scholarly journals ANATOMICAL BASIS OF BIOMECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SUPERFICIAL TISSUES OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-203
Author(s):  
V.S. Drabovskiy ◽  
N.R. Kerbazh ◽  
A.K. Akeyshi ◽  
Ya.V. Rybalka
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Rapid Weight Loss ◽  
Anatomical Basis ◽  
Deformation Properties ◽  
Mechanical Factors

Biomechanics is a science that studies the mechanical properties of tissues, individual organs and systems and the body as a whole. The unique mechanical properties of the skin provide the function of support and protection of internal organs through the skin mobility and elasticity. This feature of the skin is determined by its microstructural organization and arrangement of connective tissue fibres. The mechanical properties of the skin are mainly determined by the collagen-rich dermis. The mechanics of the dermis, in turn, depends on the structure, density and direction of collagen fibres. Each biological tissue is able to acquire deformation properties i.e. stretching or contraction. At each stage of deformation in the tissues of different topographic and anatomical areas there are changes in histoarchitectonics (within the plastic characteristics, and outside these parameters). Different structural interactions are expressed by different mechanical factors, which are adequate to the magnitude and direction of tensile forces (deformation vectors), form the typical features of the connective tissue matrix of abdominal wall tissues. Normalization of the direction of tissue stress vectors, uniform distribution of the direction and force of deformation prevent microstructural rearrangement of the surface tissues of the abdominal wall. Dynamic changes in the histological structure and biomechanical behaviour of the skin are closely related to the aging process, hormonal background, mechanical factors: physiological stretching of the skin during rapid growth in adolescence, pregnancy, overweight (or rapid weight loss), under the influence of physical load and wound healing. All these factors lead to connective tissue remodelling. Thus, the skin has a complex three-dimensional morphological structure; it is subjected to prolonged exposure to internal and external factors that determines its mechanical properties.

HISTOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF 3-TRIFLUORMETHYL-4-NITROPHENOL (TFM) ON LARVAL LAMPREY AND TROUT

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Christie ◽  
Helen I. Battle
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Periodic Acid ◽  
Secretory Activity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Periodic Acid Schiff ◽  
Sinusoidal Dilatation ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Red Coloration

Larvae of the lamprey, Entosphenus lamottei (Le Sueur), and rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, were exposed to the sodium salt of 3-trifluormethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) in concentrations of 0.75 p.p.m., 3.00 p.p.m., and 6.00 p.p.m. Microscopic examination of changes induced in the gills, liver, cloacal region, and musculature were made on 7-micron sections stained with Harris' haematoxylin and Bowie's eosin, and in the gill region with periodic acid Schiff reagent. A comparison of the degree of the effects in the two species was made by planimetry of the vascular, cellular, and edematous areas from enlarged drawings of sections.Upon exposure to lethal concentrations of TFM, the body of the larval lamprey becomes distended at the pharyngeal level and heavy cords of mucus emerge from the external gill clefts. A deep red coloration is evident in the pharyngeal region consequent upon vasodilatation of the arterioles and capillaries of the gill filaments. Trout exhibit a similar vasodilatation of the gills together with increased mucous secretion. Edema in the connective tissue between the respiratory epithelium and the vascular endothelium is induced in both species. After prolonged exposure to TFM, the mucous cells in the lining of the branchial chamber and covering the tips of the gill filaments are actively discharging their secretions or completely spent.Certain effects induced by TFM in the larval lamprey are not evident in the trout. The cloacal region takes on a deep red coloration due to dilatation of the venous sinuses and the liver becomes reddish because of sinusoidal dilatation. Extensive edema of the fibrous connective tissue of the skeletal musculature is characteristically present. A slightly increased secretory activity of mucous-secreting cells may occur in the epidermis.With the techniques employed in this study, there was no evidence in either species of cytological or histological changes in the nervous tissue, cardiac musculature, notochord, alimentary canal (including the haemopoietic typhlosole of the lamprey), or mesonephros.

Abdominal wall hernias

2018 ◽  
pp. 529-540
Author(s):  
Abdullah Jibawi ◽  
Mohamed Baguneid ◽  
Arnab Bhowmick
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Chronic Cough ◽  
Incidental Finding ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abdominal Pressure ◽  
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Danlos Syndrome ◽  
Groin Hernias

Hernias are abnormal protrusion of an organ through a weakness/defect in the body wall that contains it. Classifications include groin hernias, ventral abdominal wall hernias (umbilical, femoral), incisional, Spigelian, and lumbar hernias. Inguinal hernias are the commonest types of abdominal wall hernias (~75%). Male are affected 15-times more frequently. Hernias are more common in smokers, patients with underlying connective tissue disorders (Ehlers Danlos Syndrome, Marfan syndrome), and patients with increased intra-abdominal pressure (obesity, heavy lifting, chronic cough, and chronic straining during defecation and urination). Hernias present as incidental finding on imaging, asymptomatic lumps, painful lumps, or incarcerated or strangulated hernias. Clinical history and examination are the mainstay of diagnosis. Most hernias are treated with surgical repair (open or laparoscopic). Conservative wait and watch policy is indicated in some cases.

Biomechanics of the lung parenchyma: critical roles of collagen and mechanical forces

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 1892-1899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Béla Suki ◽  
Satoru Ito ◽  
Dimitrije Stamenović ◽  
Kenneth R. Lutchen ◽  
Edward P. Ingenito
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Macromolecules ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Connective Tissues ◽  
Architectural Organization

The biomechanical properties of connective tissues play fundamental roles in how mechanical interactions of the body with its environment produce physical forces at the cellular level. It is now recognized that mechanical interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) have major regulatory effects on cellular physiology and cell-cycle kinetics that can lead to the reorganization and remodeling of the ECM. The connective tissues are composed of cells and the ECM, which includes water and a variety of biological macromolecules. The macromolecules that are most important in determining the mechanical properties of these tissues are collagen, elastin, and proteoglycans. Among these macromolecules, the most abundant and perhaps most critical for structural integrity is collagen. In this review, we examine how mechanical forces affect the physiological functioning of the lung parenchyma, with special emphasis on the role of collagen. First, we overview the composition of the connective tissue of the lung and their complex structural organization. We then describe how mechanical properties of the parenchyma arise from its composition as well as from the architectural organization of the connective tissue. We argue that, because collagen is the most important load-bearing component of the parenchymal connective tissue, it is also critical in determining the homeostasis and cellular responses to injury. Finally, we overview the interactions between the parenchymal collagen network and cellular remodeling and speculate how mechanotransduction might contribute to disease propagation and the development of small- and large-scale heterogeneities with implications to impaired lung function in emphysema.

Surgical Anatomy of the Retroperitoneal Spaces–Part I: Embryogenesis and Anatomy

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (11) ◽  
pp. 1091-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petros Mirilas ◽  
John E. Skandalakis
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Abdominal Wall ◽  
Body Wall ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retroperitoneal Space ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Loose Connective Tissue ◽  
Posterior Abdominal Wall ◽  
Renal Fascia

Embryologically, the retroperitoneal (extraperitoneal) connective tissue includes three strata, which respectively form the internal fascia lining of the body wall, the renal fascia, and the covering of the gastrointestinal viscera. All organs, vessels, and nerves, that lie on the posterior abdominal wall, along with their tissues and surrounding connective and fascial planes, are collectively referred to as the retroperitoneum. The retroperitoneal space is the area of the posterior abdominal wall that is located between the parietal peritoneum and the fascia. Within the greater retroperitoneal space, there are also several small spaces, or subcompartments. Loose connective tissue and fat surround the anatomic entities, and, to a variable degree, occupy the subcompartments. The multilaminar thoracolumbar (lumbodorsal) fascia begins at the occipital area and terminates at the sacrum.

scholarly journals Morphology and histology of the uropygial gland in Antarctic birds: relationship with their contact with the aquatic environment?

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Cecilia Chiale ◽  
Patricia E. Fernández ◽  
Eduardo J. Gimeno ◽  
Claudio Barbeito ◽  
Diego Montalti
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Aquatic Environment ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
The Body ◽  
Relative Mass ◽  
Secretory Cells ◽  
Histological Structure ◽  
Uropygial Gland ◽  
Storage Chamber

The uropygial gland is morphologically different in diverse bird species. This gland was macroscopically and microscopically examined in penguins, storm petrels and skuas. In all the studied species, the gland showed a connective tissue capsule and one papilla. A negative relationship was observed between the relative glandular mass and the body mass, being highest in petrels (small glands) and lowest in penguins (large glands). Birds that spend much time in water (penguins) have gland characteristics related to a continuous, but not stored, secretion, such as straight adenomers, the presence of abundant elastic fibres in the connective tissue and the absence of a primary storage chamber. Instead, birds that have less contact with water (storm petrels) have a gland with much more tortuous adenomers and a small primary storage chamber. The secretory cells showed a positive PAS reaction in all the glandular zones. Therefore, no differences could be seen between the sebaceous and glucogenic zones, as proposed in other birds. These results allow the conclusion that, in aquatic birds, there is no connection between the relative mass of the uropygial gland and the time in contact with water, though the differences found in the histological structure could be related to a different contact with the aquatic environment.

scholarly journals Novel Hydrogels of Chitosan and Poly (vinyl alcohol) Reinforced with Inorganic Particles of Bioactive Glass

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 691
Author(s):  
O. Sánchez-Aguinagalde ◽  
Ainhoa Lejardi ◽  
Emilio Meaurio ◽  
Rebeca Hernández ◽  
Carmen Mijangos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Bioactive Glass ◽  
Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inorganic Particles ◽  
Release Studies

Chitosan (CS) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogels, a polymeric system that shows a broad potential in biomedical applications, were developed. Despite the advantages they present, their mechanical properties are insufficient to support the loads that appear on the body. Thus, it was proposed to reinforce these gels with inorganic glass particles (BG) in order to improve mechanical properties and bioactivity and to see how this reinforcement affects levofloxacin drug release kinetics. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), swelling tests, rheology and drug release studies characterized the resulting hydrogels. The experimental results verified the bioactivity of these gels, showed an improvement of the mechanical properties and proved that the added bioactive glass does affect the release kinetics.

Influence of the mechanical stretch property of fabrics on the wear comfort of men’s suit pants

2021 ◽  
pp. 004051752110191
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Kanai ◽  
Kentaro Ogawa ◽  
Tetsu Sasagawa ◽  
Kiyohiro Shibata
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Pressure Measurement ◽  
Mechanical Stretch ◽  
The Body ◽  
Weft Yarn ◽  
Elongation Ratio ◽  
Weft Direction ◽  
Wear Comfort ◽  
Finishing Process ◽  
Elastic Thread

The stretch property of fabrics is one of the most important factors that provide comfort to wearers. It is expected that tension building up in the fabric can be relaxed and the garment pressure on the body can be reduced by appropriately exploiting its stretch property. Currently, the stretch property is predominantly realized using spandex. However, weaving or knitting elastic threads cannot be employed for the worsted fabric used to design men’s suits because of their effects on the mechanical properties of the fabric (e.g., embrittlement), which deteriorate with time. In this study, worsted fabric with a graded mechanical stretch property was produced, and the effect of the mechanical stretch property on comfort was verified. The mechanical stretch property is developed from the tension relaxation and fabric shrinkage along the weft yarn during the crabbing, scouring, and drying stages of the finishing process. Then, the form of the fabric is set by heating. In this study, the worsted fabric had an elongation ratio varying from 5.9% to 16.1% along the weft direction that was produced without using elastic thread. Furthermore, men’s suit pants were made from the fabrics. The effect of the stretch property on the garment comfort was verified through sensory evaluation and garment pressure measurement. The contribution of the mechanical stretch property in improving the garment comfort of men’s suit pants is discussed.

scholarly journals Keloidal pathophysiology: Current notions

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205951312098032
Author(s):  
Chenyu Huang ◽  
Rei Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Web Of Science ◽  
English Literature ◽  
The Body ◽  
Mechanical Forces ◽  
Healthy Skin ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Components ◽  
Keloid Formation ◽  
Mechanical Factors ◽  
Pathological Scar

Introduction: Keloids are pathological scars that are notorious for their chronic and relentless invasion into adjacent healthy skin, with commonly seen post-therapeutic recurrence after monotherapies. Methods: An English literature review on keloid pathophysiology was performed by searching the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases, to find out the up-to-date relevant articles. The level of evidence was evaluated based on the included studies with the highest level of evidence first. Results: Keloid morphology, signs, symptoms and the histopathological changes that occur in the local cells and extracellular matrix components are described. The theories on the pathophysiology of keloidogenesis that have been proposed to date are also covered; these include endocrinological, nutritional, vascular, and autoimmunological factors. In addition, we describe the local mechanical forces (and the mechanosignalling pathways by which these forces shape keloid cell activities) that promote keloid formation and determine the direction of invasion of keloids and the body sites that are prone to them. Conclusion: A better understanding of this pathological entity, particularly its mechanobiology, will aid the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for use in the clinic to prevent, reduce or even reverse the growth of this pathological scar. Lay Summary Keloids are skin scars that are famous for their chronic invasion into healthy skin, with commonly seen recurrence after surgeries. Cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, mast cells and endothelial cells are involved in keloid growth. Particularly, endocrinological, nutritional, vascular, autoimmunological and mechanical factors actively take part in keloid progression.

scholarly journals Injectable non-leaching tissue-mimetic bottlebrush elastomers as an advanced platform for reconstructive surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erfan Dashtimoghadam ◽  
Farahnaz Fahimipour ◽  
Andrew N. Keith ◽  
Foad Vashahi ◽  
Pavel Popryadukhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Significant Health

AbstractCurrent materials used in biomedical devices do not match tissue’s mechanical properties and leach various chemicals into the body. These deficiencies pose significant health risks that are further exacerbated by invasive implantation procedures. Herein, we leverage the brush-like polymer architecture to design and administer minimally invasive injectable elastomers that cure in vivo into leachable-free implants with mechanical properties matching the surrounding tissue. This strategy allows tuning curing time from minutes to hours, which empowers a broad range of biomedical applications from rapid wound sealing to time-intensive reconstructive surgery. These injectable elastomers support in vitro cell proliferation, while also demonstrating in vivo implant integrity with a mild inflammatory response and minimal fibrotic encapsulation.

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