Energy intensity of hydrocarbons in liquid and solid states

Objectives. The increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles necessitates the search for jet fuels based on hydrocarbon materials with high energy intensity and physical density. The purpose of the work was to analyze the influence of various factors on the mass energy intensity of hydrocarbons. This analysis is required to substantiate the algorithm for locating energy-intensive CnHm structures.Methods. Combustion energy was calculated using additive procedures. The calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel.Results. During the analysis of the mass energy intensity of CnHm hydrocarbons, the m/n ratio was discovered to be the decisive factor for achieving high values of the mass energy intensity of hydrocarbons. The energy intensity decreases when moving from alicyclic to cyclic hydrocarbons, and this decrease is not compensated by the production of strain energy. An additive scheme that allows the molar volume of hydrocarbons to be predicted with sufficient accuracy is proposed for calculating the volumetric enthalpies of combustion.Conclusions. According to the thermodynamic analysis, n-alkanes have the highest mass energy intensities. The technology for extracting n-alkanes from oil fractions is well developed, and a decrease in the hydrogen content in the fuel results in a decrease in the mass energy intensity. It appears improbable that the mass and volumetric energy intensities of hydrocarbons seem will reach their maximum values simultaneously. Hydrocarbons that have a high m/n value, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-membered rings, and phenyl fragments may have relatively high mass and volumetric energy intensities at the same time.

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PROSPECTS OF OBTAINING ALTERNATIVE FUEL FROM VARIOUS BIOMASS AND WASTE SPECIES IN AZERBAIJAN

Alternative Energy and Ecology (ISJAEE) ◽

10.15518/isjaee.2019.01-03.025-041 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 25-41

Author(s):

O. M. Salamov ◽

F. F. Aliyev

Keyword(s):

Power Plants ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

Oil And Gas ◽

Renewable Energy Sources ◽

Calorific Value ◽

High Energy ◽

Energy Sector ◽

Energy Sources ◽

Mineral Fertilizers ◽

Gaseous Fuels

The paper discusses the possibility of obtaining liquid and gaseous fuels from different types of biomass (BM) and combustible solid waste (CSW) of various origins. The available world reserves of traditional types of fuel are analyzed and a number of environmental shortcomings that created during their use are indicated. The tables present the data on the conditional calorific value (CCV) of the main traditional and alternative types of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels which compared with CCV of various types of BM and CSW. Possible methods for utilization of BM and CSW are analyzed, as well as the methods for converting them into alternative types of fuel, especially into combustible gases.Reliable information is given on the available oil and gas reserves in Azerbaijan. As a result of the research, it was revealed that the currently available oil reserves of Azerbaijan can completely dry out after 33.5 years, and gas reserves–after 117 years, without taking into account the growth rates of the exported part of these fuels to European countries. In order to fix this situation, first of all it is necessary to use as much as possible alternative and renewable energy sources, especially wind power plants (WPP) and solar photovoltaic energy sources (SFES) in the energy sector of the republic. Azerbaijan has large reserves of solar and wind energy. In addition, all regions of the country have large reserves of BM, and in the big cities, especially in industrial ones, there are CSW from which through pyrolysis and gasification is possible to obtain a high-quality combustible gas mixture, comprising: H2 + CO + CH4, with the least amount of harmful waste. The remains of the reaction of thermochemical decomposition of BM and CSW to combustible gases can also be used as mineral fertilizers in agriculture. The available and projected resources of Azerbaijan for the BM and the CSW are given, as well as their assumed energy intensity in the energy sector of the republic.Given the high energy intensity of the pyrolysis and gasification of the BM and CSW, at the present time for carrying out these reactions, the high-temperature solar installations with limited power are used as energy sources, and further preference is given to the use of WPP and SFES on industrial scale.

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Enhanced Ion Transport in an Ether Aided Super Concentrated Ionic Liquid Electrolyte for Long-Life Practical Lithium Metal Battery Applications

10.26434/chemrxiv.12588059.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Urbi Pal ◽

Fangfang Chen ◽

Derick Gyabang ◽

Thushan Pathirana ◽

Binayak Roy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Ion Transport ◽

Current Density ◽

Coulombic Efficiency ◽

High Energy ◽

Liquid Electrolyte ◽

High Mass ◽

Lithium Metal ◽

Ionic Liquid Electrolyte ◽

Lithium Metal Battery

We explore a novel ether aided superconcentrated ionic liquid electrolyte; a combination of ionic liquid, N-propyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (C3mpyrFSI) and ether solvent, 1,2 dimethoxy ethane (DME) with 3.2 mol/kg LiFSI salt, which offers an alternative ion-transport mechanism and improves the overall fluidity of the electrolyte. The molecular dynamics (MD) study reveals that the coordination environment of lithium in the ether aided ionic liquid system offers a coexistence of both the ether DME and FSI anion simultaneously and the absence of ‘free’, uncoordinated DME solvent. These structures lead to very fast kinetics and improved current density for lithium deposition-dissolution processes. Hence the electrolyte is used in a lithium metal battery against a high mass loading (~12 mg/cm2) LFP cathode which was cycled at a relatively high current rate of 1mA/cm2 for 350 cycles without capacity fading and offered an overall coulombic efficiency of >99.8 %. Additionally, the rate performance demonstrated that this electrolyte is capable of passing current density as high as 7mA/cm2 without any electrolytic decomposition and offers a superior capacity retention. We have also demonstrated an ‘anode free’ LFP-Cu cell which was cycled over 50 cycles and achieved an average coulombic efficiency of 98.74%. The coordination chemistry and (electro)chemical understanding as well as the excellent cycling stability collectively leads toward a breakthrough in realizing the practical applicability of this ether aided ionic liquid electrolytes in lithium metal battery applications, while delivering high energy density in a prototype cell.

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Energy Consumption Analysis and Characterization of Healthcare Facilities in the United States

Energies ◽

10.3390/en12193775 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (19) ◽

pp. 3775 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Khaled Bawaneh ◽

Farnaz Ghazi Nezami ◽

Md. Rasheduzzaman ◽

Brad Deken

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Energy Consumption ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

The United States ◽

High Energy ◽

Total Energy Consumption ◽

Healthcare Facilities ◽

Energy Consumption Analysis ◽

Consumption Data ◽

End Use

Healthcare facilities in the United States account for 4.8% of the total area in the commercial sector and are responsible for 10.3% of total energy consumption in this sector. The number of healthcare facilities increased by 22% since 2003, leading to a 21% rise in energy consumption and an 8% reduction in energy intensity per unit of area (544.8 kWh/m2). This study provides an analytical overview of the end-use energy consumption data in healthcare systems for hospitals in the United States. The energy intensity of the U.S. hospitals ranges from 640.7 kWh/m2 in Zone 5 (very hot) to 781.1 kWh/m2 in Zone 1 (very cold), with an average of 738.5 kWh/m2. This is approximately 2.6 times higher than that of other commercial buildings. High energy intensity in the healthcare facilities, particularly in hospitals, along with energy costs and associated environmental concerns make energy analysis crucial for this type of facility. The proposed analysis shows that U.S. healthcare facilities have higher energy intensity than those of most other countries, especially the European ones. This necessitates the adoption of more energy-efficient approaches to the infrastructure and the management of healthcare facilities in the United States.

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INTERMITTENCY PATTERNS IN PROTON-NUCLEUS INTERACTIONS AT HIGH ENERGY

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s0217732393003998 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 08 (40) ◽

pp. 3853-3859 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

D. K. MAITY ◽

P. K. BANERJEE ◽

B. B. DAS ◽

D. RAVINDRAN ◽

D. K. BHATTACHARJEE

Keyword(s):

Power Law ◽

Quark Gluon Plasma ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

Gluon Plasma ◽

High Energy ◽

Mass Energy ◽

Factorial Moments ◽

Center Of Mass Energy

A study of intermittency in hadron-nucleus and the comparison with nucleus-nucleus interactions is presented. The power law behavior of the factorial moments and the variation of intermittency index with the center-of-mass energy are shown. Results favor the formation of quark-gluon plasma in preference to a cascade mechanism.

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Domestic versus foreign energy use: an analysis for four European countries

Environment Development and Sustainability ◽

10.1007/s10668-021-01622-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

José A. Camacho ◽

Lucas da Silva Almeida ◽

Mercedes Rodríguez ◽

Jesús Molina

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Total Energy ◽

Energy Use ◽

Energy Intensity ◽

Value Chains ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Preliminary Step ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Domestic Use ◽

Energy Intensities

AbstractIn order to adequately assess energy policies and set clear objectives, a key preliminary step is to know the energy use patterns of the different countries. This paper estimates the evolution of the total energy use over the period 1995–2015 in four European Union (EU) countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, and Spain, representative of two different energy patterns, the “Southern” one and the “Eastern” one. For doing so, we employ a Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) model. In difference with previous studies, in addition to differentiate between domestic and foreign use we distinguish whether this energy is produced domestically or abroad. The results obtained show a certain convergence in energy intensity across the four countries examined because of the radical transformations experienced by the Czech Republic and Hungary. Nonetheless, energy intensities are still substantially higher in Eastern than in Southern countries which confirms that the first group of countries have still a long road to go, especially regarding the incentives that their industries have to use energy efficiently. Taking our decomposition of total energy use, the reductions in total energy use were mainly caused by a high decrease in the importance of the domestic use of energy produced domestically. At the same time, a growing importance of the role played by the energy produced abroad was observed. These trends confirm the great importance of global value chains and the steady internalization of energy use. This methodology could be further applied to other countries.

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Effects of Rotating Blade Wakes on Separation and Pressure Recovery in Turbine Exhaust Diffusers

Volume 6: Turbomachinery, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/gt2008-50788 ◽

2008 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Olaf Sieker ◽

Joerg R. Seume

Keyword(s):

Boundary Layer ◽

High Energy ◽

Flow Coefficient ◽

Pressure Recovery ◽

High Mass ◽

Scale Model ◽

Swirl Number ◽

Annular Diffuser ◽

Bladed Rotor ◽

Turbine Exhaust

Highly efficient turbine exhaust diffusers can only be designed by taking into account the unsteady interactions with the last rotating row of the turbine. Therefore, a scale model of a typical gas turbine exhaust diffuser consisting of an annular and a conical diffuser is investigated experimentally. To investigate the influence of rotating wakes, a variable-speed rotating spoke wheel with cylindrical spokes as well as with NACA bladed spokes generates high-energy turbulent wakes simulating turbine rotor wakes. For the rotor with the NACA blades, the drive of the wheel is run in motor as well as in generator mode. Additional measurements in a reference configuration without a spoke wheel allow the detailed analysis of changes in the flow pattern. 3-hole pneumatic probes, static pressure taps, as well as a 2D-Laser-Doppler-Velocimeter (LDV) are used to investigate velocity profiles and turbulent characteristics. Without the wakes generated by a spoke wheel, the annular diffuser (with a 20° half cone opening angle) separates at the shroud for all swirl configurations. Increasing the swirl results in increasing pressure recovery at the shroud whereas the hub boundary is destabilized. For a non-rotating spoke rotor and low swirl numbers, the 20° annular diffuser separates at the shroud. Increasing the swirl number, a strong deceleration of the axial velocity at the shroud is generated without separation and a higher pressure recovery is achieved. The boundary layer at the shroud of the 20° annular diffuser separates for all operating points with the bladed rotor. A partly stabilized 20° annular diffuser can only be achieved for much higher values of the flow coefficient than that for the design point. At this high mass flow, the NACA-bladed rotor operates as a turbine, resulting in the generator mode of the electric drive. Contrary to the numerical design calculations, the flow at the shroud of a 15° annular diffuser does not separate for all swirl configurations in the experiment. Pressure recovery of the 15° annular diffuser can be increased by increasing the inlet swirl whereas the hub boundary layer is destabilized. For the NACA bladed rotor, the flow in the 15° annular diffuser as well as the pressure recovery strongly depend on the flow coefficient. For flow coefficients lower than the design value, the flow partly separates at the shroud whereas large flow coefficients result in increased pressure recovery. The pressure recovery also depends on the direction of swirl and thus the swirl number.

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Anthracene-Based Down-Converting Copolymers for Non-Invasive Optogenetic Techniques

10.26434/chemrxiv.12709598 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

David French ◽

Aundrea F. Bartley ◽

Kavitha Abiraman ◽

Micah Bagley ◽

Benjamin Grant ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Absorption Spectrum ◽

Methyl Methacrylate ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Emission Intensity ◽

High Energy ◽

Neuronal Cultures ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Solid States ◽

Neurological Response ◽

Down Conversion

The down-conversion of high energy light with a fluorescent material may provide sufficient emission intensity to invoke a measurable neurological response in optogentically-active neurons. This work describes the use of anthracene-containing copolymers for use as a fixed emission material in optogenetic electrophysiology to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique. An anthracene-modified methacrylate was synthesized and copolymerized with methyl methacrylate to produce glassy copolymers with physical properties like those of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The fluorescence in both solution and solid states are like those of pure anthracene and overlap fully with the absorption spectrum of channelrhodpsin-2. Scintillation is observed but is weak compared to fluorescence. The copolymers were found to be non-toxic to neuronal cultures. Whole cell patching measured the voltage changes of neurons under UV-irradiation in the absence and presence of a copolymer film. Increased frequencies and amplitudes of electrical events were observed in the presence of the polymers. <div> <hr> </div>

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High(est) energy lepton colliders

International Journal of Modern Physics A ◽

10.1142/s0217751x21420161 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2142016

Author(s):

Roberto Franceschini

Keyword(s):

Standard Model ◽

Center Of Mass ◽

High Energy ◽

New Physics ◽

Mass Energy ◽

Center Of Mass Energy ◽

Lepton Colliders ◽

The Standard Model

We discuss the physics opportunities and challenges presented by high energy lepton colliders in the range of center-of-mass energy between few and several tens of TeV. The focus is on the progress attainable on the study of weak and Higgs interactions in connection with new physics scenarios motivated by the shortcomings of the Standard Model.

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