scholarly journals Determination of the optimal composition of mixed fuel based on environmental indicators of diesel engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 16-20
Author(s):  
S.A. Plotnikov ◽  
◽  
P.V. Gnevashev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Measuring Instruments ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Wide Range

Alternative motor fuel is a mixture of various hydrocarbons and their compounds. Motor fuel is based on naphthenic, paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons. The performance characteristics of the fuel depend on its composition. When developing methods for monitoring the characteristics of fuels, the main problem is their multicomponent nature, since each component contributes to the operational characteristics. The operational characteristics are: cetane number, sulfur content, water-soluble acids and alkalis, lower heat of combustion and some others. To determine them, the combustion of diesel fuel (DF) and the subsequent analysis of the combustion products are carried out. The disadvantage of the existing method is the fact that it is impossible to quickly control the fuel at the place of operation, at a tank farm, a gas station, a process pipe or a vehicle fuel tank. When designing analyzers and measuring instruments the correlation dependences, which link the value of the operational property of the fuel with its physicochemical characteristics, are used. Taking into account the use of various types of alternative fuels (AT) with a wide range of their operational properties, the problem of a quick and accurate preliminary assessment of these proper-ties arises. Along with diesel fuel, it is proposed to use similar physicochemical methods to assess the flammability of alternative fuels.

Effect of n-heptane and n-decane on exhaust odour in direct injection diesel engines

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
M M Roy
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Boiling Point ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Incomplete Combustion

This study investigated the effect of n-heptane and n-decane on exhaust odour in direct injection (DI) diesel engines. The prospect of these alternative fuels to reduce wall adherence and overleaning, major sources of incomplete combustion, as well as odorous emissions has been investigated. The n-heptane was tested as a low boiling point fuel that can improve evaporation as well as wall adherence. However, the odour is a little worse with n-heptane and blends than that of diesel fuel due to overleaning of the mixture. Also, formaldehyde (HCHO) and total hydrocarbon (THC) in the exhaust increase with increasing n-heptane content. The n-decane was tested as a fuel with a high cetane number that can improve ignition delay, which has a direct effect on wall adherence and overleaning. However, with n-decane and blends, the odour rating is about 0.5-1 point lower than for diesel fuel. Moreover, the aldehydes and THC are significantly reduced. This is due to less wall adherence and proper mixture formation.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE ON PISTON ENGINE PERFORMANCE BY THE BIOCOMPONENTS AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF NANO MATERIALS

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-23
Author(s):  
А.М. Levterov ◽  
А.А. Levterov
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Complete Combustion ◽  
New Energy ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Comparative Results

The obviousness of the finiteness of the planet's energy resources makes us constantly concern ourselves with the search for new energy sources and their rational use. The main energy converter is the internal combustion engine and contrary to forecasts, continues to occupy a leading position. Therefore, the issues of improving its working processes, reducing the consumption of mineral fuel, the possibility of using all kinds of alternative fuels and improving the quality of motor fuel continue to be considered throughout the energy world. On the agenda is the dissemination of advances in nanotechnology to the propulsion industry. Improvement of engine performance when using fuel dispersed with nanomaterials of various types is beyond doubt and is used both for pure petroleum and biodiesel and for their mixtures. In the article, against the background of the analysis of studies on the use of alternative biofuels and the introduction of the practice of introducing nanoparticles into petroleum fuel and biofuels as a potential energy carrier to improve the characteristics of toxicity and engine performance, the results of studies of a number of biofuels have been presented. Presented are the results of a study of the performance of a 1Ch 8.5 / 11 diesel engine carried out in the laboratory of IPMash NAS of Ukraine when operating on diesel fuel dispersed with carbon spheroidal nanoadditives of various concentrations, and some comparative results of studies of the indicators of diesel engines with direct injection 2Ch 10.5 / 12 and 4ChN 7.9 / 7.5 ALH, operating on standard and mixed fuels with biocomponents synthesized from rapeseed, sunflower, mustard and corn oils. The thermophysical properties of the fuel (heat of combustion, thermal conductivity, heat capacity, density, kinematic viscosity, convective heat transfer, ignition temperature, cetane number, etc.) undergo significant changes when nanoparticles are introduced into it. The optimal amount of metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon tubes, graphene in mineral, biodiesel or mixed fuel promotes more complete combustion, significantly improves engine performance, and reduces harmful emissions.

scholarly journals An Extensive Analysis of Biodiesel Blend Combustion Characteristics under a Wide-Range of Thermal Conditions of a Cooperative Fuel Research Engine

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7666
Author(s):  
Vu H. Nguyen ◽  
Minh Q. Duong ◽  
Kien T. Nguyen ◽  
Thin V. Pham ◽  
Phuong X. Pham
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fuel Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Thermal Conditions ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Mixing Rate ◽  
Start Of Injection ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Examining the influence of thermal conditions in the engine cylinder at the start of fuel injection on engine combustion characteristics is critically important. This may help to understand physical and chemical processes occurring in engine cycles and this is relevant to both fossil fuels and alternative fuels like biodiesels. In this study, six different biodiesel–diesel blends (B0, B10, B20, B40, B60 and B100 representing 0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 100% by volume of biodiesel in the diesel–biodiesel mixtures, respectively) have been successfully tested in a cooperative fuel research (CFR) engine operating under a wide range of thermal conditions at the start of fuel injection. This is a standard cetane testing CFR-F5 engine, a special tool for fuel research. In this study, it was further retrofitted to investigate combustion characteristics along with standard cetane measurements for those biodiesel blends. The novel biodiesel has been produced from residues taken from a palm cooking oil manufacturing process. It is found that the cetane number of B100 is almost 30% higher than that of B0 and this could be attributed to the oxygen content in the biofuel. Under similar thermal conditions at the start of injection, it is observed that the influence of engine load on premixed combustion is minimal. This could be attributable to the well-controlled intake air temperature in this special engine and therefore the evaporation and mixing rate prior to the start of combustion is similar under different loading conditions. Owing to higher cetane number (CN), B100 is more reactive and auto-ignites up to 3 degrees of crank angle (DCA) earlier compared to B0. It is generally observed in this study that B10 shows a higher maximum value of in-cylinder pressure compared to that of B0 and B20. This could be evidence for lubricant enhancement when operating the engine with low-blending ratio mixtures like B10 in this case.

Investigation on the spray development, the combustion characteristics and the emissions of Fischer–Tropsch fuel and diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (13) ◽  
pp. 1829-1837 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqiang Pei ◽  
Jing Qin ◽  
Yuli Dai ◽  
Kun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Coal Liquefaction ◽  
Fischer Tropsch ◽  
Planar Laser ◽  
Direct Coal Liquefaction

Diesel fuel is largely consumed by transportation services, and diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction and Fischer–Tropsch fuel have been produced as alternatives in coal-rich areas. However, the physicochemical characteristics of the two fuels are not quite the same as those of diesel fuel derived from crude oil. Therefore, the spray development, the combustion characteristics and the emissions of diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction, Fischer–Tropsch fuel and commercial diesel fuel were studied in this paper. The spray development was investigated by using planar laser-induced fluorescence, and the results showed that the spray characteristics of coal-liquefied fuel were similar to those of commercial diesel fuel. Diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction has a longer ignition delay and a higher heat release rate from premixed combustion than commercial diesel fuel does because of its lower cetane number at low loads. However, the same combustion characteristics with commercial diesel fuel can be achieved by mixing diesel fuel from direct coal liquefaction and Fischer–Tropsch fuel in a ratio of 3 to 1. With increasing engine load, the in-cylinder temperature and the pressure increased which reduced the effect of the cetane number on the ignition delay and the combustion process. The regulated emissions from Fischer–Tropsch fuel were the lowest of these fuels; the unregulated emissions measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, however, were slightly higher than those of the other two fuels.

scholarly journals Alternative fuels from vegetable oils: innovative methods and technologies of production and usage

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-559
Author(s):  
V.I. Kyrychenko ◽  
V.V. Kyrychenko ◽  
V.S. Ribun ◽  
M.B. Skladaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Innovative Methods ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Promising Area

Traditional methods of biofuel production using vegetable oils and aliphatic alcohols have a number of disadvantages. A new method of transesterification of vegetable oils with alkyl acetates because they act as promoters of diesel fuel combustion. A method of improving both technology of alcoholysis and esterolysis by modifying the temperature range is proposed. Chemical and technological bases of two-stage process of vegetable oil transesterification are developed. In the first stage, the oils are treated with glycerol  in order to convert tri-acyl-glyceros of oil into mono-acyl-glycerols. The second stage is alcoholysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethanol  or esterolysis of mono-acyl-glycerols with ethyl acetate. The temperature range of the transesterification process is improved using heat-transfer solvents. Comparison of material balances of technologies of one- and two-stage ways of ethanolysis and esterolysis showed a significant increase in the selectivity of the process, yield and quality of biofuels. Analysis of the obtained biofuels and mixtures, which contain 20 % of biofuels and 80% of diesel fuel showed  the best physical, chemical and operational characteristics. Therefore, the  blended fuels are promising area of ​​biofuel technology.

scholarly journals Environmental Performance of Diesel Engines Running on Motor Fuel With Microalgae Bio-additives

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-43
Author(s):  
S.A. Nagornov ◽  
◽  
A.N. Zazulya ◽  
Yu.V. Meshcheryakov ◽  
I.G. Golubev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplements ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Vegetable Oils ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Diesel Engines ◽  
Diesel Exhaust ◽  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Motor Fuel ◽  
Exhaust Gases

The prospects of using blended motor fuel with bioadditives from microalgae in diesel engines are shown. It has been proven that the composition of microalgae lipids is similar to that of vegetable oils. It was revealed that the density, viscosity and cetane number of the dietary supplements are higher and the sulfur content is lower in comparison with diesel fuel. It has been experimentally established that with an increase in the content of bioadditives in mixed motor fuel the smoke and toxicity of diesel exhaust gases decrease.

scholarly journals Prospective types of alternative fuels for internal combustion engines

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-106
Author(s):  
S. F. Levko ◽  
B. V. Dolishnii ◽  
В. М. Melnyk
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
Fuel Mixtures ◽  
Fusel Oils

Currently, the disposal and recycling of the alcohol industry products creates a number of difficulties due to the lack of well-established recycling lines in Ukraine. Since 1998, eight enterprises of the state-owned concern Ukrspirt have been converted to produce high-octane oxygen-containing additives (CFCs) for ethanol-based fuels to organize the processing of waste from the alcohol industry. During this time, they produced 28.2 thousand tonnes of CALs, but CALA enterprises face great difficulties in selling their products, as they are new and expensive. The influence of fusel oil additives on commodity fuels on the main physical and technical indicators of the obtained alternative fuels is considered in the paper. According to the results of studies of octane number, we have established the optimal compositions of fuel mixtures of fusel oils with gasoline A-80 can contain up to 10% of the latter. For mixtures of fusel oils with diesel fuel by cetane number, their optimum content in diesel fuel is from 4 to 10% by volume. But, according to the trends of the development of diesel engines, the compression ratio increases, which allows the use of diesel fuel with higher cetane number, and therefore it is possible to raise the content of fusel oils in diesel fuel to 12%. According to the results of studies of the environmental performance of the ZIL-130 engine when fusel oils are added to commercial gasoline in an amount of 2 to 10% vol. the CO content in ICE exhaust gases decreases by 9.3%, fuel consumption increases by 6.5%, hydrocarbons by 10.2% and nitrogen oxide by 16.9%. As a result of increasing the content of fusel oils in diesel from 0 to 6%, there is an increase in mass flow rate of fuel to 6.1%, an increase in the concentration of hydrocarbons to 10% and nitrogen oxides by 1.9% in the exhaust gases of the engine D21A1. Thus, as we see today, along with traditional fuels for internal combustion engines, it is possible to use their alternative substitutes quite efficiently both in their pure form and in mixtures with them. There are all prerequisites for this in Ukraine and the region, the only question is the financing of these projects.

scholarly journals Analysis of Organic Germanium Ge-132 as Cetane Improver in Diesel Combustion Process

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 6134-6145
Author(s):  
S. Asri ◽  
M. F. Othman ◽  
A. Abdullah ◽  
Z. Abdullah ◽  
Z. Azmi
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Alternative Fuels ◽  
Direct Injection ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Oxygen Enrichment ◽  
Fuel Blend ◽  
Fuel Blends ◽  
Petroleum Reserves

The depletion of global petroleum reserves and growth in awareness regarding the environmental pollution of diesel engines urge the reinforcement for the development of alternative fuels. This research experimentally investigated the effect of diesel-organic germanium (Ge-132, 2-Carboxyl Sesquioxide) fuels blend on combustion characteristics, engine performances and exhaust emissions on a direct injection diesel engine at the speed of 1800 rpm at various brake effective pressures. On this occasion, the Ge-132 compound used in this experiment was widely utilized in the medical industry as a dietary supplement that contains therapeutic qualities such as oxygen enrichment, free radical scavenging, and immunity enhancement. Three fuel blends employed in this experiment were Ge5, Ge8, and Ge10 that are used to compare their performances with diesel fuel. In brief, the result stated that the fuel blend of Ge10 showed the highest value of cetane number, which was 8.23% higher compared to the diesel fuel followed by Ge8 and Ge5, which were 7.84 and 7.45% higher than the diesel fuel respectively. Besides, from the experiment, Ge5 decreased the value of BSFC by 26.6% compared to diesel fuel and improved the value of BTE that was 25.6% higher than the diesel fuel.

scholarly journals Investigation of glycerol doping on ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities of gasoline and diesel fuel

2017 ◽  
Vol 169 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-175
Author(s):  
Agnieszka JACH ◽  
Ilona CIEŚLAK ◽  
Andrzej TEODORCZYK
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Engine ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Equivalence Ratio ◽  
Molar Fraction ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Delay Times

Glycerol is a major by-product of biodiesel production. Per one tone of produced biodiesel, one hundred kilograms of glycerol is produced. Production of glycerol is increasing due to increase of demand for biodiesel. One of methods of glycerol utilization is combustion. Recent experimental studies with use of a diesel engine and a constant volume combustion chamber show that utilization of glycerol as a fuel results in lower NOx emissions in exhaust gases. It combusts slower than light fuel oil, what is explained by higher viscosity and density of glycerol. Glycerol has low cetane number, so to make combustion in a diesel engine possible at least one of the following conditions need to be fulfilled: a pilot injection, high temperature or high compression ratio. The aim of the paper is to compare glycerol to diesel and to assess influence of glycerol doping on gasoline and diesel fuel in dependence of pressure, temperature and equivalence ratio. The subject of this study is analysis of basic properties of flammable mixtures, such as ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities of primary reference fuels (diesel: n-heptane and gasoline: iso-octane). Calculations are performed with use of Cantera tool in Matlab and Python environments. Analyses of influence of glycerol on ignition delay times of n-heptane/air and iso-octane/air mixtures covered wide range of conditions: temperatures from 600 to 1600 K, pressure 10-200 bar, equivalence ratio 0.3 to 14, molar fraction of glycerol in fuel 0-1 in air. Simulations of LBV in air cover temperatures: 300 K and 500 K, pressures: 10, 40, 100, 200 bar and equivalence ratio from 0.3 to 1.9. Physicochemical properties of gasoline, diesel and glycerol are compared.

Microsponges: An Overview

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Hussain ◽  
Divya Juyal ◽  
Archana Dhyani
Keyword(s):  
Controlled Release ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Topical Delivery ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Porous Beads

Microsponge and Nanosponge delivery System was originally developed for topical delivery of drugs can also be used for controlled oral delivery of drugs using water soluble and bioerodible polymers. Microsponge delivery system (MDS) can entrap wide range of drugs and then release them onto the skin over a time by difussion mechanism to the skin. It is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents and consists of nano or micro porous beads loaded with active agent and also use for oral delivery of drugs using bioerodible polymers.

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