scholarly journals On the Subject of Testamentary Burden against the Background of German Law

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 83-105
Author(s):  
Jacek Trzewik

The making of a last will and testament by a testator is an act in law. The testator is entitled to make specific dispositions to execute their last will, such as identifying an heir, making ordinary or vindication legacies, or appointing an executor of the will. At the same time, the number of potential aims intended to be achieved by the testator corresponds to the number of possible life situations that cannot be resolved through the testator’s dispositions regarding their estate. It is therefore necessary to equip the testator with such legal means that will allow them to achieve both material and non-material objectives. This is the role of the institution of testamentary burden. It has been regulated in the Polish legal system only superficially; therefore, the author refers to the legacy of German legislation to offer a better understanding of the solution.

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Beata Gessel-Kalinowska vel Kalisz

THE PERCEPTION OF THE PRACTICE OF CONFIDENTIALITY IN ARBITRATION. AN ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF A SURVEY CARRIED OUT BY THE LEWIATAN COURT OF ARBITRATION AMONG POLISH ARBITRATION PRACTITIONERS Summary As with numerous other systems of law, such as Norwegian, Swedish or Australian law, the Polish legal system does not have a clear and uniform norm of law governing confidentiality and privacy in arbitration. Public opinion frequently refers to the role of custom as the source of the obligation to preserve confidentiality, although usually it does so without a detailed analysis of the subject and object of this obligation. This fact provided the inspiration for a survey carried out among Polish arbitration practitioners. The results of the survey present an interesting picture of what is subjectively perceived by arbitration practitioners as forming part of the confidentiality canons in arbitration proceedings. In principle, they reflect the worldwide trends, i.e. as far as the object of the confidentiality obligation is concerned – in camera sessions and the confidentiality of awards, and as regards its subject – the confidentiality obligation imposed on arbitrators and arbitration institutions. In addition, the customary practice of keeping confidential any information obtained in the course of proceedings is perceived as the right conduct as far as the object of the obligation is concerned. One of the very controversial issues is the matter of parties’ responsibilities, which leads to further questions as to individual arbitrators’ membership of the social (professional) group known as “arbitration practitioners”.


2011 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 271-279
Author(s):  
James Thomas

What I’m suggesting is that the model for Descartes’s defence of Renaissance science would be Aquinas’s own defence of thirteenth-century Aristotelian science, except that the coherence of the will took on the role of the consistency of concepts, as the controlling factor in the analyses of all types of science. As a result, the new science would incorporate the awareness of Platonic ideas and the divisibility of Euclidean space as equally valid input into a dialectical knowledge of sensory experience. You can read the early arguments to doubt the reality of sensory experience and reason as a way of dividing out the experience of the will in affirming or denying an object’s nature, as the subject for subsequent inquiry.


2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Emad Mohammad Al Amaren ◽  
Rachma Indriyani

<p>Contracts play a significant role in both economic and commercial transactions, whether internal contract within a national legal system of a State or contract with international nature due to there is more than one legal system would be involved. As a tool that runs international trade and a means of economic exchanges across the border, it can not be denied that many practitioners have high stakes and interest through a contract. The internationality of the contract may impose its subordination to a law other than the law of the judge, and may be subjected to the international substantive rules represented in the most common rules of international law or common principles of international trade rules. Therefore, the definition of the concept of an international contract is a critical issue for the consequences of this limitation. Therefore, the appraisal between domestic and international contract is crucial to do as well as the role of the will in internationalizing the contract.</p>


2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph J. De Bruyn

Initially there was not supposed to be a prophetic office in Israel. ‘Prophetism’ was considered to be part of work that the priests performed. Thus, the priests were seen to be acting as prophets. Generally speaking, the prophets of the Old Testament are described as people who preached the Word of God. In the same way, priests are generally described as people who fulfilled functions at the temple and whose task it was to sacrifice on behalf of the Israelites. This article, however, argues that Yahweh intended much more through the establishment and ministry of the priests than merely administer sacrifices. It is the contention that Yahweh ordained the office of priests to preach the Word of God or to give advice in accordance with the will of Yahweh as it is documented in the Torah. The article’s contribution to the subject of prophetism in Israel will begin by studying the chronological history of Israel as it is described in the Hebrew Bible. The terms prophet, prophecy and prophetism will also be examined as they are used in the Hebrew Bible. By doing so, the article will show that it was only when the priests failed in their prophetic calling or when Yahweh wanted to change the cult or political establishment that He called people from outside of the established cult to fulfil the role of prophet. Yahweh used the prophetic office in times of need. One may call it an emergency measure – in times when the priests failed in their calling.Die bedoeling was aanvanklik nie dat daar ’n profetiese amp in Israel moes wees nie. ‘Profetisme’ was veronderstel om deel van die priesterlike amp te wees. Die priesters het dus as profete opgetree. Oor die algemeen word die Ou-Testamentiese profete as persone beskryf wat die Woord van God verkondig het. Op ’n soortgelyke algemene wyse word priesters as persone beskryf wat hulle werk by die tempel verrig het en wie se taak dit was om namens die Israeliete te offer. Hierdie artikel argumenteer egter dat Jahwe oorspronklik met die instelling van die priesteramp meer as net offerdiens in gedagte gehad het. Jahwe het oorspronklik die priesteramp ingestel om die Woord van God te preek en om advies te gee in oorstemming met die wil van Jahwe soos dit in die Tora vervat is. In hierdie artikel word die chronologiese geskiedenis van Israel soos dit in die Hebreeuse Bybel beskryf word, bestudeer. Die terme profeet, profesie en profetisme soos in die Hebreeuse Bybel gebruik, sal ook beskryf word. In die bestudering van hiervan sal aangedui word dat Jahwe persone van buite die kultus slegs as profete aangestel het wanneer die priesters in hulle profetiese taak gefaal het of wanneer Hy verandering in die bestaande kultus of politieke stelsel te weeg wou bring. Jahwe het dus die profete-amp as noodmaatreël gebruik wanneer die priesters in hulle profetiese roeping gefaal het.


2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-548
Author(s):  
Pablo Letelier

AbstractThis article seeks to illustrate the kinds of difficulties that may follow from renouncing a unified approach to restitutionary claims for unjust enrichment. To do so, it draws on the experience of the French legal system, where the notion of unjustified enrichment describes a maxim inspiring various doctrines which have evolved in relative isolation from each other. Relying on this experience, the article argues that the objections recently raised by Nils Jansen against the German law of unjustified enrichment should not lead English lawyers to downplay the value of a unified approach to the subject.


2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 321-346
Author(s):  
Wilson Engelmann ◽  
Raquel Von Hohendorff ◽  
Paulo Júnior Trindade dos Santos

Resumo: Este artigo tem como tema a análise do caso Riggs vs. Palmer, famoso por mudar o entendimento das leis sucessórias norte-americanas e que proporcionou o estudo sobre o papel dos princípios no Direito em Ronald Dworkin. Por meio da avaliação do caso concreto busca-se demonstrar as possibilidades e contribuições do “modelo decisório” norte-americano para o sistema jurídico brasileiro, especialmente no relativo ao “direito fundamental a uma decisão judicial estruturada”, constitucionalmente garantido, e não uma decisão que dependa da vontade do magistrado. O método utilizado é o fenomenológico hermenêutico a partir de Hans-Georg Gadamer, em que o pesquisador está relacionado ao objeto de estudo.  Objetiva-se apresentar características do caso Riggs vs. Palmer, estudar o papel dos princípios na construção do movimento de constitucionalização do Direito e do Direito Privado em especial e seus limites, bem como avaliar o papel da dignidade da pessoa humana na estruturação do diálogo entre as fontes do Direito, como um caminho para reposicionar a Constituição para o centro do sistema jurídico, (re)valorizando-se as possibilidades jurídicas do conjunto das fontes do Direito para dar respostas adequadas às características do caso concreto. Ao final, constatam-se evidências de que a constitucionalização do Direito Privado não é a solução para todos os casos, que o Código Civil e outros textos do Direito Privado ainda deverão ser valorizados, e que a aplicação da dignidade da pessoa humana, apesar da sua centralidade na CF de 1988, é a fundamentação para decisões de situações da vida muito diversificadas, aproximando-se da banalização de seu emprego.Palavras-chave: Caso concreto. Decisão. Princípios. Constituição. Dignidade da pessoa humana. Abstract: This article focuses on the analysis of the case Riggs vs. Palmer, renowned for changing the understanding of North American succession laws that provided the study on the role of the principles in law in Ronald Dworkin. Through the evaluation of the case seeks to demonstrate the possibilities and contributions of the “decision-making model” US to the Brazilian Legal System, especially concerning the “fundamental right to a structured judicial decision”, constitutionally guaranteed and not a decision that depends the will of the Magistrate. The method used is the hermeneutic phenomenological from Hans-Georg Gadamer, where the researcher is related to the subject matter. Aims to present case features Riggs vs. Palmer, studying the role of the principles in the construction of constitutionalising movement of law and private law in particular and its limits and to evaluate the role of human dignity in structuring the dialogue between sources of law, as a way to reposition the Constitution to the center of the legal system, (re)valuing the legal scope of the sources of the Law set to give appropriate responses to the specific case characteristics. In the end, exhibit evidence that constitutionalization of Private Law is not the solution for all cases; and the Civil Code and other legal texts of Private Law should still be valued and that the application of human dignity, despite its centrality in the 1988 CF is the basis for the very diversified life situations decisions, approaching the trivialization of their application.Keywords: Case. Decision. Principles. Constitution; Dignity of human person.


Author(s):  
Jovan Jonovski

Every country has some specific heraldry. In this paper, we will consider heraldry in the Republic of Macedonia, understood by the multitude of coats of arms, and armorial knowledge and art. The paper covers the period from independence until the name change (1991-2019). It covers the state coat of arms of the Republic of Macedonia especially the 2009 change. Special attention is given to the development of the municipal heraldry, including the legal system covering the subject. Also personal heraldry developed in 21 century is considered. The paper covers the development of heraldry and the heraldic thought in the given period, including the role of the Macedonian Heraldic Society and its journal Macedonian Herald in development of theoretic and practical heraldry, as well as its Register of arms and the Macedonian Civic Heraldic System.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (103) ◽  
pp. 355
Author(s):  
María Àngels Porxas Roig

Resumen:La construcción de la capacidad jurídica sobre el concepto de persona racional y capaz excluye a las personas con una enfermedad mental. A pesar de que la noción de enfermedad mental es en sí misma altamente subjetiva y dependiente de contextos históricos y socioculturales, la representación en el imaginario social de las personas con una enfermedad mental tiende a identificarlas por las características negativas que se asocian a sus diagnósticos. El artículo repasa cómo estas nociones jurídicas tradicionales, junto con la representación del enfermo mental en el imaginario colectivo, tienen un impacto en la manera como el derecho ha tratado a las personas con un diagnóstico psiquiátrico, regulando las cuestiones que les conciernen de forma normativamente diferenciada, y justificando limitaciones de derechos en este sentido. El trabajo focaliza el análisis de este tratamiento diferenciado en la institución de la incapacitación civil y en el criterio de interpretación del mejor interés, que son rechazados por la Convención sobre los Derechos de las Personas con Discapacidad (2006) y reemplazados por modelos de apoyo a las decisiones y por el criterio de la voluntad y las preferencias. Estos nuevos parámetros de interpretación de la capacidad jurídica y, por lo tanto, de la constitución del sujeto de derechos, son incompatibles con la perspectiva tradicional y dominante en los sistemas jurídicos actuales, aunque conviven hasta el momento en nuestro ordenamiento jurídico. El artículo repasa también la jurisprudencia más destacada hasta el momento sobre esta cuestión y destaca el valor de los tribunales para adecuar las instituciones actuales a los nuevos parámetros de interpretación. Finalmente, hace una reflexión sobre cómo la implementación de este cambio de paradigma en el entendimiento de la capacidad jurídica y del sujeto de derechos puede tener un impacto en el modo en que la sociedad percibe a la persona con una enfermedad mental, y en su propia identidad, hacia una transformación de la representación de la enfermedad mental en unos términos menos negativos.Summary:I. The subjectivity of the mentally ill and of mental illness. II. The role of law in categorisation. III. The subject of rights in relation to capacity. IV. Legal incompetence and the crash of two legal criterions of interpretation: best interest vs the will and preferences. V. The role of the legal precedents. VI. Conclusion.Abstract:Legal capacity is build-up on the concepts of rationality and capability, which exclude persons with mental illness. Although the notion of mental illness is highly subjective and dependent on historical and sociocultural contexts, the representation on the collective imagination of persons with mental illness tends to identify them by the negative characteristics associated to their diagnosis. The paper reviews how these traditional legal notions, together with the collective imagination representation of the mentally ill, have an impact on the way law has treated persons with a psychiatric diagnostic. It has approached issues that concern them mainly through normative differences and justifying its rights limitations. This work focuses the analysis on the differenced treatment imposed by the civil institution of guardianship and the best interest criterion of interpretation used tojustify it, which are both rejected by the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2006) and replaced by decision support models and by the criterion of the will and preferences. These new values of interpretation of the legal capacity, and thus of the constitution of the subject of rights, are incompatible with the traditional and dominant approach in the current legal systems, despite they coexist now. The paper also analyses the most significant case law on this issue and highlights the value of the courts to adjust the current institutions to the new parameters of interpretation. Finally, it considers how the impact of the change of paradigm on the notions of legal capacity and subject of rights might transform the way society recognizes the person with a mental illness and its own identification, towards a less negative representation of mental illness.


The article is devoted to the analysis of the peculiarities of securing and regulating arbitrability in the countries of the Romano-Germanic legal system, as France, Sweden, Germany and Finland. It is established that arbitration is divided into objective and subjective, each of which has its own specific features in each country's legislation. It is emphasized that French arbitration law is one of the most pro-arbitration in Europe, in particular on matters of arbitrability and public order. Concerning the features of the Swedish regulation of arbitrability, it is stated that arbitrability is determined both by the law applicable to the arbitration agreement and by Swedish law. Unless the dispute is arbitral under one of the above jurisdictions, the arbitral tribunal may not have jurisdiction to hear that particular dispute. It is established that, since the problem of impossibility to enforce an arbitration agreement on a particular issue is, in fact, a problem of the validity of the contract, then the proper moment of verification of arbitrability is the moment of the conclusion of the parties to the arbitration agreement. If the dispute arose at the same time as the parties concluded the agreement and the parties could then settle it amicably, then such dispute shall be arbitrary. The position of the Finnish legislation on limiting the right of a party to an arbitration hearing to request the annulment / refusal of enforcement of an arbitral award on grounds not stated by the arbitral tribunal is analyzed. It has been established that, in the practice of the Finnish courts, there are no examples of restrictions on the right of parties who conclude commercial contracts involving budget (state) financing, to submit disputes from such contracts to the arbitral tribunal. It has been established that any property claim may be the subject of arbitration in Germany. German law reflects the concept of arbitrability, which provides for two conditions for admissibility of the dispute through arbitration: if the subject matter of the dispute does not fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the German state court (objective arbitrability), and when the parties to the dispute entered into a valid arbitration subjective arbitrage).


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
Валерий Лазарев ◽  
Valyeriy Lazaryev ◽  
Дмитрий Фурсов ◽  
Dmitriy Fursov

The problem of establishing the nature of law has deep theoretical roots, because no one can reveal the phenomenon of law. In spite of various scientific aspects of this concept, in practice it is necessary to recognize its role as a single tool. The authors conclude that the court is not only the subject of the interpretation of the jus, not only the enforcer or entity conflict resolution relationship, it introduces its own innovations to the search for justice, it is the creator of the law. The article substantiates the role of the court not only as a guarantor of the existing legal system, but also as an institution imperatively harmonizing the system. The relevance of the study is explained by the fact that the establishment of the nature of law, even in the acts of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation is a very complex problem, which has not been adequately investigated, especially with regard to court’s decisions. But all courts create the “living law”. Without the will of the state, no law is possible, but the jus does not embrace the whole law and the latter always takes priority over the jus. Transformation of a legal activity in the aspect of searching for the law is necessary for all judicial authorities. If the first instance courts shut themselves within the framework of the law, their mission will be extremely limited. They won&#180;t even be able to outline the legal boundaries, where the authorized review judicial authorities and persons involved in the case could in-depth study, evaluate the circumstances associated with the search for and finding of the most justified solution. The authors believe that the law revealed in court decisions, forms the foundation of the rule of law and therefore requires additional account as an important information resource, necessary for the formation of unified law enforcement, for its use by a legislator for the purpose of implementing the models of legal relations, as reflected in the decisions, into legislative acts.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document