scholarly journals PEMANFAATAN LIGNIN KRAFT DARI LINDI HITAM SEBAGAI PEREKAT KAYU KOMPOSIT

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 135
Author(s):  
Adi Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Resorcinol Formaldehyde ◽  
Joint Application

Utilization of Kraft Lignin from black liquor as adhesives in the wood composite.            The lignin in the sulphate black liquor (known as kraft lignin) has a strong affinity when being reacted with formaldehyde to form lignin formaldehyde adhesives. To increase the bonding strength, the lignin is co-polymerized with phenol or resorcinol to form lignin phenol formaldehyde or lignin resorcinol formaldehyde resins. The resins can be applied in of reconstituted wood products manufacturing such as plywood, finger-jointed wood assembly and glue laminated lumber. The research result showed that each type of lignin based adhesives had specific characters which met Indonesian standard. The test result on plywood which glued by lignin formaldehyde (LF) and lignin phenol formaldehyde (LPF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 8.0-27.0 kg/cm2, for a while on laminated wood which glued by lignin resorcinol formaldehyde (LRF) indicated that bonding strength of the products were 36.9-88.0 kg/cm2, modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity was 372-637kg/cm2 and47,164-60,237 kg/cm2, respectively. The formaldehyde emissions were about 0.05-0.14 mg/L. The efficiency of lignin based adhesives on finger joint application reach at 35.4-73.6%. Therefore, the synthesis of lignin based adhesives, an unique wood adhesive with good resin characteristics and met bonding strength and formaldehyde emission requirement as stated in Japanese standard. Keywords : Kraft lignin, composite wood, adhesives ABSTRAK          Lignin dalam lindi hitam (dikenal sebagai lignin kraft) memiliki afinitas yang kuat bila direaksikan dengan formaldehida membentuk perekat lignin formaldehida. Guna meningkatkan daya rekatnya, lignin dikopolimerisasi dengan phenol atau resorsinol sehingga terbentuk resin lignin phenol formaldehida atau lignin resorsinol formaldehida. Resin tersebut dapat diaplikasikan dalam pembuatan produk kayu rekonstitusi seperti kayu lapis, papan sambung dan kayu lamina. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa setiap jenis perekat berbasis lignin memiliki karakter yang spesifik yang memenuhi persyaratan standar Indonesia. Hasil pengujian terhadap kayu lapis yang direkat dengan lignin formaldehida (LF) dan lignin phenol formaldehida (LPF) menunjukkan bahwa keteguhan rekat produk tersebut berkisar antara 8,0-27,0 kg/cm2, sementara untuk kayu lamina yang direkat dengan lignin resorsinol formaldehida (LRF) berkisar antara 36,9-88,0 kg/cm2, dengan modulus of rupture dan modulus of elasticity berturut-turut sekitar 372 - 637kg/cm2  dan47,164 - 60,237 kg/cm2. Emisi formaldehida produk berkisar antara 0,05-0,14 mg/L. Efisiensi perekat berbasis lignin pada aplikasi papan sambung mencapai 35,4 - 73,6%. Produk yang menggunakan perekat berbasis lignin ini memenuhi persyaratan Jepang.Kata kunci : Lignin Kraft, kayu majemuk, perekat

The Use of South African Spent Pulping Liquor to Synthesize Lignin Phenol-Formaldehyde Resins

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 503-511
Author(s):  
Priyashnie Govender ◽  
B. M. Majeke ◽  
Abiodun Oluseun Alawode ◽  
Johans F. Gorgens ◽  
Luvuyo Tyhoda
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Adhesive Properties ◽  
Bonding Performance ◽  
Bonding Properties

Abstract This study aims to investigate the potential of using lignin sourced from South African black liquor as a total phenol substitute in phenol-formaldehyde resins (PFRs), with a particular focus on bonding strength and curing properties. Four South African pulping-based lignins were used to synthesize these lignin-phenol formaldehyde resins (LPF100 resins), namely Eucalyptus Kraft lignin, Pine Kraft lignin, Bagasse Soda lignin, and Bagasse Steam Exploded lignin. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine structural and curing properties. These resins were then used directly (unmodified) as adhesives to test shear bonding strength (R0 LPF100 adhesives). To improve the bonding properties of the unmodified LPF100 adhesives, the LPF100 resins were modified via the addition of a crosslinker (hexamine) as well as a hardener (either glyoxal, R1, or epichlorohydrin, R2). All R0 LPF100 adhesives fell below the GB/T 17657-2013 plywood standard of ≥0.7 MPa, with the Bagasse Soda LPF100 adhesive recording the highest bonding performance of 0.5 MPa, and the lowest curing temperature of 68°C. From the modified adhesives, the best performing were the Pine Kraft (R1) and the Eucalyptus Kraft (R2) LPF100 adhesives, recording 1.4 and 1.3 MPa, respectively. The curing temperatures of both these resins were 71°C and 80°C, respectively. Ultimately, the results of this study indicated that favorable adhesive properties may be obtained with the use of South African pulping-based lignins as a 100 percent phenol substitute in PFRs.

Mechanical Properties of Wheat Straw Particleboard Using Composite Adhesives

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 2096-2099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Hua Zhang ◽  
Ji You Gu ◽  
Ying Feng Zuo ◽  
Ming Wei Di ◽  
Hai Yan Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Wheat Straw Particleboard ◽  
Internal Bonding Strength

The purpose of the study was to use a cheap wheat straw to manufacture particleboard. Wheat straws offer great promise and new challenges as replacement for wood in processed wood products. The particleboard was produced using composite adhesive which the urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives modified by emulsifiable polymeric methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (EPU). The properties of the particleboard was evaluated by measuring internal bonding strength(IB), thickness swelling, modulus of rupture(MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and formaldehyde emission. The optimal condition was chosen at density of 0.75g/cm3, UF/EPU ratio of 70/30, adhesive amounts of 10% based on the dry amounts of wheat straw. The test results showed that maximum dry internal bonding strength, wetting internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity was 0.45MPa, 0.072MPa, 31.50MPa and 4564MPa, respectively. The thickness swelling (TS2h) and thickness swelling (TS24h) was 3.51% and 11.1%, respectively. The free formaldehyde of wheat straw particleboard reached E0-type national standards.

scholarly journals Particle Oxidation Time for the Manufacture of Binderless Particleboard

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-33
Author(s):  
Suhasman Suhasman ◽  
Muh. Yusram Massijaya ◽  
Yusuf Sudo Hadi ◽  
Adi Santoso
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Ferrous Sulphate ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Oxidation Time ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Melia Azedarach ◽  
Oxidation Treatment ◽  
Wood Particles

The oxidation treatment using hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate of wood particles can form free radicals of the wood chemical components essentially required in manufacturing binderless particleboard. The oxidation process is expected to have a certain optimal time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between the oxidation time and the characteristic of produced binderless particleboard. Three wood species from community forest, namely, sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria), gmelina (Gmelina arborea), and mindi (Melia azedarach) were used for treatment. The air-dried wood particles of 10~20 mesh in size were oxidized using 20% hydrogen peroxide based on particle dry-weight and 5% ferrous sulphate based on hydrogen peroxide weight. The oxidized particles were conditioned in room at different periods of time (15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 min) prior to the board production. The oxidized and conditioned particles were then hot-pressed at 180°C for 15 min with a specific pressure of 25 kgf cm-2.Results showed that oxidation treatment for 15 min was sufficient to produce a binderless particleboard with good physical and mechanical properties. The characteristics of the particleboard, such as dimensional stability, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, and internal bond were equivalent to that of particleboard made of particles with a longer oxidation time. The particle board made of sengon showed excellent thickness swelling (only 5.04%) and modulus of elasticity (37.184 kgf cm-2). This research result indicated that sengon was the most suitable raw material for binderless particleboard production compared to other observed wood species. 

Development of Oriented Strand Board (OSB) Using Phenol Formaldehyde Adhesive

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160
Author(s):  
Sagrika Behera ◽  
Seema Bhatt ◽  
Sneha Dobhal
Keyword(s):  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Oriented Strand Board ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Solid Wood ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Poplar Wood ◽  
Screw Withdrawal ◽  
Internal Bonding Strength

Oriented strand board (OSB) was prepared using poplar wood with different resin content of phenol formaldehyde. It was observed that modulus of rupture and screw withdrawal of face and edge was more in oriented strand board as compare to solid wood. Internal bonding strength was very less in oriented strand board as compare to solid wood. It was also observed that most of the properties improve with increase in resin content.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Mechanical Evaluation of the Phenol-Formaldehyde Composites

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (s1) ◽  
pp. S1015-S1020 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Kaith ◽  
Aashish Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Physico Chemical

Phenol: formaldehyde ratio was varied in the synthesis of phenol- formaldehyde resin and used to prepare the composites. These composites were then evaluated for their mechanical strength on the basis of tensile strength, compressive strength and wear resistance. Composite with better strength was characterized by IR, SEM, XRD, TGA/DTA and further studies were carried out for its physico-chemical and mechanical properties like viscosity, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stress at the limit of proportionality (SP)etc.

scholarly journals The effects of wood species, load direction, and adhesives on bending properties of laminated veneer lumber

BioResources ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 3104-3112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bekir Cihad Bal ◽  
İbrahim Bektaş
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Eucalyptus Grandis ◽  
Variance Analysis ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Bending Properties ◽  
Laminated Veneer Lumber ◽  
Specific Modulus

In this study, the bending strength and stiffness of laminated veneer lumber (LVL) produced from beech (Fagus orientalis L.), poplar (Populus x euramericana I-214), and eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden) wood using urea formaldehyde (UF), melamine urea formaldehyde (MUF), and phenol formaldehyde (PF) adhesives were determined. The tests were conducted in the flatwise and edgewise directions. The modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), specific modulus of rupture (SMOR), and specific modulus of elasticity (SMOE) were calculated. Variance analysis of the bending properties indicated that the effects of the species of tree, the direction of the load, and the type of adhesive were statistically significant. However, according to variance analysis of the SMOR, the effects of the type of adhesive were not significant. The results showed that the type of adhesive did not influence the bending properties of laminated veneer lumber. It can be stated that the differences among groups were due to differences in their densities. The direction of the load and the species of the tree had significant effects on the bending properties.

scholarly journals Straw based particleboard bonded with composite adhesives

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 464-476
Author(s):  
Yanhua Zhang ◽  
Jiyou Gu ◽  
Haiyan Tan ◽  
Mingwei Di ◽  
Libin Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Internal Bonding ◽  
Thickness Swelling ◽  
Internal Bonding Strength

Environmentally friendly particleboard was prepared with wheat straw, an inexpensive material. The particleboard was produced by a mixing process, using a composite adhesive comprised of urea-formaldehyde (UF) adhesives and EPU. The performance of the board was evaluated by measuring internal bonding strength (IB), thickness swelling, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and formaldehyde emission. The experimental results showed that maximum of dry and wet internal bonding strength, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity were 0.45MPa, 0.18MPa, 31.80MPa, and 5043MPa, respectively. The thickness swelling (TS2h) and thickness swelling (TS24h) were 3.9% and 10.7%, respectively. The composite adhesives and particleboards were measured by differential scanning calorimentry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. The results indicated that the composite adhesive of UF/EPU could contribute to excellent mechanical, thermal, and water-resistant properties of the wheat straw particleboards.

scholarly journals Effect of Veneer-Drying Temperature on Selected Properties and Formaldehyde Emission of Birch Plywood

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavlo Bekhta ◽  
Ján Sedliačik ◽  
Nataliya Bekhta
Keyword(s):  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Bonding Strength ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Urea Formaldehyde ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Formaldehyde Emission ◽  
Bonding Quality ◽  
Mean Values

In this study, the effect of the veneer-drying process at elevated temperatures on selected properties and formaldehyde emission of plywood panels was determined. We assume that during the veneer drying at high temperatures, more formaldehyde is released from it, and therefore, a lower formaldehyde emission can be expected from the finished plywood. Prior to bonding, birch veneers were dried at 160 °C (control) and 185 °C in an industrial veneer steam dryer (SD) and at 180 °C, 240 °C and 280 °C in an industrial veneer gas dryer (GD). Two types of adhesives were used: urea–formaldehyde (UF) and phenol–formaldehyde (PF) resins. Bonding quality, bending strength and modulus of elasticity in bending, water absorption and thickness swelling of plywood samples were determined. The formaldehyde emission level of samples was also measured. It was concluded from the study that the effects of veneer-drying temperatures on the bonding strength and physical and mechanical properties of plywood panels were significant. Veneer-drying temperatures of 185 °C/SD, 180 °C/GD and 240 °C/GD negatively affected the bending strength and the modulus of elasticity along and across the fibres for both UF and PF plywood samples. Bonding strength mean values obtained from all test panels were above the required value (1.0 MPa) indicated in EN 314-2 standard. The lowest formaldehyde emissions for the UF and PF plywood samples were observed in the samples from veneer dried in a steam dryer at 185 °C/SD.

scholarly journals Mechanical Properties of Phenolic Composites Reinforced with Flax-g-copolymers Prepared under Different Reaction Conditions - A Comparative Study

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susheel Kalia ◽  
B. S. Kaith
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Modulus Of Elasticity ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Ethyl Acrylate ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Reinforcing Material

Graft copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and its binary mixtures such as MMA + ethyl acrylate (EA), MMA + acrylonitrile (AN), MMA + acrylic acid (AA), MMA + vinyl acetate (VA), MMA + acrylamide (AAm) and MMA + styrene (Sty) with flax fiber have been prepared in air (IA) and under the influence of microwave radiations (MWR). Synthesized flax-g-copolymers under two different reaction conditions were used as reinforcing material in the preparation of phenol-formaldehyde composites. Mechanical properties such as wear resistance, modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and stress at the limit of proportionality (SP) were measured and a comparative studied has been made. It has been found that composites reinforced with flax-g-copolymers-MWR showed better mechanical properties in comparison to composites reinforced with flax-g-copolymers-IA

Pilot-scale combustion studies with kraft lignin in a powder burner and a CFB boiler

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
NIKLAS BERGLIN ◽  
PER TOMANI ◽  
HASSAN SALMAN ◽  
SOLVIE HERSTAD SVÄRD ◽  
LARS-ERIK ÅMAND
Keyword(s):  
Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Chloride Content ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Kraft Lignin ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Alkali Chloride ◽  
Cfb Boiler ◽  
Solid Biofuel

Processes have been developed to produce a solid biofuel with high energy density and low ash content from kraft lignin precipitated from black liquor. Pilot-scale tests of the lignin biofuel were carried out with a 150 kW powder burner and a 12 MW circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. Lignin powder could be fired in a powder burner with good combustion performance after some trimming of the air flows to reduce swirl. Lignin dried to 10% moisture content was easy to feed smoothly and had less bridging tendencies in the feeding system than did wood/bark powder. In the CFB boiler, lignin was easily handled and cofired together with bark. Although the filter cake was broken into smaller pieces and fines, the combustion was not disturbed. When cofiring lignin with bark, the sulfur emission increased compared with bark firing only, but most of the sulfur was captured by calcium in the bark ash. Conventional sulfur capture also occurred with addition of limestone to the bed. The sulfur content in the lignin had a significantly positive effect on reducing the alkali chloride content in the deposits, thus reducing the high temperature corrosion risk.

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