scholarly journals COVID-19: Immune Perspective and Current Treatment Strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awais ◽  
Muhammad Naveed ◽  
Sajid Mansoor ◽  
Rimsha Zaffar ◽  
Rabia Riaz
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Mild Fever

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is now a well-established and globally lethal respiratory pandemic, affecting millions with about 10% fatality rate. Infected patients show mild to severe symptoms that may manifest as mild fever, cough, headache and nausea or they may even remain asymptomatic. World Health Organization has reported over 245,373,039 confirmed cases worldwide with 4,979,421 deaths (October 2021). There are myriads of promising approaches to pharmacologically treat the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the newly reported seventh human coronavirus, which is responsible for this pandemic. Various types of potential drugs; monoclonal antibodies, interferon therapies, peptides, small molecule drugs, oligonucleotides and vaccines are under consideration and target various structural components of the virus.  A strong host immune system is a key player in combating COVID-19 along with the effective vaccines that are a game-changing tool. The focus of the review is some worth mentioning drug candidates; remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, aloxistatin, viracept, homoharringtonine, ivermectin, favipiravir, tocilizumab, chloroquine and leronlimab against COVID-19 infections, targeting the membrane nucleocapsid, spike or envelope proteins, either currently in clinical trials or under consideration. Many drugs directly inhibit the viral infection while others trigger the immune system to fight against the virus. Furthermore, we also discussed the current covid vaccines; Pfizer, Moderna, etc. from different technical lines for immunization. Therefore, here we review how the immune system tries to manage the infection as well as vaccines and some of the potential therapeutic agents. Copyright(c) The Authors

scholarly journals COVID-19 Diagnosis, Treatments and Prevention: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-34
Author(s):  
Soumik Chatterjee ◽  
Sabyasachi Chatterjee
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

Novel Coronavirus are very harmful virus. This viruses have positive single stranded RNA genome and enveloped which is called nucleocapsid. The family of this virus is Coronaviridae. This virus originated from species of avian and mammalian. This virus effect on upper respiratory tract in humans. Many species of these novel coronaviruses (HCoVs) are named as HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-NL63. Predominant species of this virus is Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) across the world.  In both adults and childrens HCoV-HKU1 sp. is causes for chronic pulmonary disease and HCoV-NL63 species causes for upper and lower respiratory tract disease. Most recent species of this virus is MERS-CoV. This species caused for acute pneumonia and occasional renal failure. The new strain of novel Coronavirus is SARS-CoV-2. This strain causes for the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). This disease named by the World Health Organization. Now world fighting against COVID-19 and according to the recent statistics report of world about the COVID-19 cases approx 22.6M confirmed cases and 792K death cases appeared and recovered 14.5M. COVID-19 disease starts to spread from December 2019 from china. Covid-19 disease is emerged in Wuhan seafood market at Wuhan of South China and then rapidly spread throughout the world. The corona virus outbreak has been declared a public health emergency of International concern by World Health Organization (WHO). In this article we summarize the current clinical characteristics of coronavirus and diagnosis, treatments and prevention of COVID-19 disease. In this review article, we analyze data from various Research Reports like WHO guidelines and other articles. It is very important to the readers that new data of COVID-19 updating nearly every hour of day regarding clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment strategies, and outcomes COVID-19 disease. The degree of COVID-19 disease varying throughout the world. COVID-19 affected patient shows various symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, breathlessness, fatigue, and malaise among others. The COVID-19 disease is being treated through general treatment like symptomatic treatment, by using antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy and by the immune system. There is no vaccine or therapeutic strategies for deal with this disease yet. In this critical situation preventive measures must be require.  A very important issue in preventing viral infection is hand hygiene. There are other entities that people can boosting the immune system and help in infection prevention.

scholarly journals New Treatment Options against Carbapenem-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiInfections

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Burcu Isler ◽  
Yohei Doi ◽  
Robert A. Bonomo ◽  
David L. Paterson
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
World Health ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Available Information

ABSTRACTCarbapenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(CRAB) is a perilous nosocomial pathogen causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Current treatment options for CRAB are limited and suffer from pharmacokinetic limitations, such as high toxicity and low plasma levels. As a result, CRAB is declared as the top priority pathogen by the World Health Organization for the investment in new drugs. This urgent need for new therapies, in combination with faster FDA approval process, accelerated new drug development and placed several drug candidates in the pipeline. This article reviews available information about the new drugs and other therapeutic options focusing on agents in clinical or late-stage preclinical studies for the treatment of CRAB, and it evaluates their expected benefits and potential shortcomings.

The Pandemic of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Need for an Immediate Action (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujib Ullah
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Large Family ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
New Disease ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

UNSTRUCTURED Coronaviruses belong to a large family of viruses. Coronavirus also called COVID-19 is a new disease that has not been previously identified in humans. The World Health Organization has announced that COVID-19 is a pandemic. Currently there is no specific vaccine or treatment for COVID-19. Current treatment for COVID-19 is only supportive (treating the symptoms). There are no antiviral or vaccine options at this time. Therefore, it is time to bring collective efforts to treat or prevent a rapidly evolving pandemic of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Probiotics: A Promising Candidate for Management of Colorectal Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 3178
Author(s):  
Ashutosh Tripathy ◽  
Jayalaxmi Dash ◽  
Sudhakar Kancharla ◽  
Prachetha Kolli ◽  
Deviyani Mahajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
World Health ◽  
Intestinal Barrier Function ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Prevention Therapy ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Cancerous Cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the World’s third most frequently diagnosed cancer type. It accounted for about 9.4% mortality out of the total incidences of cancer in the year 2020. According to estimated facts by World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, 27 million new CRC cases, 17 million deaths, and around 75 million people living with the disease will appear. The facts and evidence that establish a link between the intestinal microflora and the occurrence of CRC are quite intuitive. Current shortcomings of chemo- and radiotherapies and the unavailability of appropriate treatment strategies for CRC are becoming the driving force to search for an alternative approach for the prevention, therapy, and management of CRC. Probiotics have been used for a long time due to their beneficial health effects, and now, it has become a popular candidate for the preventive and therapeutic treatment of CRC. The probiotics adopt different strategies such as the improvement of the intestinal barrier function, balancing of natural gut microflora, secretion of anticancer compounds, and degradation of carcinogenic compounds, which are useful in the prophylactic treatment of CRC. The pro-apoptotic ability of probiotics against cancerous cells makes them a potential therapeutic candidate against cancer diseases. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics have created interest among researchers to explore the therapeutic strategy by activating the immune system against cancerous cells. The present review discusses in detail different strategies and mechanisms of probiotics towards the prevention and treatment of CRC.

scholarly journals A pilot study of clonazepam versus psychodynamic group therapy plus clonazepam in the treatment of generalized social anxiety disorder

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Z. Knijnik ◽  
Carlos Blanco ◽  
Giovanni Abrahão Salum ◽  
Carolina U. Moraes ◽  
Clarissa Mombach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Social Anxiety ◽  
Group Therapy ◽  
Social Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Functioning ◽  
Psychodynamic Group Therapy ◽  
Efficacy Measures ◽  
Health Organization

AbstractBackgroundBoth psychodynamic group therapy (PGT) and clonazepam are used as treatment strategies in reducing symptoms of generalized social anxiety disorder (GSAD). However, many individuals remain symptomatic after treatment with PGT or clonazepam.MethodFifty-eight adult outpatients with a diagnosis of GSAD according to DSM-IV were randomized to 12 weeks PGT plus clonazepam or clonazepam. The Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) Scale was the primary efficacy measure. Secondary efficacy measures included the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale (LSAS) total score, the World Health Organization Instrument to Assess Quality of Life—Brief (WHOQOL-Bref) Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI).ResultsCGI-I data from 57 patients (intent-to-treat population) showed that patients who received PGT plus clonazepam presented significantly greater improvement than those who received clonazepam (P = 0.033). There were no significant differences between the two groups in the secondary efficacy measures.ConclusionsOur study suggests that the combination of PGT with clonazepam may be a promising strategy for the treatment of GSAD, regarding gains in the global functioning. However the present study failed to detect more specific changes in social anxiety symptomatology between the two groups.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effectiveness and Safety of Repurposing Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19: Position Standing in 2021

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Safaet Alam ◽  
Taslima Binte Kamal ◽  
Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker ◽  
Jin-Rong Zhou ◽  
S. M. Abdur Rahman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
World Health ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Meta Analyses

COVID-19, transmitted by SARS-CoV-2, is one of the most serious pandemic situations in the history of mankind, and has already infected a huge population across the globe. This horrendously contagious viral outbreak was first identified in China and within a very short time it affected the world's health, transport, economic, and academic sectors. Despite the recent approval of a few anti-COVID-19 vaccines, their unavailability and insufficiency along with the lack of other potential therapeutic options are continuing to worsen the situation, with valuable lives continuing to be lost. In this situation, researchers across the globe are focusing on repurposing prospective drugs and prophylaxis such as favipiravir, remdesivir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ivermectin, lopinavir-ritonavir, azithromycin, doxycycline, ACEIs/ARBs, rivaroxaban, and protease inhibitors, which were preliminarily based on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and toxicological study reports followed by clinical applications. Based on available preliminary data derived from limited clinical trials, the US National Institute of Health (NIH) and USFDA also recommended a few drugs to be repurposed i.e., hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and favipiravir. However, World Health Organization later recommended against the use of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, and lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of COVID-19 infections. Combining basic knowledge of viral pathogenesis and pharmacodynamics of drug molecules as well as in silico approaches, many drug candidates have been investigated in clinical trials, some of which have been proven to be partially effective against COVID-19, and many of the other drugs are currently under extensive screening. The repurposing of prospective drug candidates from different stages of evaluation can be a handy wellspring in COVID-19 management and treatment along with approved anti-COVID-19 vaccines. This review article combined the information from completed clinical trials, case series, cohort studies, meta-analyses, and retrospective studies to focus on the current status of repurposing drugs in 2021.

Meningiomas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Hovinga ◽  
Y. Esquenazi ◽  
P. H. Gutin
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Spinal Tumors ◽  
Central Nervous System Tumors ◽  
Clinical Scenarios ◽  
The World ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Slow Growing

Meningiomas are the most common primary central nervous system tumors and account for about one third of all primary brain and spinal tumors. They are classified according to the World Health Organization into 3 groups (I–III). Treatment strategies range from observation, surgery, and/or a radiation therapy. Many meningiomas are slow growing and discovered incidentally. Symptoms can vary widely, depending on the location. Patient’s specific factors and the location of the meningioma in relation to critical brain structures are all important factors in determining the optimal treatment. This chapter presents common clinical scenarios of meningioma. Differential diagnosis, perioperative workup, surgical nuances, and postoperative complications are discussed.

scholarly journals Strengthening the Immune System and Reducing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress through Diet and Nutrition: Considerations during the COVID-19 Crisis

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Iddir ◽  
Alex Brito ◽  
Giulia Dingeo ◽  
Sofia Sosa Fernandez Del Campo ◽  
Hanen Samouda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
World Health ◽  
Adequate Diet ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) was announced as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. Challenges arise concerning how to optimally support the immune system in the general population, especially under self-confinement. An optimal immune response depends on an adequate diet and nutrition in order to keep infection at bay. For example, sufficient protein intake is crucial for optimal antibody production. Low micronutrient status, such as of vitamin A or zinc, has been associated with increased infection risk. Frequently, poor nutrient status is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn can impact the immune system. Dietary constituents with especially high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacity include vitamin C, vitamin E, and phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols. Several of these can interact with transcription factors such as NF-kB and Nrf-2, related to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, respectively. Vitamin D in particular may perturb viral cellular infection via interacting with cell entry receptors (angiotensin converting enzyme 2), ACE2. Dietary fiber, fermented by the gut microbiota into short-chain fatty acids, has also been shown to produce anti-inflammatory effects. In this review, we highlight the importance of an optimal status of relevant nutrients to effectively reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, thereby strengthening the immune system during the COVID-19 crisis.

scholarly journals Perspectives in Peptide-Based Vaccination Strategies for Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concetta Di Natale ◽  
Sara La Manna ◽  
Ilaria De Benedictis ◽  
Paola Brandi ◽  
Daniela Marasco
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Primary Host ◽  
Viral Pathogen ◽  
Drug Candidates ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Spread Of Infection

At the end of December 2019, an epidemic form of respiratory tract infection now named COVID-19 emerged in Wuhan, China. It is caused by a newly identified viral pathogen, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which can cause severe pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome. On January 30, 2020, due to the rapid spread of infection, COVID-19 was declared as a global health emergency by the World Health Organization. Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses belonging to the family of Coronaviridae, which are able to infect birds, humans and other mammals. The majority of human coronavirus infections are mild although already in 2003 and in 2012, the epidemics of SARS-CoV and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), respectively, were characterized by a high mortality rate. In this regard, many efforts have been made to develop therapeutic strategies against human CoV infections but, unfortunately, drug candidates have shown efficacy only into in vitro studies, limiting their use against COVID-19 infection. Actually, no treatment has been approved in humans against SARS-CoV-2, and therefore there is an urgent need of a suitable vaccine to tackle this health issue. However, the puzzled scenario of biological features of the virus and its interaction with human immune response, represent a challenge for vaccine development. As expected, in hundreds of research laboratories there is a running out of breath to explore different strategies to obtain a safe and quickly spreadable vaccine; and among others, the peptide-based approach represents a turning point as peptides have demonstrated unique features of selectivity and specificity toward specific targets. Peptide-based vaccines imply the identification of different epitopes both on human cells and virus capsid and the design of peptide/peptidomimetics able to counteract the primary host-pathogen interaction, in order to induce a specific host immune response. SARS-CoV-2 immunogenic regions are mainly distributed, as well as for other coronaviruses, across structural areas such as spike, envelope, membrane or nucleocapsid proteins. Herein, we aim to highlight the molecular basis of the infection and recent peptide-based vaccines strategies to fight the COVID-19 pandemic including their delivery systems.

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