scholarly journals Prophylactic and Therapeutic Methods Against Histomoniasis in Poultry

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 593-605
Author(s):  
Nguyen Van Phuong ◽  
Bui Khanh Linh
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Parasitic Disease ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Advanced Technique ◽  
Successful Control

Histomoniasis, commonly known as blackhead disease, is a parasitic disease in poultry caused by the protozoan Histomonas meleagridis. The availability of various compounds for chemotherapy in the 1970s resulted in the successful control of blackhead disease. Since the ban of antihistomonal drugs in the European Union, the disease has re-emerged, resulting in up to 100% mortality in turkey flocks. This has renewed the interest of scientists with numerous publications focusing on prophylactic strategies. This review summarizes the literature on the preventive and curative options for the control and treatment of histomoniasis. Two main approaches to the prophylaxis of the disease were found, which included chemotherapies and plant substrate products. Histostat-50 and paromomycin were the only available drugs that showed antihistomonal activity despite some concern about their threat to human health and antibiotic resistance. None of the plant substrate products provided potential protection to birds against blackhead disease. The use of attenuated histomonads could be an alternative for the prevention of the disease, but the production of this vaccine prototype is still challenging due to advanced technique requirements.

scholarly journals The Warming Climate Aggravates Atmospheric Nitrogen Pollution in Australia

Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Yi Sun ◽  
Baojing Gu ◽  
Hans J. M. van Grinsven ◽  
Stefan Reis ◽  
Shu Kee Lam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Nitrogen Cycle ◽  
Atmospheric Nitrogen ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Cost ◽  
Warming Climate ◽  
The Usa

Australia is a warm country with well-developed agriculture and a highly urbanized population. How these specific features impact the nitrogen cycle, emissions, and consequently affect environmental and human health is not well understood. Here, we find that the ratio of reactive nitrogen (Nr) losses to air over losses to water in Australia is 1.6 as compared to values less than 1.1 in the USA, the European Union, and China. Australian Nr emissions to air increased by more than 70% between 1961 and 2013, from 1.2 Tg N yr-1 to 2.1 Tg N yr-1. Previous emissions were substantially underestimated mainly due to neglecting the warming climate. The estimated health cost from atmospheric Nr emissions in Australia is 4.6 billion US dollars per year. Emissions of Nr to the environment are closely correlated with economic growth, and reduction of Nr losses to air is a priority for sustainable development in Australia.

scholarly journals Hospital use of antibiotics as the main driver of infections with antibiotic-resistant bacteria – a reanalysis of recent data from the European Union

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias M. Fischer ◽  
Matthias Bild
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antibiotic Use ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Individual Member ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Hospital Sector ◽  
Main Driver ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance in bacteria causes significant morbidity worldwide. The development and acquisition of resistance to antibiotics is believed to primarily develop under the selective pressure of widespread antibiotic use in humans, however antimicrobial usage in livestock has been proposed as additional, if not principal, driver of antibiotic resistance. In this work, we correlate recent data from the European Union on antibiotic resistance rates with data on antibiotic usage in the primary care and hospital sector and data on veterinary antimicrobial consumption across the individual member states. We quantify the strength of these different potential drivers of antimicrobial resistance in order to compare their biological importance. We found that the correlation between antibiotic use in the hospital sector and antibiotic resistance rates is significantly higher than the correlation between resistance rates and any of the other two predictors. This suggests increased antibiotic use in hospitals as the main driver of the development of antibiotic resistances and necessitates further research on and a re-evaluation of the risks associated with antibiotic use in human and veterinary medicine.

scholarly journals Conventional and alternative nitrocellulose stabilisers used in gun propellants

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Gańczyk-Specjalska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Chromatographic Analysis ◽  
Toxic Chemicals ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Intensive Research ◽  
Volatile Products ◽  
Gun Propellants ◽  
Better Than

The European Union industry must adapt to the requirements of the REACH regulations, which aim to improve human health and to protect the environment by using less toxic chemicals. The technology for producing nitrocellulose propellants utilises stabilisers that bond volatile products with autocatalytic properties of nitroester degradation. During this process, N-nitroso derivatives are formed, which exhibit toxic/carcinogenic properties. Moreover, some of the impurities found in stabilisers are characterised by toxic properties (e.g. in diphenylamine). In recent years, intensive research has been carried out on alternative nitrocellulose stabilisers with properties similar to or better than conventional stabilisers. The published studies on this subject mainly present research on chromatographic analysis, evaluation of stability using various methods and thermochemical analysis.

Hormonal Confusion

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey C. Kabat
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Hormone Therapy ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Endocrine Disruption ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Environmental Exposures ◽  
Environmental Estrogens ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

In the early 1990s concern emerged that hormonal compounds present in small amounts in food and water – “environmental estrogens” -- could be having subtle effects on human health and wildlife. This concern led to the formulation of the “endocrine-disruption hypothesis,” which has received widespread attention. Over twenty years of research have shown that environmental exposures to these substances is generally minute and are dwarfed by hormonal (phytoestrogenic) compounds in food, as well as by hormone therapy used by some women. Nevertheless, the issue of “endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the environment” is currently under debate within the European Union and elsewhere.

scholarly journals The Use of Liquids Ionic Fluids as Pharmaceutically Active Substances Helpful in Combating Nosocomial Infections Induced by Klebsiella Pneumoniae New Delhi Strain, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Enterococcus Species

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrzej Miskiewicz ◽  
Piotr Ceranowicz ◽  
Mateusz Szymczak ◽  
Krzysztof Bartuś ◽  
Paweł Kowalczyk
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
New Delhi ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Enterococcus Species

This review deals with various microbiological activities of ionic liquids, which constitute the first anti-infective defense against multi-drug-resistant bacteria—with a particular emphasis placed on medicine and pharmacology. The quoted data on the biological activity of ionic liquids including their antimicrobial properties (depending on the type of a cation or an anion) and are discussed in view of possible applications in nosocomial infections. Dedicated attention is given to finding infections with the Klebsiella pneumoniae New Delhi strain, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Enterococcus species, which are responsible for the induction of antibiotic resistance in intensive care units. Diagnosis and treatment using current antibiotics is a significant problem in hospital care, and the relevant burden on the health systems of the European Union member states induces the search for new, effective methods of treatment. Ionic liquids, due to their antibacterial effect, can be considered topical and general medications and may provide the basis for treatment to eliminate the antibiotic resistance phenomenon in the future. At present, the number of infections with resistant pathogens in hospitals and outpatient clinics in the European Union is growing. In 2015–2017, a significant incidence of respiratory and bloodstream infections with bacteria resistant to antibiotics from the 3rd generation group of cephalosporins, glycopeptides, and carbapenems were observed. The paper presents examples of synthesized bifunctional salts with at least one pharmaceutically active ion in obtaining a controlled release, controlled delivery, and biological impact on the pathogenic bacteria, viruses and fungi. The ionic liquids obtained in the presented way may find applications in the treatment of wounds and infections.

scholarly journals Solidarity and responsibility as a framework for the COVID-19 response in the European Union – the European Green Deal is a path?

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-76
Author(s):  
Nataly Carvalho Machado
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Recovery Plan ◽  
Social Recovery ◽  
The Impact

Recognised as an ambitious step, the European Green Deal guides the application of European Union policies not only in the environmental field, but also in other areas that may directly or indirectly interfere with human health and environmental sustainability, with the aim of transforming climate challenges and environmental issues in applicable opportunities. With the COVID-19 crisis, major challenges have emerged and aggravated extant problems in the most varied societies. In the European Union’s context, the impact of the new pandemic stood out, especially at the beginning, showing different responses by the Member States, in a disorderly and isolated way between one border and another, which highlighted when it would be placed in practice. Member States´ solidarity and responsibility to work together towards an economic and social recovery plan is critical in order to keep European project alive. Therefore, in an attempt to reinforce the link between solidarity and responsibility among Member States, the European Union uses the Green Deal to respond to the crisis through a recovery that has common objectives around the sustainability and well-being of its citizens.

Improvement of state control of food safety taking into account the requirements of the legislation of the European Union

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 200-209
Author(s):  
Oleksandr D. Krupchan ◽  
Yurii P. Burylo ◽  
Victoria V. Vasylieva
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Food Safety ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
The European Union ◽  
State Control ◽  
Food Fraud ◽  
Legal Method

The article is devoted to the issues of improving the legal basis of state control of food safety in the context of harmonisation of national legislation of Ukraine with the relevant legislation of the European Union. The relevance of the study is due to the need to improve the effectiveness of state control of food safety to guarantee European standards for the protection of human health. The purpose of the study is to clarify the structural features of legislation related to state control of food safety, identify practical issues of legal regulation of state control of food safety and develop ways to solve them. The methodological basis of the research consists of the comparative legal method, historical-legal and dialectical methods, methods of analysis and synthesis, system-structural and formal-legal methods. It was found that food legislation and feed legislation have a common goal of legal regulation – the protection of human health, although from a formal point of view they are different areas of law. Insufficient legal certainty of such grounds for unscheduled inspections as reasonable suspicion of non-compliance with legal requirements is due to different approaches to the formulation of powers of regulatory authorities in Ukraine and the European Union. In order to avoid corruption factors during state control of food safety, it is better to introduce information and communication technologies, and not resort to incomplete harmonisation of the legislation of Ukraine with the legislation of the European Union. The introduction of the European concept of food fraud in Ukraine requires its coordination with criminal and administrative legislation, as well as the creation of the necessary organisational and legal conditions for identifying relevant offenses during state control of food safety

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