scholarly journals Notional Component of the Concept PAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Nadia Yesypenko ◽  
Ksenia Kuti
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Mental Entity ◽  
Cognitive Activities ◽  
Almost All

The article is devoted to the study of the notional component of the concept PAIN. The notion of concept is the basis of cognitive linguistics. This mental entity contains complex information about objects or phenomena and their interpretation in the human mind. Concepts occur as a result of our cognitive activities. Although of classifications of concepts varies, almost all the linguists agree on its structure. They single out the nucleus – the prevailing meaning and the peripheral meaning(s) – less prevailing, though still important. In addition, concepts are described as entities consisting of notional, figural and evaluative components. Concepts can be studied and understood only through verbalization which varies due to different factors such as age, sex, profession etc. The methods used to establish notional component of the concept comprise etymological analysis and the analysis of definitions. In the process of etymological analysis, archaic meanings of the concept have been singled out. The analysis of definitions has been conducted on the basis of English lexicographical sources. As a result, one nuclear meaning of the lexeme and seven peripheral meanings have been distinguished. Moreover, synonymic words, which can realize the additional characteristics of the concept, have been analyzed.

The Role of Cognitive Patterns in Modelling Reality by Means of Natural Language (The Case Study of the English Cognitive Pattern “Cleanness / Dirtiness”)

2021 ◽  
pp. 69-81
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Savitskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Specific Language ◽  
Cognitive Patterns ◽  
Cognitive Pattern ◽  
The World ◽  
Internal Comparison

In the field of cognitive linguistics it is accepted that, before developing its capacity for abstract and theoretical thought, the human mind went through the stage of reflecting reality through concrete images and thus has inherited old cognitive patterns. Even abstract notions of the modern civilization are based on traditional concrete images, and it is all fixed in natural language units. By way of illustration, the author analyzes the cognitive pattern “сleanness / dirtiness” as a constituent part of the English linguoculture, looking at the whole range of its verbal realization and demonstrating its influence on language-based thinking and modeling of reality. Comparing meanings of language units with their inner forms enabled the author to establish the connection between abstract notions and concrete images within cognitive patterns. Using the method of internal comparison and applying the results of etymological reconstruction of language units’ inner form made it possible to see how the world is viewed by representatives of the English linguoculture. Apparently, in the English linguoculture images of cleanness / dirtiness symbolize mainly two thematic areas: that of morality and that of renewal. Since every ethnic group has its own axiological dominants (key values) that determine the expressiveness of verbal invectives, one can draw the conclusion that people perceive and comprehend world fragments through the prism of mental stereo-types fixed in the inner form of language units. Sometimes, in relation to specific language units, a conflict arises between the inner form which retains traditional thinking and a meaning that reflects modern reality. Still, linguoculture is a constantly evolving entity, and its de-velopment entails breaking established stereotypes and creating new ones. Linguistically, the victory of the new over the old is manifested in the “dying out” of the verbal support for pre-vious cognitive patterns, which leads to “reprogramming” (“recoding”) of linguoculture rep-resentatives’ mentality.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATING COMMUNICATIVE-PRAGMATIC FUNCTIONS OF GRADATION

2020 ◽  
pp. 421-423
Author(s):  
Makhmudova Nilufarkhon Ravshanovna
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
English Language ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
Knowledge Processes ◽  
Structural Linguistics ◽  
Separate Object ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Linguistic Units

In this article has been illuminated the communicative-pragmatic functions of gradation in English and Uzbek languages. In the scientific literature, cognitive linguistics is also described as “connected semantics” because it deals mainly with semantics. While linguistic units serve to express objects that exist in the world and the actions that take place, semantics connect the interactions between linguistic units in a real or imaginary world. These relations are studied by linguistic semantics as a separate object of study. One of the important features of cognitive linguistics is that it allows us to see the language in relation to a person, that is, his consciousness, knowledge, processes of thinking and understanding, paying particular attention to how language forms and any language phenomena are associated with human knowledge and experience and how they relate to the human mind how to describe. KEY WORDS: English language, Uzbek language, gradation, communicative-pragmatic functions, structural linguistics, cognitive linguistics, semantics, pragmatic influence.

Historical dictionary definitions revisited from a prototype theoretical standpoint

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Molina
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Applied Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Prototype Theory ◽  
Cognitive Constraints ◽  
Theoretical Standpoint ◽  
Dictionary Definitions

Historical dictionaries have not yet incorporated prototype theoretical principles, from which singular enhancements might be obtained in historical lexicography. Revisiting diachronic definitions from a prototypical standpoint underlines how salience-based definitions comply more accurately with the cognitive constraints of the human mind. Upon this realization, the paper presents a template for reorganizing historical definitions according to the principles of prototype theory. The resulting definitions depict the semasiological profile of terms in a more transparent way while stressing the mutual interface between linguistic and extralinguistic data and between synchrony and diachrony. At the same time, the paper shows how the theoretical tenets of cognitive linguistics can be put to use in the field of applied linguistics, viz. lexicography.

DYING IS HARD TO DESCRIBE: METONYMIES AND METAPHORS OF DEATH IN THEILIAD

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 359-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian Horn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Figurative Language ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Epic Poem ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Battle Scenes

Homer'sIliadis an epic poem full of war and battles, but scholars have noted that ‘[t]he Homeric poems are interested in death far more than they are in fighting’. Even though long passages of the poem, particularly the so-called ‘battle books’ (Il.Books 5–8, 11–17, 20–2), consist of little other than fighting, individual battles are often very short with hardly ever a longer exchange of blows. Usually, one strike is all it takes for the superior warrior to dispatch his opponent, and death occurs swiftly. The prominence of death in Homeric battle scenes raises the question of how and in which terms dying in battle is being depicted in theIliad: for while fighting can be described in a straightforward fashion, death is an abstract concept and therefore difficult to grasp. Recent developments in cognitive linguistics have ascertained that, when coping with difficult and abstract concepts, such as emotions, the human mind is likely to resort to figurative language and particularly to metaphors.

scholarly journals Explicit knowledge and learning in SLA

AILA Review ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 7-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Roehr
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Explicit Knowledge ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Implicit Processes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Explicit Processes ◽  
L2 Development ◽  
Explicit Processing ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Explicit And Implicit Knowledge

SLA researchers agree that explicit knowledge and learning play an important role in adult L2 development. In the field of cognitive linguistics, it has been proposed that implicit and explicit knowledge differ in terms of their internal category structure and the processing mechanisms that operate on their representation in the human mind. It has been hypothesized that linguistic constructions which are captured easily by metalinguistic descriptions can be learned successfully through explicit processes, resulting in accurate use. However, increased accuracy of use arising from greater reliance on explicit processing may lead to decreased fluency. Taking these hypotheses as a starting point, I present a case study of an adult L2 learner whose development of oral proficiency was tracked over 17 months. Findings indicate that explicit knowledge and learning have benefits as well as limitations. Use of metalinguistic tools was associated with increased accuracy; moreover, there was no obvious trade-off between accuracy and fluency. At the same time, resource-intensive explicit processing may impose too great a cognitive load in certain circumstances, apparently resulting in implicit processes taking over. I conclude that explicit and implicit knowledge and learning should be considered together in order to gain a full understanding of L2 development.

scholarly journals The Constitution Of Special Relativity

2018 ◽  
pp. 3518-3523
Author(s):  
Tapan Kumar Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Special Relativity ◽  
Inertial Frame ◽  
Spherical Wave ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Single Treatment ◽  
System Of Units ◽  
Inertial Frames ◽  
Time Standards ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Time Standard

Lorentz transformation relations of special relativity are generally derived for light like intervals in almost all texts. The procedure assumes invariance of spherical wave front equation in all inertial frames. This paper deals with the derivation of the transformation relations of event coordinates together with Doppler formula from a single treatment by constructing identical length and time standard under identical conditions in compared frames. To meet this end critical review of the postulates of Special Relativity in the perspective of equivalence of length, time and mass standard followed by the meaning of phase of clock in any inertial frame is presented. It has been shown that special relativity is in reality a supreme creation of human mind where identical length and time standards being  independent of the perspective  are not naturally given but had been constructed under identical experimental condition in a scientific way so that observations from different frames can be compared using same system of units.

A Cognitive Linguistics Approach to Chinese Classifier Teaching: An Experimental Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Liulin Zhang ◽  
Song Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
First Language ◽  
Language Instruction ◽  
Language Background ◽  
Initial Learning ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Individual Classifier ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Classifier Learning

Chinese is commonly recognized as a classifier language with an obligatory classifier for any noun with numeral. Based on the fact that in almost all Chinese textbooks the usage of classifiers is introduced by a set of mechanical rules combining a few isolated examples, most students without classifier language background need to learn by rote memorization. This traditional approach overlooks the polysemous properties of Chinese classifiers that the functions of an individual classifier are normally related to a central sense, and the extension of meanings and functions is usually highly motivated. According to the cognitive linguistics approach (CL approach) to language instruction, presenting students with the central sense as well as the motivation underlying meaning extension facilitates students’ initial learning, long-term retention, as well as identification of unfamiliar uses of polysemy. Taking the Chinese classifier 道dao as an example, the present study focuses on the effect of CL approach in the Chinese classifier learning of advanced level Chinese learners with English as their first language. Participants were assigned to two groups and received different instructions. The result shows a statistically significant effect, but the benefit of CL approach lies mainly in the ability to identify uninstructed extended uses.

scholarly journals Metafory konceptualne w niemieckich związkach frazeologicznych odnoszących się do ludzkich procesów poznawczych

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-210
Author(s):  
Kamil Iwaniak ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Abstract Thinking ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Everyday Language ◽  
The Everyday ◽  
The Way

Conceptual metaphors in selected German phraseological units referring to human cognition. The aim of the paper is to elaborate on conceptual metaphors as a fundamental scheme of human cognition and conceptualization of abstract thinking. The article describes the way they are created and how they exist in the everyday language. Attention has been predominantly directed to phraseological units that often are used to capture the metaphors and express the underlying concepts in the language. The analysis included phrasological units referring to the sphere of human mind. Keywords: cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphors, phraseology, human cognition, German

John Buridan on Universal Knowledge

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 25-46
Author(s):  
Olaf Pluta
Keyword(s):  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
De Anima ◽  
Textual Evidence ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Human Intellect ◽  
First Time ◽  
Material Form

Starting from a passage in the treatise De universali reali by Jean de Maisonneuve (Johannes de Nova Domo), where Jean de Maisonneuve denounces John Buridan as a materialist, the article looks for textual evidence that would support or otherwise refute this claim in Buridan’s works on natural philosophy. In particular, the article analyzes Buridan’s discussion of universal knowledge in the final redactions of his commentaries on Aristotle’s Physica and De anima, which turn out to complement each other. Here, Buridan asks if something extended and material can have universal knowledge. Against the opinion commonly held, according to Buridan, not only by many of his contemporaries, but also by almost all of the ancient commentators (multi et quasi omnes expositores antiqui), Buridan argues that traditional arguments against a materialistic theory of the human mind are not conclusive. After having removed the main stumbling blocks, he goes on to sketch a theory of universal knowledge that is compatible with the assumption that the human intellect is a material form. As an appendix, the paper contains an edition of the key question on universal knowledge in the penultimate redaction of John Buridan’s Physics commentary, which is made available in print for the first time here.

Re-Picturing the Reception of the Spirit with Ritual Experience: The Role of Baptism in 1 Corinthians 12:13

2021 ◽  
pp. 014610792110452
Author(s):  
Kai Hsuan Chang
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Human Mind ◽  
Conceptual Blending ◽  
1 Corinthians ◽  
Ritual Studies ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Physical Pattern ◽  
Metaphorical Expression

In this article, I argue that the ritual experience of water-baptism plays an essential role in Paul's metaphorical expression and rhetorical purpose in 1 Corinthians 12:13. To explore the role of baptism, I use conceptual blending theory from cognitive linguistics to define and demonstrate the metaphorical ways in which ritual functions in the human mind. In so doing, I emphasize the performance of a ritual itself and the contextual perception of its performance, arguing for a metaphorical relationship between the two. I apply conceptual blending analysis to interpret the complex interplay of three metaphors in 1 Corinthians 12:13. I argue that Paul forms a conceptual blend of three metaphors in this verse, and that baptism, the water-rite, plays a pivotal role in this blend by providing the physical pattern of immersion and the cultural understanding of this immersion as a new belonging. Using baptism, Paul achieves his purpose of re-picturing the reception of the Spirit and appealing for social union. This verse thus presents an excellent case of the role of ritual in the emergence of early Christianity and the explanatory power of ritual studies to the New Testament texts.

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