Energy intensity of hydrocarbons in liquid and solid states

Objectives. The increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles necessitates the search for jet fuels based on hydrocarbon materials with high energy intensity and physical density. The purpose of the work was to analyze the influence of various factors on the mass energy intensity of hydrocarbons. This analysis is required to substantiate the algorithm for locating energy-intensive CnHm structures.Methods. Combustion energy was calculated using additive procedures. The calculations were performed using Microsoft Excel.Results. During the analysis of the mass energy intensity of CnHm hydrocarbons, the m/n ratio was discovered to be the decisive factor for achieving high values of the mass energy intensity of hydrocarbons. The energy intensity decreases when moving from alicyclic to cyclic hydrocarbons, and this decrease is not compensated by the production of strain energy. An additive scheme that allows the molar volume of hydrocarbons to be predicted with sufficient accuracy is proposed for calculating the volumetric enthalpies of combustion.Conclusions. According to the thermodynamic analysis, n-alkanes have the highest mass energy intensities. The technology for extracting n-alkanes from oil fractions is well developed, and a decrease in the hydrogen content in the fuel results in a decrease in the mass energy intensity. It appears improbable that the mass and volumetric energy intensities of hydrocarbons seem will reach their maximum values simultaneously. Hydrocarbons that have a high m/n value, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6-membered rings, and phenyl fragments may have relatively high mass and volumetric energy intensities at the same time.

Domestic versus foreign energy use: an analysis for four European countries

In order to adequately assess energy policies and set clear objectives, a key preliminary step is to know the energy use patterns of the different countries. This paper estimates the evolution of the total energy use over the period 1995–2015 in four European Union (EU) countries, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, and Spain, representative of two different energy patterns, the “Southern” one and the “Eastern” one. For doing so, we employ a Multi-Regional Input Output (MRIO) model. In difference with previous studies, in addition to differentiate between domestic and foreign use we distinguish whether this energy is produced domestically or abroad. The results obtained show a certain convergence in energy intensity across the four countries examined because of the radical transformations experienced by the Czech Republic and Hungary. Nonetheless, energy intensities are still substantially higher in Eastern than in Southern countries which confirms that the first group of countries have still a long road to go, especially regarding the incentives that their industries have to use energy efficiently. Taking our decomposition of total energy use, the reductions in total energy use were mainly caused by a high decrease in the importance of the domestic use of energy produced domestically. At the same time, a growing importance of the role played by the energy produced abroad was observed. These trends confirm the great importance of global value chains and the steady internalization of energy use. This methodology could be further applied to other countries.

Reducing the Decarbonisation Cost Burden for EU Energy-Intensive Industries

Carbon leakage features prominently in the climate policy debate in economies implementing climate policies, especially in the EU. The imposition of carbon pricing impacts negatively the competitiveness of energy-intensive industries, inducing their relocation to countries with weaker environmental regulation. Unilateral climate policy may complement domestic emissions pricing with border carbon adjustment to reduce leakage and protect the competitiveness of domestic manufacturing. Here, we use an enhanced version of GEM-E3-FIT model to assess the macro-economic impacts when the EU unilaterally implements the EU Green Deal goals, leading to a leakage of 25% over 2020–2050. The size and composition, in terms of GHG and energy intensities, of the countries undertaking emission reductions matter for carbon leakage, which is significantly reduced when China joins the mitigation effort, as a result of its large market size and the high carbon intensity of its production. Chemicals and metals face the stronger risks for relocation to non-abating countries. The Border Carbon Adjustment can largely reduce leakage and the negative activity impacts on energy-intensive and trade-exposed industries of regulating countries, by shifting the emission reduction to non-abating countries through implicit changes in product prices.

Regional dimensions of the South Korean water-energy nexus

The linkage between water and energy, the water-energy nexus, is site specific. An integrated management approach to both resources begins with understanding a region’s water-energy nexus. This study built an inventory of water and energy consumption in 17 South Korean regions at each stage of the urban water cycle from 2012 to 2017, estimated the water-related energy intensities, and compared those values across regions. Additionally, this study conducted a series of regression analyses to identify the influences of various factors on water-related energy consumption. This study found regional variance in the total energy intensity as well as in the energy intensities at different stages of the water cycle. Both energy consumed and energy intensities generally increased over the study period. The findings show that greater attention should be paid to energy consumption in the water sector, especially in the wastewater treatment sector. In addition, the regression analyses revealed that management of energy intensity is the most impactful way to reduce energy consumption in the water sector. The positive impacts on water pollution and water consumption also bolster the necessity of water conservation efforts. This study presents regional priorities related to the water-energy nexus and provides water-related energy intensity benchmarks that local governments can use. The findings highlight the necessity of an integrated approach to water and energy.

Cfd Analysis of Air Swirl in Cylinder of Ci Engine by Modification of Cylinder Head

Work is based on the impact of air swirl in the cylinder chamber by cfd analysis of a one cylinder 4s CI engine is presented. So as to accomplish the swirl, tumble and kinetic energy intensities in the combustion chamber. The cylinder head is modified to increase the turbulence in the chamber. This increases the air motion, is done by removing material and protrusion on the cylinder head. Depending upon on the design configurations of Diesel engine i.e. in the order to exaggerate the air motion and to provide homogenous mixture in the cylinder and its effects on the emission and performance.

Relationship Between Dynamic Thermal Properties, Energy Consumption and Comfort with Different Building Envelopes in a Canadian Building

An office building located in Quebec City (Canada) with different envelope assemblies has been simulated in order to determine the energy consumption and thermal comfort that they provide. The resistance, thermal mass, and materials (concrete, cross-laminated timbers (CLT), and light-frame) are varied in a series of 164 different scenarios and the energy intensities for heating and cooling determined in each case, along with the discomfort index. Results show that the materiel used to provide thermal mass has a larger impact on comfort and energy consumption than the value of the thermal mass thickness itself. It was also attempted to correlate the performance of the envelope and its thermal mass with three dynamic thermal properties (i.e., dynamic transmittance, areal heat capacity, and decrement factor). Apart from thermal resistance, the internal areal heat capacity appeared to be the most important variable to explain variations of performance of the envelope.