein yield in dairy cows.

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s030822960002660x ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 1994 ◽

pp. 113-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.R. Newbold ◽

B.R. Cottrill ◽

R.M. Mansbridge ◽

J.S. Blake

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Live Weight ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Holstein Cows ◽

Grass Silage ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Ad Libitum ◽

Few Data

Few data are available to evaluate the Metabolisable Protein (MP) System (AFRC, 1992) as an aid to ration formulation for dairy cows. Responses of lactating dairy cows to MP were evaluated in two experiments.In Experiment One, groups of 10 Holstein cows were offered grass silage ad libitum and 7kg DM/d of one of six (treatments 1-6) compound foods from 39d after calving, for eight weeks. All rations were isoenergetic, assuming silage intake of 11kg DM/d (typical for the herd). Ratios between MP supply (calculated from in situ protein degradability measurements) and requirement (calculated for a standard cow: 565kg live weight, 281 milk/d, 40g/kg butterfat, 33g/kg milk protein, liveweight change =0kg/d) were 1.00, 1.02, 1.06, 1.06, 1.1 and 1.17 for treatments 1-6, respectively.

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RESPONSE OF LACTATING DAIRY COWS TO FORMALDEHYDE-TREATED SOYBEAN MEAL WHEN FED WITH CONTROL OR UREA-TREATED CORN SILAGE

Canadian Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.4141/cjas86-010 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 66 (1) ◽

pp. 85-95 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

J. D. ERFLE ◽

F. D. SAUER ◽

S. MAHADEVAN ◽

R. M. TEATHER

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Production ◽

Soybean Meal ◽

Dry Matter ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Rumen Fluid ◽

Amino Acid Content ◽

Negative Control ◽

Corn Silage

In two experiments, lactating cows (26 in exp. 1; 32 in exp. 2) were fed an 11.3% crude protein (CP) diet, a 14.7% CP diet containing untreated soybean meal (SBM) or a 14.6% CP diet containing formaldehyde-treated SBM (FSBM), all three fed as a complete blended diet with control corn silage (CCS) (exp. 1); a 12% CP diet, a 13.4% CP diet containing SBM or a 13.3% CP diet containing FSBM, all fed as a complete blended diet with urea-treated corn silage (UCS) (exp. 2). In both experiments concentrates and CCS or UCS were mixed (50:50 dry matter) daily and fed ad lib for a 16-wk period. The increase of CP over the low CP negative control by addition of untreated SBM resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) increase in milk production in both experiments. The addition of FSBM had no significant effect. When comparing solids-corrected milk (SCM), addition of SBM, whether treated or not, significantly increased SCM in both experiments. In neither experiment did FSBM improve milk production over untreated SBM. All animals fed CCS lost body weight but there was no difference between treatments. For animals fed UCS the low CP group lost significantly (P < 0.05) more body weight than did the group fed FSBM. Dry matter (DM) intake was significantly (P < 0.05) lower for the FSBM fed group than for the group fed untreated SBM in exp. 1 (CCS). DM intake was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by either FSBM or SBM over the low CP control fed UCS. Milk protein was the only component significantly (P < 0.05) decreased by FSBM in exp. 1. Isobutyric and isovaleric acids were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in rumen fluid of animals on FSBM plus CCS. Rumen microbial protein content seemed to be more adversely affected by FSBM with CCS than UCS. Amino acid content of FSBM and SBM demonstrated that lysine and tyrosine were lost from SBM after treatment with formaldehyde. The lack of a response in milk production to FSBM is discussed in terms of a lysine and tyrosine deficiency for milk protein synthesis and the adverse effect that formaldehyde protection of SBM may have on the rumen microbial population. Key words: Lactation, dairy cows, urea, corn silage, soybean meal, formaldehyde treatment

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281. The role of insulin in milk protein synthesis

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/srb05abs281 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 17 (9) ◽

pp. 117

Author(s):

K. K. Menzies ◽

K. L. Macmillan ◽

K. R. Nicholas ◽

C. Lefevre ◽

C. Ormandy

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Protein Synthesis ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Explant Culture ◽

Milk Protein Gene ◽

Culture Model ◽

Milk Protein Genes ◽

Milk Volume

The mammary explant culture model has been frequently used to mimic lactation and to examine the endocrine control of milk protein gene expression. Studies in the mouse show the expression of the milk protein genes in explants requires insulin in the presence of prolactin and cortisol. The role of insulin in milk protein synthesis in the dairy cow is not as clear. The bovine mammary explant culture model has been utilised to show that insulin is essential for alpha-s1-casein gene expression and the synthesis of the casein proteins. In addition, mouse culture experiments were undertaken to provide an insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of insulin action in hte mammary gland. A global analysis of the genes induced in the cultured explants was done using Affymetrix microarray and showed 132 genes, including the major milk protein genes, required the complement of insulin, cortisol and prolactin for maximal expression. Twenty-seven genes showed a 3-fold change in gene expression in response to insulin. The function of these genes can be largely categorised into maintenance of cell integrity, signal transduction, transport mechanisms, cellular metabolism and a direct effect on gene transcription in the nucleus. The requirement for insulin in milk protein synthesis is highlighted by its role in inducing the STAT5 gene, known to be a key transcription factor for the milk protein genes. Interestingly, dairy cows of high genetic merit have unusually low serum concentrations of insulin. This has occured in association with a high selection pressure for milk volume that has altered the regulation of blood glucose homeostasis. Our study indicates that this intensity of selection for high milk volume could be compromising the dairy cow’s potential for milk protein production: Has selecting for milk volume in many populations of dairy cows been achieved by lowering circulating insulin levels with consequent effects on the efficiency for milk protein yield as well as compromised reproductive performance.

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The relationship between milk progesterone and milk traits during estrus in dairy Cows

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-900 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

A Gavelis ◽

V. Þilaitis ◽

A Juozaitis ◽

V. Juozaitienë ◽

G. Urbonavièius ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Protein Content ◽

Milk Yield ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Milk Traits ◽

Subclinical Ketosis ◽

Yield Level ◽

Milk Protein Content ◽

The Relationship

The aim of this study was to evaluate relationship between milk progesterone concentration (P4) and milk traits at the start of estrus time and 12h after start of the estrus in dairy cows. The 96 milk samples of 48 Lithuanian dairy cows without reproduction disorders and 90–100 days after calving were evaluated. Cows were classified into two groups based on milk yield per day: less than 30 kg (n=20) and e”30 kg (n=28). Data were categorized by milk fat and protein content at the start estrus and 12h after start of estrus to evaluate relationship between P4 and milk traits examined. P4 at estrus time in dairy cows was significantly positively correlated with milk yield (P less than 0.001), whereas it was negatively correlated with milk protein (P less than 0.05-P less than 0.01) and fat at 12h after start of estrus. Dairy cows with F/P from 1.0 to 1.5 had the lowest P4 in milk. Results of the pregnancy in dairy cows were related with lower P4 and milk yield level (P less than 0.001), higher milk fat (P less than 0.05) and milk protein content (P less than 0.001). These cows had 1.90 times lower prevalence of the signs of subclinical ketosis (P less than 0.05) at estrus time when compared with non-pregnant cows. As a result, it was clearly demonstrated that P4 in dairy cows can help to evaluate and improve the reproductive properties of cows.

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Can concentrations of trans octadecenoic acids in milk fat be used to predict methane yields of dairy cows?

Animal Production Science ◽

10.1071/an16477 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 57 (7) ◽

pp. 1465 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. J. Moate ◽

S. R. O. Williams ◽

M. H. Deighton ◽

M. C. Hannah ◽

J. L. Jacobs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Exponential Model ◽

Methane Emissions ◽

Methane Yield ◽

Trans Isomers ◽

Yield Data ◽

Octadecenoic Acids ◽

The Relationship

There is a need to develop simple, accurate methods for predicting methane emissions, yields and intensities of dairy cows. Several studies have focussed on the relationship between the concentrations of trans-10 plus trans-11 C18:1 fatty acids in milk fat and methane yield. The aim of the present study was to perform a meta-analysis to quantify relationships between the concentrations of various trans isomers of C18:1 in milk fat and methane emissions (g/day), methane yield (g/kg dry-matter intake) and methane intensity (g/kg energy-corrected milk yield). Data were from seven experiments encompassing 23 different diets and 220 observations of milk fatty acid concentrations and methane emissions. Univariate linear mixed-effects regression models were fitted to the data with the linear term as a fixed effect and with experiment and observation within experiment as random effects. Concentrations of trans-9, trans-10, trans-11 and trans-10 plus trans-11 isomers of C18:1 were poorly related to methane emissions, yields and intensities, with the best relationships being between trans-10 C18:1 and methane emissions (R2 = 0.356), trans-10 C18:1 and methane yield (R2 = 0.265) and trans-10 plus trans-11 C18:1 and methane intensity (R2 = 0.124). The data indicated that the relationships between trans-10 C18:1 and methane metrics were not linear, but were biphasic and better described by an exponential model. However, even exponential models poorly fitted the data. It is concluded that the concentrations of trans isomers of C18:1 have limited potential to accurately predict methane emissions, yields or intensities of dairy cows.

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Effect of Rumen Available Protein, Amimo Acids and Carbohydrates on Microbial Protein Synthesis, Amino Acid Flow and Performance of High Yielding Cows

10.32747/1993.7568103.bard ◽

1993 ◽

Author(s):

Gabriella A. Varga ◽

Amichai Arieli ◽

Lawrence D. Muller ◽

Haim Tagari ◽

Israel Bruckental ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protein Synthesis ◽

Amino Acid ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Protein Yield ◽

Microbial Protein ◽

Feeding Frequency ◽

Rumen Undegradable Protein ◽

And Performance

The effect of rumen available protein amino acids and carbohydrates on microbial protein synthesis, amino acid flow and performance of high yielding dairy cows was studied. A significant relationship between the effective degradabilities of OM in feedstuffs and the in vivo ruminal OM degradation of diets of dairy cows was found. The in situ method enabled the prediction of ruminal nutrients degradability response to processing of energy and nitragenous supplements. The AA profile of the rumen undegradable protein was modified by the processing method. In a continuous culture study total N and postruminal AA flows, and bacterial efficiency, is maximal at rumen degradable levels of 65% of the CP. Responses to rumen degradable non carbohydrate (NSC) were linear up to at least 27% of DM. Higher CP flow in the abomasum was found for cows fed high ruminally degradable OM and low ruminally degradable CP diet. It appeared that in dairy cows diets, the ratio of rumen degradable OM to rumenally degradable CP should be at least 5:1 in order to maximize postruminal CP flow. The efficiency of microbial CP synthesis was higher for diets supplemented with 33% of rumen undegradable protein, with greater amounts of bacterial AA reaching the abomasum. Increase in ruminal carbohydrate availability by using high moisture corn increased proportions of propionate, postruminal nutrients flow, postruminal starch digestibility, ruminal availability of NSC, uptake of energy substrates by the mammory gland. These modifications resulted with improvement in the utilization of nonessential AA for milk protein synthesis, in higher milk protein yield. Higher postruminal NSC digestibility and higher efficiency of milk protein production were recorded in cows fed extruded corn. Increasing feeding frequency increased flow of N from the rumen to the blood, reduced diurnal variation in ruminal and ammonia, and of plasma urea and improved postruminal NSC and CIP digestibility and total tract digestibilities. Milk and constituent yield increased with more frequent feeding. In a study performed in a commercial dairy herd, changes in energy and nitrogenous substrates level suggested that increasing feeding frequency may improve dietary nitrogen utilization and may shift metabolism toward more glucogenesis. It was concluded that efficiency of milk protein yield in high producing cows might be improved by an optimization of ruminal and post-ruminal supplies of energy and nitrogenous substrates. Such an optimization can be achieved by processing of energy and nitrogenous feedstuffs, and by increasing feeding frequency. In situ data may provide means for elucidation of the optimal processing conditions.

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The trend of cowmilk yield, its compostion and the body condition during the lactation

Acta Agraria Debreceniensis ◽

10.34101/actaagrar/37/2784 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 69-73

Author(s):

Edit Mikó Józsefné Jónás ◽

Imre Mucsi ◽

István Komlósi

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Body Condition ◽

Milk Fat ◽

Milk Protein ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Fat Content ◽

The Body ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Relationship ◽

Body Condition Scores

The authors examined the data of 2767 trial milkings andthe months Body Condition Scores of 479 Holstein dairy cows. The condition loss was significant between the 30-60th days. The improvement of BCS begins only after the 120th day. The change in the milk protein and milk fat content were close after the condition changing. In each period of the lactation the closeness of the relationship among the condition, the milk quantity and the milk composition were different. In the aspect of the milk quantity the most significant difference was between the 2.5 and 4 BCS cows (6.68 kg) in the last period of the lactation.

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