The grammatical expression of social relations in Japanese

Changes in the functions of Japanese honorifics have accompanied changes in Japanese society over the course of a millennium, revealing strong evidence of mutual influence. The system began as a way of indexing respect for social superiors and humility of inferiors, allowing interactants to acknowledge allotted positions within a complex, hierarchical social system—the Japanese imperial court. This focus on the role of honorifics in reinforcing established, metaphorically vertical social relations is strongly maintained in the language ideologies of contemporary Japan. However, political and societal changes in pre-modern and early modern Japan and subsequent developments during the country’s rapid modernization were associated with the development of the honorific system into one that has far broader functions related to indexing other dimensions of social distance. While expressing vertical distance remains one important function of honorifics in Standard Japanese today, their use in marking closeness to ingroup and distance from outgroup has become even more important. The metaphorical expression of horizontal relations between speaker and addressee is the third major way in which honorifics index distance in contemporary Japan. Associated with this change in function has been a clear process of grammaticalization through which lexical honorifics expressing subjective judgements concerning the speaker’s relationship to referents develop over time into grammatical honorifics expressing intersubjective meanings, unrelated to propositional content but relevant only to the relationship between speaker and addressee.

Sakāmvārdi un parunas: atšķirīgais un līdzīgais

One of the most important issues in paremiology is the demarcation of the types of expressions of an oral creative nature. When proverbs and sayings are included in dictionaries, collections, or school assignments, not only they are not separated, but the compilation also includes units with different structures – sentences, word groups; figures of speech – comparisons, and units, which according to the semantic and syntactic structure could be attributed to proverbs, namely, the heterogeneity of units is obvious. Publications of paremia together are not the arbitrariness of dictionary authors or compilers; proverbs and sayings intersect, bind and grow from a common origin. Both types of paremia have much in common: two-membered structure, isosyllabic rhythm, assonance, alliteration, repetition and rhymes, lexical and syntactic archaisms, implicative structure. But there is no shortage of differences. It is considered that proverbs distinguish from sayings by their generalized meaning. Sometimes, in order to delimit a saying from a proverb, in addition to metaphoricity, a connotation is added, or the semantic transfer of the signifier, indicating that the saying is an unconnotated and non-metaphorical expression, while the proverb is connoted and metaphorical. The question remains to distinguish sayings from proverbs that are used only in the direct sense, i.e. units that do not have metaphoricity.

Re-Picturing the Reception of the Spirit with Ritual Experience: The Role of Baptism in 1 Corinthians 12:13

In this article, I argue that the ritual experience of water-baptism plays an essential role in Paul's metaphorical expression and rhetorical purpose in 1 Corinthians 12:13. To explore the role of baptism, I use conceptual blending theory from cognitive linguistics to define and demonstrate the metaphorical ways in which ritual functions in the human mind. In so doing, I emphasize the performance of a ritual itself and the contextual perception of its performance, arguing for a metaphorical relationship between the two. I apply conceptual blending analysis to interpret the complex interplay of three metaphors in 1 Corinthians 12:13. I argue that Paul forms a conceptual blend of three metaphors in this verse, and that baptism, the water-rite, plays a pivotal role in this blend by providing the physical pattern of immersion and the cultural understanding of this immersion as a new belonging. Using baptism, Paul achieves his purpose of re-picturing the reception of the Spirit and appealing for social union. This verse thus presents an excellent case of the role of ritual in the emergence of early Christianity and the explanatory power of ritual studies to the New Testament texts.

Investigating Conceptual Metaphorical Expression in English Suicide Notes: A Cognitive Linguistic Study

The human experience is mysterious, so, metaphor is commonly used to portray life experiences. The significance of metaphor for expressing and developing selfhood. The function of metaphor in determining the conceptual meanings in suicide letters. Language reflects our worldviews. Language is a component of the body. The technique is used to illuminate crucial issues in cognitive semantics that is linked between experience, the conceptual system, and the semantic structures encoded by language is studied in cognitive semantics. These include conceptual metaphor and embodied cognition. The study's flaw is that body metaphors and embodiment may be linked. A suicide note's cultural domain aspect and the importance of interpreting conceptual metaphoric notions cannot be overstated. The study claims that body metaphors utilized in suicide can be systematized utilizing sensoryperceptual information of the outside environment. Either way, the body or actual components as domains are clearly connected. Art is considered to require embodiment.

From scientific arguments to scepticism: Humans’ place in the Greenhouse

This article investigates the different roles attributed to humanity in the climate change debate, through the depiction of the greenhouse effect. Our hypothesis is that the stance associated with different genres will not only demonstrate different conceptualisations of the greenhouse effect but also convey different views on humans’ capacity (or lack of capacity) to mitigate climate change. The corpus under study is composed of texts pertaining to three genres which display particular viewpoints: scientific papers present a documented view on the phenomenon, online forum discussions present exchanges between users who endorse or question particular characteristics of the Greenhouse, and sceptical newspaper articles explicitly deny the existence of an anthropogenic phenomenon. Through a corpus-based, cognitive and pragmatic analysis of the metaphorical expression greenhouse effect, the research shows that humans’ place(s) in the Greenhouse is a significant part of environmental argumentative strategies.

Consolidating Democracy in Kosovo: The Effective Functioning of Basic Institutions

A democracy is considered to be consolidated when no major political grouping attempts to overthrow the democratic regime or promote violence in order to seize any part of the territory from the existing state. Democracy becomes 'the only game on the town’ even when the state faces economic and political difficulties and challenges, all political groups believe and seek to find a solution within the constitutional order and democratic procedures. Namely, before any situation and difficulty in the state, the political forces in the country do not seek to solve problems by undemocratic means. In addition to the main factors mentioned by various authors, in the case of Kosovo, a key problem for the consolidation of democracy, consolidation and positioning in the international arena is the process of normalization of relations with Serbia and cooperation and effective functioning of the three main constitutional institutions; The Assembly, the President and the Prime Minister of Kosovo, as the main pillars of the system policy based on the principle of separation of powers. In principle, their greatest contribution to the consolidation of democracy in Kosovo is, the election and exercise of constitutional functions is done in accordance with the principles and norms set by the Constitution, enjoys the confidence of the majority of the population in the country, and there are no significant political forces and nor the attitudes of the public trying to replace democracy with authoritarian forms of government. In other words, echoing the metaphorical expression of American scientist Juan Linz, a consolidated democracy emerges when democracy is the only game in town.

Effects of Using Instagram on Iranian Intermediate Autonomous/Dependent EFL Learners’ Learning of Pictorial Metaphors

This study was an attempt to investigate whether using Instagram had any significant effects on Iranian intermediate autonomous/dependent EFL learners’ pictorial metaphors or not. In doing so, Oxford Placement Test was administered among100 EFL learners studying at Rooyesh language institute in Kelishad, Isfahan, Iran; and based on the results, 80 EFL learners were selected. Then, the autonomy test was conducted to divide them into autonomous and dependent groups. In the next step, they were divided into two equal experimental and control groups (N=40) that each group was subdivided to an autonomous and a dependent group (i.e., 20 autonomous and 20 dependent participants in each CG and EG). Their age ranged between 14 and 18 years old. Gender of participants was not considered as a variable in the study. Next, a metaphorical expression pretest was administered to all groups of the study and then the experimental group was given the metaphorical expressions via Instagram application, whereas the control group only followed conventional treatment. At the end, the posttest of L2 metaphorical expression was administered to both groups of the study and finally the data were analyzed. Analyzing the data through the one-way repeated measures ANOVA and ANCOVA revealed that utilizing Instagram application had a positively significant effect on autonomous/dependent Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ pictorial metaphors learning. Furthermore, both autonomous and dependent students had a positive attitude toward using Instagram Application.

Metaphors of the Law: from "the Light" to "the Flame"

The paper highlights the main stages of the formation of such a philological and legal phenomenon as a metaphor. From ancient times to the present time, the "metaphorical imperative" has determined the most important aspects of the emerging legal reality. The transfer of meanings in jurisprudence took the form of analogy and the objective influence of symbolization and virtual legal structures.Metaphors were also considered as factors of the formation of legal theories acting as some kind of "preforms". Metaphors did not perceive existing similarities, but they themselves created them. This was their significance as "demiurg tools". Therefore, metaphorical expression produced effects rather than meanings, but meanings leading to change. The birth of a new legal meaning was largely spontaneous and unpredictable: it is known that law enforcement sometimes differs from the original intention of the lawmaker and legislator. For the precise establishment of the content of the law, legal knowledge of its original meaning is also necessary. The hermeneutic problem is to bridge the gap between the law and the incident. A change in the social or political situation should not determine the current law to obsolescence: the inherent irrational elasticity of a legal idea provides a field of action.There are also "resonating" metaphors that induce a large number of implications, stimulating new interpretations that reveal hidden implications. Thus, a certain loss of meaning inevitably takes place.The paper clarifies: in the history of law, the metaphor has gone from mythological and traditional ideas to modern legal fiction and "simulacrum".

Medical Gothic Masculinities in Bram Stoker’s "Dracula"

The present paper makes use of Michel Foucault’s theory from Discipline and Punish according to which one of the means by which women’s bodies are controlled is through their hystericization by the power-knowledge-wielding medical profession. Taking Stoker’s famous novel as a case in point, I mean to show that the men of the novel, embodiments of Reason and Empire, gathered around the guiding medical intelligence of professor Van Helsing, act upon the bodies of the vampirized women (Lucy and Mina) in a way that is the metaphorical expression of the symbolic violence perpretated against women socially. Thus, the novel is gothic in more ways than one: its much-discussed portrayal of sexually-liberated femininity through vampirization finds its counterpart in the less-approached medical masculinity, a reinforcer of masculine domination.

Analisis Gaya Bahasa Metafora Pada Lirik Lagu Karya LiSA

Song is a literary work that is enjoyed by all people, from young people to adults. In the song lyrics, there are many language styles, especially metaphorical styles. Metaphorical language style is an implicit comparative language style. One of the functions of using metaphors in writing song lyrics is to add beauty to the lyrics. Japanese songs are one of the most popular songs by Japanese students or learners, anime enthusiasts and the general public. LiSA is one of the popular Japanese singers whose songs are widely enjoyed. In this study, researchers analyzed the metaphorical language style of LiSA's song lyrics. This study aims to determine the types and meanings of metaphors in LiSA's song lyrics. This type of research is qualitative research with descriptive methods. The data in this study are in the form of phrases containing metaphors in the lyrics of LiSA's songs. The source of the data taken is the lyrics of a song by LiSA which is an anime soundtrack consisting of 8 songs including Adamas, Catch the Moment, Datte Atashi no Hero, Gurenge, Rally Go Round, Rising Hope, Shirushi, and Unlasting. This study uses the theory of Stephen Ullmann. Based on the results of the study, there were 4 types of metaphors, namely anthropomorphic metaphors with 9 data, synesthetic metaphors with 9 data, abstract metaphors with 22 data, and animal metaphors with 2 data. Besides that, there are different meanings in each metaphorical expression.