scholarly journals Assessment of Physical School Environment of Public Sector High Schools in Pakistan and World Health Organization’s Guidelines

2019 ◽  
Vol IV (I) ◽  
pp. 238-249
Author(s):  
Matin Gul ◽  
Ahmad Farooq Shah
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
School Environment ◽  
School Safety ◽  
World Health ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Building Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
School Building Conditions ◽  
Health Organization

The physical school environment influences the health and educational performance of students and staff. World Health Organization (WHO) has developed guidelines for developing countries to evaluate the Physical school environment. Hence this study analyzed the physical school environment of high schools to ascertain the extent of implementation of these guidelines in Multan. T en core indicators water quality, water quantity , water facilities , hygiene promotion practices , toilets and handwashing facilities, control of vector-borne diseases, cleaning and waste disposal system, school building conditions, school safety and supportive classroom conditions were assessed by three research tools. The responses of 10 core indicators were scored and described. The study concluded that the 10 core indicators at the district level were not meeting the WHO desirable score and the district score (1.01) was below the WHO desirable score (1.5). The development of the Physical School Environment is in the positive trend of

Lucas law and the teacher training of a private schoolin Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ: A pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline Alcântara ◽  
Gabrielli Queiroz ◽  
Laura Bessa Uhl ◽  
Ana Paula Peçanha Passos ◽  
Aline Siqueira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Private School ◽  
School Environment ◽  
School Safety ◽  
First Aid ◽  
World Health ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Ofthe Time

According to the World Health Organization, human safety is based on the development of the individual, understanding the safety of all situations in their daily lives, including safety at school. Consideringthat approximately 80% of school-age children and adolescents attend schools, they have taken on a fundamental role in promoting health and preventing accidents, especially in the school environment. Incidents in the school space occur frequently, most ofthe time, teachers and school employees do not notice risk situations and may even contribute to the aggravation of injured students, since they were not trained to intervene in such emergency demands. The Lucas Law appears in this scenario with the purpose of training teachers and employees, from public and private schools, to provide first aid, avoiding possible accidents. Therefore, this pilot study aimed to train teachers of Kindergarten at a private school in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ, according to the Lucas Law, on the initial measures of first aid. To carry out this pilot study, training was initially carried out on the Lucas Law, with verbal exposition and demonstration of initial first aid measures, through four theoretical-practical videos with 12 teachers. Soon after, the pre-test questionnaire was applied, with closed and semi-open questions related to the training content, and after 10 days, the post-test questionnaire was applied. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics in the SPSS® software, comparing the pre-test and post-test results. It was verified, in the pre-test, 17.5% of correct answers, while in the post-test it reached 83%. Thus, it is concluded that the pilot study made it possible not only to verify the effectiveness of training in the training of teachers, but also the need to carry out training such as this to encourage the autonomy of teachers in cases of accidents and, consequently, favor school safety.

scholarly journals From the Field to the Laboratory: Quantifying Outdoor Mosquito Landing Rate to Better Evaluate Topical Repellents

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Moreno-Gómez ◽  
Rubén Bueno-Marí ◽  
Andrea Drago ◽  
Miguel A Miranda
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Asian Tiger Mosquito ◽  
Personal Protection ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Testing Conditions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Asian Tiger ◽  
The World ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract Vector-borne diseases are a worldwide threat to human health. Often, no vaccines or treatments exist. Thus, personal protection products play an essential role in limiting transmission. The World Health Organization (WHO) arm-in-cage (AIC) test is the most common method for evaluating the efficacy of topical repellents, but it remains unclear whether AIC testing conditions recreate the mosquito landing rates in the field. This study aimed to estimate the landing rate outdoors, in an area of Europe highly infested with the Asian tiger mosquito (Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894, Diptera: Culididae)), and to determine how to replicate this rate in the laboratory. To assess the landing rate in the field, 16 individuals were exposed to mosquitoes in a highly infested region of Italy. These field results were then compared to results obtained in the laboratory: 1) in a 30 m3 room where nine volunteers were exposed to different mosquito abundances (ranges: 15–20, 25–30, and 45–50) and 2) in a 0.064 m3 AIC test cage where 10 individuals exposed their arms to 200 mosquitoes (as per WHO requirements). The highest mosquito landing rate in the field was 26.8 landings/min. In the room test, a similar landing rate was achieved using 15–20 mosquitoes (density: 0.50–0.66 mosquitoes/m3) and an exposure time of 3 min. In the AIC test using 200 mosquitoes (density: 3,125 mosquitoes/m3), the landing rate was 229 ± 48 landings/min. This study provides useful reference values that can be employed to design new evaluation standards for topical repellents that better simulate field conditions.

scholarly journals Market penetration of Xpert MTB/RIF in high tuberculosis burden countries: A trend analysis from 2014 - 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Cazabon ◽  
Tripti Pande ◽  
Sandra Kik ◽  
Wayne Van Gemert ◽  
Hojoon Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Full Capacity ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Roll Out

Background: Xpert® MTB/RIF, a rapid tuberculosis (TB) molecular test, was endorsed by the World Health Organization in 2010. Since then, 34.4 million cartridges have been procured under concessional pricing. Although the roll out of this diagnostic is promising, previous studies showed low market penetration. Methods: To assess 3-year trends of market penetration of Xpert MTB/RIF in the public sector, smear and Xpert MTB/RIF volumes for the year 2016 were assessed and policies from 2014-2016 within 22 high-burden countries (HBCs) were studied. A structured questionnaire was sent to representatives of 22 HBCs. The questionnaires assessed the total smear and Xpert MTB/RIF volumes, number of modules and days of operation of GeneXpert machines in National TB Programs (NTPs). Data regarding the use of NTP GeneXpert machines for other diseases and GeneXpert procurement by other disease control programs were collected. Market penetration was estimated by the ratio of total sputum smear volume for initial diagnosis divided by the number of Xpert MTB/RIF tests procured in the public sector. Results: The survey response rate was 21/22 (95%). Smear/Xpert ratios decreased in 17/21 countries and increased in four countries, since 2014. The median ratio decreased from 32.6 (Q1:14.3, Q3: 58.9) in 2014 to 6.0 (Q1: 1.6, Q3: 17.0) in 2016. Nineteen countries (19/19; 100%) were not using GeneXpert machines to their full capacity, however seven countries (7/19; 37%) were running tests for other diseases on their NTP-procured GeneXpert systems in 2017, such as HIV, hepatitis-C virus (HCV), Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Five (5/15; 33%) countries reported GeneXpert procurement by HIV or HCV programs in 2016 and/or 2017. Conclusions: Our results show a positive trend for Xpert MTB/RIF market penetration in 21 HBC public sectors. However, GeneXpert machines were under-utilized for TB, and inadequately exploited as a multi disease technology.

scholarly journals Narrative Review on Health-EDRM Primary Prevention Measures for Vector-Borne Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (16) ◽  
pp. 5981 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Chan ◽  
Tiffany Sham ◽  
Tayyab Shahzada ◽  
Caroline Dubois ◽  
Zhe Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Prevention ◽  
Keyword Search ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

Climate change is expanding the global at-risk population for vector-borne diseases (VBDs). The World Health Organization (WHO) health emergency and disaster risk management (health-EDRM) framework emphasises the importance of primary prevention of biological hazards and its value in protecting against VBDs. The framework encourages stakeholder coordination and information sharing, though there is still a need to reinforce prevention and recovery within disaster management. This keyword-search based narrative literature review searched databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase and Medline between January 2000 and May 2020, and identified 134 publications. In total, 10 health-EDRM primary prevention measures are summarised at three levels (personal, environmental and household). Enabling factor, limiting factors, co-benefits and strength of evidence were identified. Current studies on primary prevention measures for VBDs focus on health risk-reduction, with minimal evaluation of actual disease reduction. Although prevention against mosquito-borne diseases, notably malaria, has been well-studied, research on other vectors and VBDs remains limited. Other gaps included the limited evidence pertaining to prevention in resource-poor settings and the efficacy of alternatives, discrepancies amongst agencies’ recommendations, and limited studies on the impact of technological advancements and habitat change on VBD prevalence. Health-EDRM primary prevention measures for VBDs require high-priority research to facilitate multifaceted, multi-sectoral, coordinated responses that will enable effective risk mitigation.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Controlling Urban Mosquito-Borne Diseases in a Changing Urban Climate

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Ligsay ◽  
Olivier Telle ◽  
Richard Paul
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Climate ◽  
Physical Nature ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
The World ◽  
Urban Heat ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Cities worldwide are facing ever-increasing pressure to develop mitigation strategies for all sectors to deal with the impacts of climate change. Cities are expected to house 70% of the world’s population by 2050 and developing related resilient health systems is a significant challenge. Because of their physical nature, cities’ surface temperatures are often substantially higher than that of the surrounding rural areas, generating the so-called Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. Whilst considerable emphasis has been placed on strategies to mitigate against the UHI-associated negative health effects of heat and pollution, the World Health Organization estimates that one of the main consequences of global warming will be an increased burden of such vector-borne diseases. Many of the major mosquito-borne diseases are urban and thus the global population exposed to these pathogens will steadily increase. Mitigation strategies beneficial for one sector may, however, be detrimental for another. Implementation of inter-sectoral strategies that can benefit many sectors (such as water, labour and health) do exist and would enable optimal use of the meagre resources available. Discussion among inter-sectoral stakeholders should be actively encouraged.

scholarly journals Insulin potentiates JAK/STAT signaling to broadly inhibit flavivirus replication in insect vectors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura R.H. Ahlers ◽  
Chasity E. Trammell ◽  
Grace F. Carrell ◽  
Sophie Mackinnon ◽  
Brandi K. Torrevillas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Insulin Signaling ◽  
World Health ◽  
Rnai Pathway ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Mosquito Cells ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Insect Immune Response

SUMMARYThe World Health Organization estimates that over half of the world’s population is at risk for vector-borne diseases, such as those caused by arboviral infection. Because many arboviruses are mosquito-borne, investigation of the insect immune response will help identify targets that could reduce the spread of these viruses by the mosquito. In this study, we used a genetic screening approach to identify insulin-like receptor as a novel component of the immune response to arboviral infection. We determined that vertebrate insulin reduces West Nile virus (WNV) replication in Drosophila melanogaster as well as WNV, Zika, and dengue virus titers in mosquito cells. Mechanistically, we showed that insulin signaling activates the JAK/STAT, but not RNAi, pathway to control infection. Finally, we validated that insulin priming of adult female Culex mosquitoes through a blood meal reduces WNV infection, demonstrating an essential role for insulin signaling in insect antiviral responses to emerging human pathogens.

scholarly journals Study and analysis the effect of chemical composition of spring water of dhofar region against turbidity

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmmed Saadi Ibrahim ◽  
◽  
Tafoul Abdullah Al Kathiri ◽  
Tariq Omar Hassan Al Rashidi Al Rashidi ◽  
Salim Ahmed Salim Al Shanfari Al Shanfari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Solid Particles ◽  
World Health ◽  
Identification System ◽  
Physiochemical Parameters ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Health Organization

The aim of this study is to calculate the physical properties of eight springs of the water of the Dhofar region in Oman using physiochemical parameters like pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), conductivity, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen (DO). The chemical properties estimated the concentrations of the metals in springs of water and specified the best healthy spring of water depending on the percentage difference between the actual and normal range set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Eight samples for each test were collected from eight springs of water, namely, Ain Hamran, Ain Deribat, Ain Tobruk, Ain Al-Nabi Ayoub, Ain Atom, Ain Jarziz, Ain Sahlnot, and Ain Razat using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) to study the chemical composition of the samples. Ain Jarziz represented high quality water because the percentage difference between actual and WHO was 78.78% compared to Ain Al-Nabi Ayoub, where the difference percentage was 105.95 %. Quantity of dissolved solid particles has a big effect on TDS and conductivity compared to the turbidity. Identification system was used to evaluate the effect of the quality of the chemical composition on the turbidity for Ions of Cl-1, So4 -2, Ca+2, Na+1, Mg+2, and K+1 to be equal to 99.52%, 75.4%, 92.548%, 95.346%, 98.011%, and 97.33 %, respectively. However, more studies are required to conform with the outcomes of this research employing this energetic technique.

scholarly journals Market penetration of Xpert MTB/RIF in high tuberculosis burden countries: A trend analysis from 2014 - 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danielle Cazabon ◽  
Tripti Pande ◽  
Sandra Kik ◽  
Wayne Van Gemert ◽  
Hojoon Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
World Health ◽  
Sputum Smear ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Market Penetration ◽  
The Public ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Roll Out ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: Xpert® MTB/RIF, a rapid tuberculosis (TB) molecular test, was endorsed by the World Health Organization in 2010. Since then, 34.4 million cartridges have been procured under concessional pricing. Although the roll out of this diagnostic is promising, previous studies showed low market penetration. Methods: To assess 3-year trends of market penetration of Xpert MTB/RIF in the public sector, smear and Xpert MTB/RIF volumes for the year 2016 were evaluated and policies from 2014-2016 within 22 high-burden countries (HBCs) were studied. A structured questionnaire was sent to representatives of 22 HBCs. The questionnaires assessed the total smear and Xpert MTB/RIF volumes, number of modules and days of operation of GeneXpert machines in National TB Programs (NTPs). Data regarding the use of NTP GeneXpert machines for other diseases and GeneXpert procurement by other disease control programs were collected. Market penetration was estimated by the ratio of total sputum smear volume for initial diagnosis divided by the number of Xpert MTB/RIF tests procured in the public sector. Results: The survey response rate was 21/22 (95%). Smear/Xpert ratios decreased in 17/21 countries and increased in four countries, since 2014. The median ratio decreased from 32.6 (IQR: 44.6) in 2014 to 6.0 (IQR: 15.4) in 2016. In 2016, the median GeneXpert utilization was 20%, however seven countries (7/19; 37%) were running tests for other diseases on their NTP-procured GeneXpert systems in 2017, such as HIV, hepatitis-C virus (HCV), Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Five (5/15; 33%) countries reported GeneXpert procurement by HIV or HCV programs in 2016 and/or 2017. Conclusions: Our results show a positive trend for Xpert MTB/RIF market penetration in 21 HBC public sectors. However, GeneXpert machines were under-utilized for TB, and inadequately exploited as a multi disease technology.

scholarly journals Chemical Constituents and Larvicidal Properties of n-Hexane Extract of Parinari excelsa Seeds

2021 ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
A. Dokubo ◽  
F. G. Obomanu ◽  
N. Ebere ◽  
G. I. Ndukwe
Keyword(s):  
Larvicidal Activity ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Larval Mortality ◽  
Hexane Extract ◽  
World Health ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Compositions ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Health Organization

The study was conducted to investigate the chemical compositions and larvicidal effect of n-hexane extract of Parinari excelsa seeds against fourth instar larvae of Culex mosquito after 24 h and 48 h exposure. The chemical composition of n-hexane extract of P. excelsa seeds were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Larvicidal activity was performed following standard procedures of World Health Organization (WHO). GC-MS analysis showed that the seed extract of P. excelsa contained hexadecyl phenyl carbonate with highest percentage (7.502%, RT=26.39), followed by tetradecyl phenyl carbonate (5.77%, RT=25.90), 1-methyl cyclohex-3-enyldodecyl fumarate (5.70%, RT=24.58), decyl phenyl carbonate (4.70%, RT=28.64) and the lowest, octadecyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbonate (0.62%, RT=13.71). The result showed significant (p<0.05) mortality of larvae  in 24 h and 48 h of exposure. However, the highest larval mortality  was recorded at 48 h exposure. Result of regression analysis indicated that mortality rate positively correlated with concentration having a regression coefficient (R) close to one in each exposure case. The estimated lethal concentrations (LC50) for 24 h and 48 h exposure were 2.056±0.176 µg/ml and 0.429±0.150 µg/ml respectively. This indicates that larvicidal activity recorded for 48 h exposure was 4.8 times more than that recorded for 24 h exposure. The study demonstrated that n-hexane extract of P. excelsa seeds exhibited larvicidal potential and can be utilized as biopesticides to minimize the multiplication of mosquitoes that transmit vector borne diseases.

Pyrethroid Susceptibility in Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) Populations from Delta State, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chioma C Ojianwuna ◽  
Ahmed I Omotayo ◽  
Victor N Enwemiwe ◽  
Fouad A Adetoro ◽  
Destiny N Eyeboka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Niger Delta ◽  
World Health ◽  
Delta Region ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Vector Borne Diseases ◽  
Niger Delta Region ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Health Organization

Abstract The development of insecticide resistance in different species of mosquitoes to Pyrethroids is a major challenge for vector-borne diseases transmitted by mosquitoes. Failure of Pyrethroids in control of mosquitoes would impact negatively on the gains recorded in control of mosquito-borne diseases in previous years. In anticipation of a country-wide deployment of Pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Nigeria, this study assessed susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae) to Pyrethroids in Owhelogbo, Ejeme and Oria-Abraka communities in Delta State, Niger-Delta, Nigeria. Three to five day old Cx. quinquefasciatus were exposed to Deltamethrin (0.05%), Permethrin (0.75%), and Alphacypermethrin (0.05%) using World Health Organization bioassay method. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed in characterization of species and knockdown mutation. Results revealed that Cx. quinquefasciatus were generally susceptible (98-100%) to Deltamethrin, Permethrin, and Alphacypermethrin in the three communities with the exception of Owhelogbo where resistance to Deltamethrin (97%) was suspected. Knockdown time to Deltamethrin (11.51, 11.23, and 12.68 min), Permethrin (28.75, 13.26, and 14.49 min), and Alphacypermethrin (15.07, 12.50, and 13.03 min) were considerably low for Owhelogbo, Ejeme, and Oria-Abraka Cx. quinquefasciatus populations, respectively. Species identification result showed that all amplified samples were Cx. quinquefasciatus; however, no kdr allele was found in the three populations. Deployment of pyrethroid-treated nets for control of mosquito-borne diseases in Niger-Delta region of Nigeria is capable of reducing burden of diseases transmitted by Cx. quinquefasciatus as well as addressing nuisance value of the vector; however, caution must be entertained so as not to increase selection pressure thereby aiding resistance development.

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