scholarly journals Analysis of ISO/TS 21526 Towards the Extension of a Standardized Query API

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannes Ulrich ◽  
Ann-Kristin Kock-Schoppenhauer ◽  
Cora Drenkhahn ◽  
Matthias Löbe ◽  
Josef Ingenerf
Keyword(s):  
Health Informatics ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Uniform Interface ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Retrieval Language ◽  
Recent Version

Metadata is often used for different tasks in the field of medical informatics: semantic description of data, quality validation, data integration, or information retrieval. Metadata definitions are captured and curated in time-consuming tasks and stored in metadata repositories that manage and preserve the metadata. Due to technical and legal restrictions, metadata is rarely as easily accessible and interoperable as it is necessary for modern information systems. In a previous study, a uniform interface based on the widely used ISO/IEC 11179 and the Facebook data retrieval language GraphQL was introduced as a solution to these technical obstacles. In the meantime, the ISO standard 21526 has been published, a recent version designed with a strong focus on health informatics. While it is conceptually oriented on the metamodel in ISO 11179, a number of extensions but also restructurings have been introduced. In this study, the authors investigated the difference between ISO 11179 and ISO 21526 and extended the unified metadata query interface to be future-proof and in particular, to support the semantic extensions of ISO 21526.

Validation of TROPOMI nadir ozone profile retrievals: Methodology and first results

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Keppens ◽  
Jean-Christopher Lambert ◽  
Daan Hubert ◽  
Steven Compernolle ◽  
Tijl Verhoelst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Ozone Profile ◽  
Early Afternoon

<p>Part of the space segment of EU’s Copernicus Earth Observation programme, the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission is dedicated to global and European atmospheric composition measurements of air quality, climate and the stratospheric ozone layer. On board of the S5P early afternoon polar satellite, the imaging spectrometer TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) performs nadir measurements of the Earth radiance within the UV-visible and near-infrared spectral ranges, from which atmospheric ozone profile data are retrieved. Developed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and based on the optimal estimation method, TROPOMI’s operational ozone profile retrieval algorithm has recently been upgraded. With respect to early retrieval attempts, accuracy is expected to have improved significantly, also thanks to recent updates of the TROPOMI Level-1b data product. This work reports on the initial validation of the improved TROPOMI height-resolved ozone data in the troposphere and stratosphere, as collected both from the operational S5P Mission Performance Centre/Validation Data Analysis Facility (MPC/VDAF) and from the S5PVT scientific project CHEOPS-5p. Based on the same validation best practices as developed for and applied to heritage sensors like GOME-2, OMI and IASI (Keppens et al., 2015, 2018), the validation methodology relies on the analysis of data retrieval diagnostics – like the averaging kernels’ information content – and on comparisons of TROPOMI data with reference ozone profile measurements. The latter are acquired by ozonesonde, stratospheric lidar, and tropospheric lidar stations performing network operation in the context of WMO's Global Atmosphere Watch and its contributing networks NDACC and SHADOZ. The dependence of TROPOMI’s ozone profile uncertainty on several influence quantities like cloud fraction and measurement parameters like sun and scan angles is examined and discussed. This work concludes with a set of quality indicators, enabling users to verify the fitness-for-purpose of the S5P data.</p>

scholarly journals A Correlated Multi-Pixel Inversion Approach for Aerosol Remote Sensing

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Xu ◽  
David Diner ◽  
Oleg Dubovik ◽  
Yoav Schechner
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Single Scattering ◽  
Smoothness Condition ◽  
Aerosol Model ◽  
Radiation Fields ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Aerosol Parameters

Aerosol retrieval algorithms used in conjunction with remote sensing are subject to ill-posedness. To mitigate non-uniqueness, extra constraints (in addition to observations) are valuable for stabilizing the inversion process. This paper focuses on the imposition of an empirical correlation constraint on the retrieved aerosol parameters. This constraint reflects the empirical dependency between different aerosol parameters, thereby reducing the number of degrees of freedom and enabling accelerated computation of the radiation fields associated with neighboring pixels. A cross-pixel constraint that capitalizes on the smooth spatial variations of aerosol properties was built into the original multi-pixel inversion approach. Here, the spatial smoothness condition is imposed on principal components (PCs) of the aerosol model, and on the corresponding PC weights, where the PCs are used to characterize departures from the mean. Mutual orthogonality and unit length of the PC vectors, as well as zero sum of the PC weights also impose stabilizing constraints on the retrieval. Capitalizing on the dependencies among aerosol parameters and the mutual orthogonality of PCs, a perturbation-based radiative transfer computation scheme is developed. It uses a few dominant PCs to capture the difference in the radiation fields across an imaged area. The approach is tested using 27 observations acquired by the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) during multiple NASA field campaigns and validated using collocated AERONET observations. In particular, aerosol optical depth, single scattering albedo, aerosol size, and refractive index are compared with AERONET aerosol reference data. Retrieval uncertainty is formulated by accounting for both instrumental errors and the effects of multiple types of constraints.

Validation of TROPOMI nadir ozone profile retrievals: Methodology and first results

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arno Keppens ◽  
Daan Hubert ◽  
Jean-Christopher Lambert ◽  
Steven Compernolle ◽  
Tijl Verhoelst ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Stratospheric Ozone ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Optimal Estimation ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Atmospheric Composition ◽  
Retrieval Algorithm ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Ozone Profile ◽  
Early Afternoon

<p>Part of the space segment of EU’s Copernicus Earth Observation programme, the Sentinel-5 Precursor (S5P) mission is dedicated to global and European atmospheric composition measurements of air quality, climate and the stratospheric ozone layer. On board of the S5P early afternoon polar satellite, the imaging spectrometer TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) performs nadir measurements of the Earth radiance within the UV-visible and near-infrared spectral ranges, from which atmospheric ozone profile data are retrieved. Developed at the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and based on the optimal estimation method, TROPOMI’s operational ozone profile retrieval algorithm has recently been upgraded. With respect to early retrieval attempts, accuracy is expected to have improved significantly, also thanks to recent updates of the TROPOMI Level-1b data product. This work reports on the initial validation of the improved TROPOMI height-resolved ozone data in the troposphere and stratosphere, as collected both from the operational S5P Mission Performance Centre/Validation Data Analysis Facility (MPC/VDAF) and from the S5PVT scientific project CHEOPS-5p. Based on the same validation best practices as developed for and applied to heritage sensors like GOME-2, OMI and IASI (Keppens et al., 2015, 2018), the validation methodology relies on the analysis of data retrieval diagnostics – like the averaging kernels’ information content – and on comparisons of TROPOMI data with reference ozone profile measurements. The latter are acquired by ozonesonde, stratospheric lidar, and tropospheric lidar stations performing network operation in the context of WMO's Global Atmosphere Watch and its contributing networks NDACC and SHADOZ. The dependence of TROPOMI’s ozone profile uncertainty on several influence quantities like cloud fraction and measurement parameters like sun and scan angles is examined and discussed. This work concludes with a set of quality indicators enabling users to verify the fitness-for-purpose of the S5P data.</p>

Teaching translation from Chinese to Russian by means of blog technology on the example of economic discourse

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-52
Author(s):  
Antonina E. Malankhanova
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Wiki Technology ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Competencies Development

Today, the relevance of use of modern information and communication technologies (wiki-technology, blogs, podcasts, linguistic corpus), which have didactic features and methodic functions, in teaching a foreign language and translation is not in doubt. The translation of economic discourse from Chinese into Russian is in demand in the context of the expanding interaction of the two countries in the trade and economic sphere. In this connection, the need for training highly qualified specialists in translating economic discourse is growing. We present suggestions on teaching students how to translate economic discourse from Chinese into Russian language on example of using blog technology. When translating and teaching, it is necessary to take into account the difference in the organization of the structures of the Russian and Chinese languages. The listed types of modern information and communication technologies can meet the requirements for teaching translation from Chinese, which is structured as an isolating type. The focus is on the translation competencies development (linguistic, text-forming, communicative, technological competence, as well as special competencies, including economic component), based on the developed system of exercises. An algorithm is presented for organizing teaching translation of economic discourse from Chinese into Russian through blog technology, highlighting three main stages (preparatory, practical, and final) and a detailed description of the actions involved.

scholarly journals An Error Model for Uncertainty Quantification in High-Time-Resolution Precipitation Products

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 1274-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviana Maggioni ◽  
Mathew R. P. Sapiano ◽  
Robert F. Adler ◽  
Yudong Tian ◽  
George J. Huffman
Keyword(s):  
Time Resolution ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission ◽  
Satellite Observation ◽  
High Time ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Climate Prediction Center

Abstract This study proposes a new framework, Precipitation Uncertainties for Satellite Hydrology (PUSH), to provide time-varying, global estimates of errors for high-time-resolution, multisatellite precipitation products using a technique calibrated with high-quality validation data. Errors are estimated for the widely used Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) 3B42 product at daily/0.25° resolution, using the NOAA Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Unified gauge dataset as the benchmark. PUSH estimates the probability distribution of reference precipitation given the satellite observation, from which the error can be computed as the difference (or ratio) between the satellite product and the estimated reference. The framework proposes different modeling approaches for each combination of rain and no-rain cases: correct no-precipitation detection (both satellite and gauges measure no precipitation), missed precipitation (satellite records a zero, but the gauges detect precipitation), false alarm (satellite detects precipitation, but the reference is zero), and hit (both satellite and gauges detect precipitation). Each case is explored and explicitly modeled to create a unified approach that combines all four scenarios. Results show that the estimated probability distributions are able to reproduce the probability density functions of the benchmark precipitation, in terms of both expected values and quantiles of the distribution. The spatial pattern of the error is also adequately reproduced by PUSH, and good agreement between observed and estimated errors is observed. The model is also able to capture missed precipitation and false detection uncertainties, whose contribution to the total error can be significant. The resulting error estimates could be attached to the corresponding high-resolution satellite precipitation products.

scholarly journals Polygenic scores for UK Biobank scale data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Shin Heng Mak ◽  
Robert Milan Porsch ◽  
Shing Wan Choi ◽  
Pak Chung Sham
Keyword(s):  
External Source ◽  
Summary Statistics ◽  
Uk Biobank ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Raw Data ◽  
Cross Prediction ◽  
Polygenic Scores ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractPolygenic scores (PGS) are estimated scores representing the genetic tendency of an individual for a disease or trait and have become an indispensible tool in a variety of analyses. Typically they are linear combination of the genotypes of a large number of SNPs, with the weights calculated from an external source, such as summary statistics from large meta-analyses. Recently cohorts with genetic data have become very large, such that it would be a waste if the raw data were not made use of in constructing PGS. Making use of raw data in calculating PGS, however, presents us with problems of overfitting. Here we discuss the essence of overfitting as applied in PGS calculations and highlight the difference between overfitting due to the overlap between the target and the discovery data (OTD), and overfitting due to the overlap between the target the the validation data (OTV). We propose two methods — cross prediction and split validation — to overcome OTD and OTV respectively. Using these two methods, PGS can be calculated using raw data without overfitting. We show that PGSs thus calculated have better predictive power than those using summary statistics alone for six phenotypes in the UK Biobank data.

scholarly journals KEMAMPUAN SOSIAL ANAK KELOMPOK BERMAIN DITINJAU DARI POLA PENGASUHAN ORANGTUA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (02) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Isabella Hasiana
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
First Child ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Abilities ◽  
Permissive Parenting ◽  
New Finding ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Play Group ◽  
Parenting Pattern

This research can be informed by neightborsaround the residence that there were children who were not able to socialize with their peers. The aim of this study was to find out the social abilities of the children in the play group in terms of the pattern of Permissive Parenting. The subjects used in this study were two children with the same parenting pattern. (1) This research method uses descriptive Qualitative, so that it can explain in detail how the Socialization capabilities carried out by group children play with the pattern of Permissive Parenting from the Tuanua people. Observation and interview are data retrieval carried out in this study, (2) The results of this study get a new finding, where the first subject has not had a good development at this time, the habit of Permissive Parenting makes it difficult for children to Socialize and tend to be spoiled by their parents. While the second subject is equally nurtured with Permissive Parenting patterns, but the second subject has been able to achieve the desired Socialization according to the level of his age, the difference is in habituation to the second subject even though he is spoiled by his parents because of the first child but he is parents because of the first child but he is getting used to knowing which is good and bad so that children are able to reach their Social sense easily.

scholarly journals Bayesian privacy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 1557-1603
Author(s):  
Ran Eilat ◽  
Kfir Eliaz ◽  
Xiaosheng Mu
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Leibler Divergence ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Modern Information ◽  
The Difference

Modern information technologies make it possible to store, analyze, and trade unprecedented amounts of detailed information about individuals. This has led to public discussions on whether individuals' privacy should be better protected by restricting the amount or the precision of information that is collected by commercial institutions on their participants. We contribute to this discussion by proposing a Bayesian approach to measure loss of privacy in a mechanism. Specifically, we define the loss of privacy associated with a mechanism as the difference between the designer's prior and posterior beliefs about an agent's type, where this difference is calculated using Kullback–Leibler divergence, and where the change in beliefs is triggered by actions taken by the agent in the mechanism. We consider both ex post (for every realized type, the maximal difference in beliefs cannot exceed some threshold κ) and ex ante (the expected difference in beliefs over all type realizations cannot exceed some threshold κ) measures of privacy loss. Applying these notions to the monopolistic screening environment of Mussa and Rosen (1978), we study the properties of optimal privacy‐constrained mechanisms and the relation between welfare/profits and privacy levels.

scholarly journals Reliable Crops Classification Using Limited Number of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 Images

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 3176
Author(s):  
Beata Hejmanowska ◽  
Piotr Kramarczyk ◽  
Ewa Głowienka ◽  
Sławomir Mikrut
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Confusion Matrix ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Training Set ◽  
Validation Data ◽  
Comparative Accuracy ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Sentinel 2

The study presents the analysis of the possible use of limited number of the Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 to check if crop declarations that the EU farmers submit to receive subsidies are true. The declarations used in the research were randomly divided into two independent sets (training and test). Based on the training set, supervised classification of both single images and their combinations was performed using random forest algorithm in SNAP (ESA) and our own Python scripts. A comparative accuracy analysis was performed on the basis of two forms of confusion matrix (full confusion matrix commonly used in remote sensing and binary confusion matrix used in machine learning) and various accuracy metrics (overall accuracy, accuracy, specificity, sensitivity, etc.). The highest overall accuracy (81%) was obtained in the simultaneous classification of multitemporal images (three Sentinel-2 and one Sentinel-1). An unexpectedly high accuracy (79%) was achieved in the classification of one Sentinel-2 image at the end of May 2018. Noteworthy is the fact that the accuracy of the random forest method trained on the entire training set is equal 80% while using the sampling method ca. 50%. Based on the analysis of various accuracy metrics, it can be concluded that the metrics used in machine learning, for example: specificity and accuracy, are always higher then the overall accuracy. These metrics should be used with caution, because unlike the overall accuracy, to calculate these metrics, not only true positives but also false positives are used as positive results, giving the impression of higher accuracy. Correct calculation of overall accuracy values is essential for comparative analyzes. Reporting the mean accuracy value for the classes as overall accuracy gives a false impression of high accuracy. In our case, the difference was 10–16% for the validation data, and 25–45% for the test data.

Social and Medical Factors in the use and Effectiveness of IUDs

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Snowden ◽  
Peter Eckstein ◽  
Denis Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Data Retrieval ◽  
Work Load ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Contraceptive Device ◽  
Psychological Variables ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Intrauterine Contraceptive ◽  
Efficient Data ◽  
The Difference

The possible influence of psycho-social factors on the use and effectiveness of the intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) has not been seriously examined until recently. Inquiry into these factors has become feasible as large-scale projects—primarily designed to consider medical factors in IUD use—have been developed. Data obtained from a number of centres within and outside the United Kingdom indicate the existence of variation in the clinical efficacy of the same type of device. This variability suggests that success or failure of a given model does not necessarily depend on the device alone. Factors other than those generally considered ‘medical’ may play a significant role in IUD use and effectiveness.The procedures involved in organizing large-scale multi-clinic IUD trials and including efficient data-retrieval systems are described in detail.In addition, findings are reported on the trial of a stainless steel type of device, the M 213, which has been fitted in sufficient numbers in several UK clinics to permit analysis of variables associated with both the clinic and the doctor responsible for the IUD fitting. Evaluation of the data collected from two single-doctor clinics in two adjacent towns in the southwest of England using the M 213 and served by the same doctor, has revealed significant differences in the net cumulative pregnancy rate associated with the device. Age and parity of the IUD acceptors (and the interaction of age and parity) did not appear to be responsible for the difference. Although the general atmosphere and work load within the clinic setting may have differed it is not thought that this could fully account for the observed variations in the pregnancy rates between the two clinics.There appears to be sufficient evidence to suggest that the traditional purely ’medical’ approach to the examination of IUD use—effectiveness should be extended to include the study of social and psychological variables associated with both the providers and the acceptors of the IUD service.

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