Radiological and nuclear medicine examinations in breastfeeding women. A novel protocol of the Academy of Breastfeeding

This paper discusses a particular time in woman’s life, breastfeeding, that takes from 4 months to 2 years. Mean age of pregnant women increases every year, while reproductive technologies allow for realizing childbearing function in the second period of adulthood. Many diseases those diagnosis requires multiple examinations occur with age. When the mother is forced to stop breastfeeding in view of the need for examination, it is essential for her to get a reasoned rationale and to know the duration of limitations. Unfortunately, no regulations covering the use of modern nuclear medicine and X-ray technologies in breastfeeding women are available in the Russian Federation. Foreign experience may address the existing lack of knowledge. In the future, these data may provide guidance to develop national recommendations. This review paper summarizes the studies on imaging techniques and nuclear medicine procedures in lactating women and limitations of breastfeeding in their use. KEYWORDS: lactation, breastfeeding, breast examination, nuclear medicine, mammologist. FOR CITATION: Gerashchenko Y.L. Radiological and nuclear medicine examinations in breastfeeding women. A novel protocol of the Academy of Breastfeeding. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(3):238–242 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-3-238-242.

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The Rationale and Efficacy of Applying Multiple Imaging Techniques for Breast Examination: X-Ray Mammography and Ultrasound Visualization

10.1117/12.936001 ◽

1983 ◽

Author(s):

Elizabeth Kelly-Fry

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

X Ray ◽

Breast Examination ◽

Multiple Imaging

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Incidence and location of bone metastases in breast cancer

Romanian Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology ◽

10.2478/rojost-2019-0006 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 28-31

Author(s):

Monica Cirstoiu ◽

Octavian Munteanu ◽

Oana Bodean ◽

Florina Paulet ◽

Bogdan Șerban ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Medical Imaging ◽

Bone Metastases ◽

Retrospective Analysis ◽

Functional Imaging ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

X Ray ◽

Osseous Metastases

AbstractThis report represents an analysis of 19 confirmed cases of breast cancer throughout a period of 14 months (January 2018 - February 2019), in which we assessed the incidence and sites of osseous metastases, in correlation with their histopathologic classification. This retrospective analysis is based on medical imaging techniques (X-ray radiography and nuclear medicine functional imaging).

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Modern principles of the radiation protection from sources of ionizing radiation in medicine. Part 1: Trends, structure of x-ray diagnostics and doses from medical exposure

Radiatsionnaya Gygiena = Radiation Hygiene ◽

10.21514/1998-426x-2019-12-1-6-24 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 6-24 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

G. G. Onischenko ◽

A. Yu. Popova ◽

I. K. Romanovich ◽

A. V. Vodovatov ◽

N. S. Bashketova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Nuclear Medicine ◽

Radiation Protection ◽

Russian Federation ◽

European Countries ◽

X Ray ◽

Collective Dose ◽

Effective Doses ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Medical Exposure

Implementation of modern highly informative methods of X-ray diagnostics (computed tomography, interventional examinations, nuclear medicine), associated with the increase of doses to the public and patients, requires the development and improvement of the existing system of the radiation protection from medical exposure. Despite the prevalence of the traditional imaging modalities in the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation (radiography and fluorography compose up to 95% out of 280 mln. X-ray examinations performed in 2017), the major contribution into the collective dose from medical exposure is due to the computed tomography (50,5%). Comparison of the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation with European Union indicates the absence of fluorography examinations and significantly (up to a factor of 5) higher contribution of computed tomography in European countries. An average collective dose from medical exposure in European countries is composed of 80% of computed tomography and of 10% of nuclear medicine; a mean effective dose per X-ray examination are higher up to a factor of 3 compared to Russia. The analysis of the trends of the development of the X-ray diagnostic in the Russian Federation allows predicting a further increase of the number of computer tomography, interventional and nuclear medicine examinations as well as an increase of the collective dose from medical exposure up to a factor of two in the next decade. This will be associated with changes in the structure of the X-ray diagnostics and an increase of the mean effective doses from X-ray examinations.

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Studies of metaphase chromosomes in the scanning transmission x-ray microscope: Image fidelity, radiation damage and specimen preparation

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100129826 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1038-1039

Author(s):

Shawn Williams ◽

Xiaodong Zhang ◽

Susan Lamm ◽

Jack Van’t Hof

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Radiation Damage ◽

Cross Section ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Dose Range ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

X Rays ◽

Metaphase Chromosomes ◽

X Ray ◽

Scanning Transmission

The Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscope (STXM) is well suited for investigating metaphase chromosome structure. The absorption cross-section of soft x-rays having energies between the carbon and oxygen K edges (284 - 531 eV) is 6 - 9.5 times greater for organic specimens than for water, which permits one to examine unstained, wet biological specimens with resolution superior to that attainable using visible light. The attenuation length of the x-rays is suitable for imaging micron thick specimens without sectioning. This large difference in cross-section yields good specimen contrast, so that fewer soft x-rays than electrons are required to image wet biological specimens at a given resolution. But most imaging techniques delivering better resolution than visible light produce radiation damage. Soft x-rays are known to be very effective in damaging biological specimens. The STXM is constructed to minimize specimen dose, but it is important to measure the actual damage induced as a function of dose in order to determine the dose range within which radiation damage does not compromise image quality.

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An x-ray microprobe based upon a close-coupled focal-spot / glass capillary arrangement

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100133424 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1758-1759

Author(s):

D. A. Carpenter ◽

M. A. Taylor

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Fluorescence Analysis ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Specimen Preparation ◽

X Rays ◽

Glass Capillary ◽

Close Coupling ◽

X Ray ◽

Point To Point ◽

Beam Damage

The development of intense sources of x rays has led to renewed interest in the use of microbeams of x rays in x-ray fluorescence analysis. Sparks pointed out that the use of x rays as a probe offered the advantages of high sensitivity, low detection limits, low beam damage, and large penetration depths with minimal specimen preparation or perturbation. In addition, the option of air operation provided special advantages for examination of hydrated systems or for nondestructive microanalysis of large specimens.The disadvantages of synchrotron sources prompted the development of laboratory-based instrumentation with various schemes to maximize the beam flux while maintaining small point-to-point resolution. Nichols and Ryon developed a microprobe using a rotating anode source and a modified microdiffractometer. Cross and Wherry showed that by close-coupling the x-ray source, specimen, and detector, good intensities could be obtained for beam sizes between 30 and 100μm. More importantly, both groups combined specimen scanning with modern imaging techniques for rapid element mapping.

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X-Ray Imaging Techniques Appraisal: Pathway to Sustainable Health Status

IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science ◽

10.1088/1755-1315/655/1/012073 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 655 (1) ◽

pp. 012073

Author(s):

J. A. Achuka ◽

M. R. Usikalu ◽

M. A. Aweda ◽

O. A. Olowoyeye ◽

C. A. Enemuwe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Sustainable Health

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Optimization of X-ray Investigations in Dentistry Using Optical Coherence Tomography

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s21134554 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (13) ◽

pp. 4554

Author(s):

Ralph-Alexandru Erdelyi ◽

Virgil-Florin Duma ◽

Cosmin Sinescu ◽

George Mihai Dobre ◽

Adrian Bradu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Optical Coherence Tomography ◽

Radiation Dose ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Image Resolution ◽

Optical Coherence ◽

X Rays ◽

High Quality ◽

X Ray

The most common imaging technique for dental diagnoses and treatment monitoring is X-ray imaging, which evolved from the first intraoral radiographs to high-quality three-dimensional (3D) Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Other imaging techniques have shown potential, such as Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT). We have recently reported on the boundaries of these two types of techniques, regarding. the dental fields where each one is more appropriate or where they should be both used. The aim of the present study is to explore the unique capabilities of the OCT technique to optimize X-ray units imaging (i.e., in terms of image resolution, radiation dose, or contrast). Two types of commercially available and widely used X-ray units are considered. To adjust their parameters, a protocol is developed to employ OCT images of dental conditions that are documented on high (i.e., less than 10 μm) resolution OCT images (both B-scans/cross sections and 3D reconstructions) but are hardly identified on the 200 to 75 μm resolution panoramic or CBCT radiographs. The optimized calibration of the X-ray unit includes choosing appropriate values for the anode voltage and current intensity of the X-ray tube, as well as the patient’s positioning, in order to reach the highest possible X-rays resolution at a radiation dose that is safe for the patient. The optimization protocol is developed in vitro on OCT images of extracted teeth and is further applied in vivo for each type of dental investigation. Optimized radiographic results are compared with un-optimized previously performed radiographs. Also, we show that OCT can permit a rigorous comparison between two (types of) X-ray units. In conclusion, high-quality dental images are possible using low radiation doses if an optimized protocol, developed using OCT, is applied for each type of dental investigation. Also, there are situations when the X-ray technology has drawbacks for dental diagnosis or treatment assessment. In such situations, OCT proves capable to provide qualitative images.

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Deep Dive Into the Effects of Food Processing on Limiting Starch Digestibility and Lowering the Glycemic Response

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 381

Author(s):

Gautier Cesbron-Lavau ◽

Aurélie Goux ◽

Fiona Atkinson ◽

Alexandra Meynier ◽

Sophie Vinoy

Keyword(s):

Food Processing ◽

Imaging Techniques ◽

Food Products ◽

International Standards ◽

Starch Digestibility ◽

Deep Dive ◽

Processing Technologies ◽

X Ray ◽

The Impact

During processing of cereal-based food products, starch undergoes dramatic changes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of food processing on the starch digestibility profile of cereal-based foods using advanced imaging techniques, and to determine the effect of preserving starch in its native, slowly digestible form on its in vivo metabolic fate. Four different food products using different processing technologies were evaluated: extruded products, rusks, soft-baked cakes, and rotary-molded biscuits. Imaging techniques (X-ray diffraction, micro-X-ray microtomography, and electronic microscopy) were used to investigate changes in slowly digestible starch (SDS) structure that occurred during these different food processing technologies. For in vivo evaluation, International Standards for glycemic index (GI) methodology were applied on 12 healthy subjects. Rotary molding preserved starch in its intact form and resulted in the highest SDS content (28 g/100 g) and a significantly lower glycemic and insulinemic response, while the three other technologies resulted in SDS contents below 3 g/100 g. These low SDS values were due to greater disruption of the starch structure, which translated to a shift from a crystalline structure to an amorphous one. Modulation of postprandial glycemia, through starch digestibility modulation, is a meaningful target for the prevention of metabolic diseases.

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Full-field X-ray diffraction microscopy using polymeric compound refractive lenses

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s1600576714021256 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 1882-1888 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

J. Hilhorst ◽

F. Marschall ◽

T. N. Tran Thi ◽

A. Last ◽

T. U. Schülli

Keyword(s):

Imaging Techniques ◽

Light And Electron Microscopy ◽

Added Value ◽

Acquisition Time ◽

Imaging Method ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Polymeric Compound ◽

Full Field ◽

X Ray ◽

Diffraction Imaging

Diffraction imaging is the science of imaging samples under diffraction conditions. Diffraction imaging techniques are well established in visible light and electron microscopy, and have also been widely employed in X-ray science in the form of X-ray topography. Over the past two decades, interest in X-ray diffraction imaging has taken flight and resulted in a wide variety of methods. This article discusses a new full-field imaging method, which uses polymer compound refractive lenses as a microscope objective to capture a diffracted X-ray beam coming from a large illuminated area on a sample. This produces an image of the diffracting parts of the sample on a camera. It is shown that this technique has added value in the field, owing to its high imaging speed, while being competitive in resolution and level of detail of obtained information. Using a model sample, it is shown that lattice tilts and strain in single crystals can be resolved simultaneously down to 10−3° and Δa/a= 10−5, respectively, with submicrometre resolution over an area of 100 × 100 µm and a total image acquisition time of less than 60 s.

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