Impact of Washing Process on the Physical Properties of Denim Fabric (Twill and Dobby)

The study was focused on investigating the impact of different washing processes (dark shade, medium shade, light shade) on various properties of denim fabric. Two different types of fabrics with twill and dobby weave constructions were produced from cotton, spandex, and polyester yarn, and different types of washing processes were applied. Dimensional stability, tensile strength, tearing strength, EPI and PPI, weight, colorfastness to rubbing, colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline), and colorfastness to water was investigated and comparisons were made statistically between the before washed sample and after washed sample. It is found that the process result shows better tear and tensile strength in case of dark & medium shade wash than light shade wash. On the other hand, weight and EPI & PPI have shown better result for light wash than other wash. Colorfastness to rubbing, Colorfastness to water, and Colorfastness to perspiration (acid and alkaline medium) are similar. The shrinkage% is higher especially in the weft direction of the fabric for light wash than the dark wash.

Cotton canvas trousers washing: an inception of a new horizon in apparel industry

Nowadays, fashionable trouser (denim) with washing effect is very popular, especially among the youth. The global fashion trend has led to the development of diverse washing processes that are predominantly applied to denim fabric. However, no known research has studied the application of the washing effect on canvas fabric. Therefore, this paper aims to make fashionable canvas fabric trousers by applying various washing effects. To do so, ready-to-dye canvas fabric trouser was constructed, then dyed with dischargeable reactive dye (Lava). Chemical washing processes such as whisker, enzyme, and PP spray were then applied on dyed canvas trousers. Finally, developed samples were being characterized by mechanical tests such as tensile strength, tear strength, stiffness, abrasion, pilling, colorfastness to wash, and colorfastness to rubbing. Besides, to evaluate fabric surface, various tests such as Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM), Reflectance% values have also been characterized. Tensile strength, tear strength, stiffness, reflectance% value, and wear index% changed significantly for every subsequent process. The tensile strength of finished trousers was 489.87 N at warp and 350.57 N at weft direction and the tear strength was 48.01 N and 35.56 N at warp and weft direction, respectively. The reflectance% value of 18.74 was observed at the PP sprayed area. Overall, the research revealed the possibility of using cotton canvas as a pair of fashionable trousers contributing to the development of the apparel industry.

Proses Bleach Washing pada Kain Denim yang Dicelup dengan Zat Warna Indigo Menggunakan Natrium Hipochlorit (NaOCl)

The process of bleach washing on denim fabrics produces a paler or lighter shabby effect. The shabby effect is produced by using an oxidizing agent. The application of sodium hypochlorite can cause a decrease in color aging of denim fabrics and high tensile strength. The pH condition also affects the occurrence of oxycellulose damage which will affect the final result. Inappropriate pH will cause a very high oxidation process and produce a less shabby effect and can cause a decrease in tensile strength. Therefore, the concentration of NaOCl and pH must be adjusted properly so that optimal results are obtained. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of optimum concentration of sodium hypochorite (NaOCl) and pH on the physical properties of denim fabric. After the process of bleach washing process experiment was carried out, a test was carried out based on two-factor Anova statistical data and the optimum visual test fabric results were obtained at a NaOCl concentration of 2 g/L using alkaline pH (10-11). The test values were obtained as follows: color fastness to rubbing are 3-4 for dry, 2-3 for wet, tensile strength 67.4 kg in warp direction, 43.1 in weft direction, fabric stiffness in warp direction 430.48, weft direction 344.54. The factory standard for a tensile strength of 65 kg warp direction, 40 kg weft direction, color fastness to rubbing 3 for dry rubbing and 2 for wet rubbing. Keywords: bleach washing, denim, sodium hypochlorite, oxycellulose, color fastnes

Tribological and Mechanical Properties Investigations of Post-Consumer Cotton Textiles

In this manuscript surface roughness, coefficient of friction (COF) and tensile properties of a post-consumer cotton fabric are evaluated. Fabric roughness, COF, effective tensile force and breaking force measured by optical profilometer, CETR tribometer and Instron tensile machine, respectively. The results proved that COF could rely on fabric pattern. Moreover, microscopically roughness influences on friction and tensile properties due to surface defects. It was found that increase in roughness of textile cotton relates to increase of number of random directional fibers. These fibers intensify friction and reduce tensile properties. The reduced values of tensile (140.49 N), breaking (123.23 N) and effective tensile force (251.43 N) of warp direction are greater than values of tensile (79.54 N), breaking (67.97 N) and effective tensile force (179.69 N) of weft direction. These effects can lower cutting performance of post-consumer textile.

Influence of the mechanical stretch property of fabrics on the wear comfort of men’s suit pants

The stretch property of fabrics is one of the most important factors that provide comfort to wearers. It is expected that tension building up in the fabric can be relaxed and the garment pressure on the body can be reduced by appropriately exploiting its stretch property. Currently, the stretch property is predominantly realized using spandex. However, weaving or knitting elastic threads cannot be employed for the worsted fabric used to design men’s suits because of their effects on the mechanical properties of the fabric (e.g., embrittlement), which deteriorate with time. In this study, worsted fabric with a graded mechanical stretch property was produced, and the effect of the mechanical stretch property on comfort was verified. The mechanical stretch property is developed from the tension relaxation and fabric shrinkage along the weft yarn during the crabbing, scouring, and drying stages of the finishing process. Then, the form of the fabric is set by heating. In this study, the worsted fabric had an elongation ratio varying from 5.9% to 16.1% along the weft direction that was produced without using elastic thread. Furthermore, men’s suit pants were made from the fabrics. The effect of the stretch property on the garment comfort was verified through sensory evaluation and garment pressure measurement. The contribution of the mechanical stretch property in improving the garment comfort of men’s suit pants is discussed.

The Effect of DBD Plasma Activation Time on the Dyeability of Woven Polyester Fabric with Disperse Dye

This study consists of two parts. In the first, the woven polyester fabric, after washing to remove lubricant oils, was treated with the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma at the short plasma exposure time (from 15 to 90 s). The effect of the plasma exposure time on the activation of the polyester fabric was assessed by the wicking height of the samples. The results show that the wicking height in the warp direction of the plasma-treated samples improved but was virtually unchanged in the weft direction. Meanwhile, although the tensile strength in the warp direction of the fabric was virtually unaffected despite the plasma treatment time up to 90 s, in the weft direction it increased slightly with the plasma treatment time. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images and the X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of the samples before and after the plasma treatment were used to explain the nature of these phenomena. Based on the results of the first part, in the second part, two levels of the plasma treatment time (30 and 60 s) were selected to study their effect on the polyester fabric dyeability with disperse dyes. The color strength (K/S) values of the dyed samples were used to evaluate the dyeability of the fabric. The SEM images of the dyed samples also showed the difference in the dyeability between the plasma-treated and untreated samples. A new feature of this study is the DBD plasma treatment condition for polyester fabrics. The first is the use of DBD plasma in air (no addition of gas). Second is the very short plasma treatment time (only 15 to 90 s); this condition will be very favorable for the deployment on an industrial scale.

An investigation of the effects of weave types on surface roughness of woven fabric

The fabrics intended for clothing have more emphasis on their appearance and handling characteristics such as luster, smoothness or roughness, stiffness or limpness, and draping qualities. Nowadays, evaluating fabric touch can be of great interest in the industry to match the quality needs of the consumer and the parameters for the manufacturing process. Throughout this study, the effect of weave types on the surface roughness of cotton woven fabric was investigated and analyzed. Three different weave types namely, plain 1/1, twill 1/3, and sateen 8/3 were investigated. The fabric parameters were 27*20Ne (warp/weft) count of yarn, 38*18 (EPC [Ends per Centimeters]/PPC [Picks per Centimeters]) thread density, and 710 CN/TEX (Cent-newton per Tex) with warp tension was produced by air-jet loom. The findings of this study revealed that the surface roughness values of all the fabrics increased regularly on moving from plain 1/1 weave to sateen 8/3 weave. But, the surface roughness of fabric in the weft direction is higher than in the warp direction. The weave type is statistically significant at a confidence interval of 95% and can effectively be used to describe the surface roughness for both warp and weft direction of woven fabrics. The pairwise comparison reveals that it is statistically significant for weave types in the warp and weft direction of the fabrics. This investigation and analysis of weave types on surface roughness of cotton woven fabrics help textile technologies and manufacturers to consider the weave types during the production of fabrics for different end applications.

Biaxial Cyclic Loading of Woven Fabrics

For the purpose of this paper, investigations were carried out on specifically designed fabrics with different structural parameters. The biaxial cyclic loading of fabrics and its consequences were investigated. The weave structures with the smallest weave units (plain weave, basket weave 2/2, rib weave 1/1 (2+2) and rib weave 2/2 (1+1) with the same warp and weft density (24 ends/cm and 24 picks/cm) were selected. Biaxial cyclic loadings of fabrics were performed on a newly developed patented device. The influence of the low level of cyclic loadings of fabrics on the change of tensile properties in warp and weft direction was investigated. The results showed that the low level of biaxial cyclic loading can lead to a permanent linear deformation of fabrics. Despite the fact that the forces that cyclically strain the fabric in two directions amount to 10% of the breaking elongation, after a certain number of cycles there is an irreversible deformation and reduction of breaking forces, but sometimes they can result in an increase in breaking forces. It was found that the tensile elongation of fabrics is affected both by thread crimping and by the structural properties of fabrics resulting from changes in the weave.

Improved mechanical performance of three-dimensional woven glass/epoxy spacer composites with carbon nanotubes

Three-dimensional polymer composites offer various features and design options due to their hollow structure and lightweight. However, to exploit their advantages, it is a must to improve their structural features and mechanical performances including out-plane direction. Although introducing thermoplastic fillers between the plies or multilayered design addresses on this critical issue, the benefits offered by the nanoparticles with superior mechanical properties come a step forward as an another engineering solution. Based on this motivation, the goal of this study is to investigate the impact of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on the mechanical and thermomechanical performances of three-dimensional woven glass/epoxy spacer composites. Therefore, multiwalled carbon nanotubes at various content were introduced into epoxy matrix, and the multiwalled carbon nanotubes–epoxy mixture was infused to three-dimensional woven fabric with the vacuum-assisted resin transfer method. The obtained results indicated that the three-point bending strength and modulus were enhanced up to 25 and 80% for warp direction and enhanced up to 44 and 85% for weft direction with carbon nanotube addition, respectively. Tensile strength developed in the warp direction by 7%, while the strength value in the weft direction did not change. The tensile strain values for warp and weft directions enhanced up to 19 and 12% with carbon nanotube addition, respectively. In addition, thermomechanical analysis has revealed that the glass transition temperature and storage modulus were also improved. Particle dispersion detection with color measurement and scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed the effectiveness of the ultrasonic mixing on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes in the epoxy matrix. The consequences of carbon nanotube addition on microscale morphology were discussed based on the fracture morphologies to nanoscale and microscale toughening mechanisms in the existence of carbon nanotube reinforcement.

Kumaşlarda Hatayı Yerel Olarak Arayan Denetimsiz Bir Sistem

Defects in the fabrics during or after weaving reduce the quality of them. With the development of technology, the frequency of the defects seen in fabrics has decreased, but still occurs. In the process of detecting fabric defects, the quality control unit tries to detect fabric defects. This process is both personal and time consuming, leading to costly and personal Errors. For this reason, solutions have been proposed in studies to carry out and automate the process under computer control. In this study, fabric images are divided into blocks of equal sizes to find out whether there are any defects in the fabrics. The features, which are Extracted by applying feature extraction method to each block of the image, are inserted into the K-means clustering algorithm. Two different methods are applied for feature extraction (gray level co-formation matrix and median difference) and their performances have been compared. The success rate of detecting the defect increases up to 97.99% when the gray level co-occurrence matrix is used. The success rate of detecting the defect increases up to 86.91% when the median differences are used. In addition, In addition, when the success rates are calculated separately for the defects in the weft direction and the defects in the warp direction, it is concluded that the defects in the weft direction are easier to find than the defects in the warp direction.