Denn sie wissen, was sie tun

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (143) ◽  
pp. 185-202
Author(s):  
Dorothea Schmidt

In the last years, on average 300.000 people were killed each year in armed conflicts, 200.000 civilians died by the use of small arms in non-military situations. The constant supply of second-hand and new arms manufactured mostly by American and European producers and the easy accessibility in many regions of the world help to nurture violence and conflict situations. Producers and their supporters like the US-American NRA claim „Guns don’t kill people. People kill people” and stress that they always act within the legal framework. Nevertheless, producers are frequently trying to circumvent and undermine or campaigning for the abolishment of all kinds of regulations. Therefore they also bear responsibility for the dreadful damages of the use of small arms.

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Olaitan Oluwaseyi Olusegun

Abstract Armed conflicts are characterised by violence and human rights violations with various implications on the citizens, economy and development of nations. The impact is however more pronounced with life-long consequences on children, the most vulnerable members of the society. This article examines the impact of non-international armed conflicts on children in Nigeria and identifies the laws for the protection of children against armed conflicts, both in international law and Nigeria’s domestic law. It also addresses the challenges involved in the protection of children in armed conflict situations in Nigeria. The study found that legal efforts to protect children have not been given sufficient attention in Nigeria. This is mostly due to various challenges including the fragmentation of legal framework and the refusal to domesticate relevant treaties. It is thus recommended that these challenges be addressed through the implementation of effective legal frameworks.


2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullah Al-Ahsan

The question of Palestine (and the city of Jerusalem) is a core issue that remains at the centre of the Muslim mind in our time. This is because most Muslims feel that the Zionist Movement created the State of Israel in Palestine after World War II by depriving the local population of their fundamental right to exist in their ancestral homeland. The global Zionist Movement conspired, resorted to terrorist tactics and executed an ethnic cleansing campaign to create the State of Israel. The Zionists first secured the support of British politicians and then the American leaders in favour of their search for an exclusive Jewish state covering the entirety of the former British Mandate of Palestine. Although the Palestinians – like Muslims in various parts of the world – quickly developed a national consciousness in the inter-war period and tried to protect their fundamental rights, they were no match for the Zionists who had already secured the support of major powers of the globe (e.g. Britain and the US). Later, Israel managed to obtain UN membership in its third attempt with the commitment to allow all Palestinians to return to their ancestral home. But in practice, Israel has ignored all UN resolutions regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Israel has gradually developed a legal framework to deny the citizenship rights of the original population of Palestine and continues to build new Jewish settlements by demolishing Palestinian homes. While the Palestinians continue to suffer under Israeli repression, the OIC (Organization of Islamic Cooperation) and most Muslim governments have largely abandoned the Palestinian cause of liberation. This, in turn, frustrates much of the Muslim youth around the world – fuelling fundamentalism and extremism.  


2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-85
Author(s):  
Judith A Oloo

Compared to most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya has, for a long time, enjoyed relative peace. However, this perceived peace has been marked with several incidents of internal clashes exposing women to large-scale gender-based sexual violence. While sexual violence is generally common in peacetime, it is exacerbated in conflict situations such as the post-election violence of 2007–2008 which saw mass incidents of rape and unprecedented killings in Kenya. This happened despite a robust legal framework prohibiting sexual violence. This article shows that the state’s to take cognisance of certain issues uniquely affecting women in Kenya in various aspects and contexts accumulate to disadvantage women, thereby making them more vulnerable. Second, the state’s failure to respond adequately to the unique plight of women during peacetime further exacerbates their suffering during armed conflicts. Thus, in a bid to find a better legal framework to protect women during conflict in Kenya, this article analyses the vulnerability theory of human rights which acknowledges that humans are generally and naturally vulnerable to certain elements. It concludes by stating that only when the vulnerability of women is understood and appreciated, can the law be effectively used to protect women against sexual and gender-based violence in conflict situations, among other hardships that women face, just by virtue of being women. It proposes among others a multidimensional approach including law reform, strict implementation of the existing law, economic inclusion of women and more investment in women as a remedy.


Author(s):  
Rajamanickam Srinivasan

Women, peace, and conflict have remained in focus ever since the end of the Holocaust days. UN Platform for Action 1995 recognized that women are specifically affected by armed conflict because of their unequal status in society and their sex. When the intent is to destroy a culture, women are selectively targeted to symbolize superiority, and induce humiliation in defeated men. Apart from the gender specific effects on women, armed conflicts impose severe strain on economy. It is evident that protecting women during conflict situations therefore makes sound economic sense, apart from the humanitarian obligation that it invites. In this backdrop, this chapter examines the provisions of international humanitarian law and India's domestic legal instruments from the point of view of their brief contents and intents. It sums up the examination of legal framework by advocating social awareness and societal subscription to practice what is preached.


2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-405
Author(s):  
Alexandru-Cosmin Dumitru

Abstract This article focuses on the analysis of the potential of virtual currencies to contribute to global economic development, given their innovative characteristics and their rapid increase in popularity. This article intends to fill the gap in understanding the characteristics and the risks of the emergence of virtual currencies as part of the global financial systems. There is a huge potential of the new currencies backed by blockchain technology, to develop the existing payment systems and upgrade them, as they represent an innovative form of money with increased security of the transactions. For instance, the central banks of some of the world financial leaders, such as the US, UK, China, etc. have been experimenting with the possibility of integrating the technology behind the virtual currencies into the internal payment systems. In this sense, the governments are also working on creating a better legal framework to improve the recognition, licensing and registration of virtual currencies as an official form of payment, and also creating a better control mechanism of the new currency (Vejacka, 2014).


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 820-862
Author(s):  
Alperen Afşin Gözlügöl

Majority of the minority (MOM) approval of related party transactions (RPTs) has become a popular mechanism to be used in the oversight of RPTs among academics, stakeholders and regulators. Using this mechanism means that for companies, entering into RPTs are subject to the approval of a certain majority of the disinterested shareholders. This article examines the effectiveness of MOM approval as a mechanism to oversee RPTs, i. e. whether it would prevent value-decreasing RPTs while allowing value-increasing ones, by analysing institutional shareholder voting in this context within the US and European legal framework. Specifically, it examines whether institutional shareholders who dominate the shareholding across the world have sufficient incentives to cast informed votes in MOM votes on RPTs and the role of proxy advisors in this regard. Taking account of the relevant theoretical claims and empirical evidence, it provides further policy recommendations to improve the efficacy of MOM approval.


2015 ◽  
pp. 30-53
Author(s):  
V. Popov

This paper examines the trajectory of growth in the Global South. Before the 1500s all countries were roughly at the same level of development, but from the 1500s Western countries started to grow faster than the rest of the world and PPP GDP per capita by 1950 in the US, the richest Western nation, was nearly 5 times higher than the world average and 2 times higher than in Western Europe. Since 1950 this ratio stabilized - not only Western Europe and Japan improved their relative standing in per capita income versus the US, but also East Asia, South Asia and some developing countries in other regions started to bridge the gap with the West. After nearly half of the millennium of growing economic divergence, the world seems to have entered the era of convergence. The factors behind these trends are analyzed; implications for the future and possible scenarios are considered.


2012 ◽  
pp. 132-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Uzun

The article deals with the features of the Russian policy of agriculture support in comparison with the EU and the US policies. Comparative analysis is held considering the scales and levels of collective agriculture support, sources of supporting means, levels and mechanisms of support of agricultural production manufacturers, its consumers, agrarian infrastructure establishments, manufacturers and consumers of each of the principal types of agriculture production. The author makes an attempt to estimate the consequences of Russia’s accession to the World Trade Organization based on a hypothesis that this will result in unification of the manufacturers and consumers’ protection levels in Russia with the countries that have long been WTO members.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arathy Puthillam

That American and European participants are overrepresented in psychological studies has been previously established. In addition, researchers also often tend to be similarly homogenous. This continues to be alarming, especially given that this research is being used to inform policies across the world. In the face of a global pandemic where behavioral scientists propose solutions, we ask who is conducting research and on what samples. Forty papers on COVID-19 published in PsyArxiV were analyzed; the nationalities of the authors and the samples they recruited were assessed. Findings suggest that an overwhelming majority of the samples recruited were from the US and the authors were based in US and German institutions. Next, men constituted a large proportion of primary and sole authors. The implications of these findings are discussed.


2019 ◽  
pp. 218-255
Author(s):  
T.Yu. Kobischanov

Quite often in the course of historical events, social and economic changes obscure the changes in cultural psychology of ethnic groups and their representatives. The historical science explains what happened, how and why it was happening but very rarely gives us a chance to understand what people were feeling in this respect, what processes were going on in their individual and common consciousness and in the subconscious. The drama that the Christians of the Middle East are going through, the final act of which we are probably witnessing these days, urges us to look for its roots in the distant past. The Ottoman period in the history of East Christian communities is of particular significance. The Middle East Christians got under the Turkish rule as a discriminated minority pushed out on the curb of sociopolitical life, but by the beginning of the 20th century the Christians of the Middle East as a whole, and Christian communities of Syria and Lebanon in particular, were flourishing and were perfectly well adapted to possibilities that inclusion of the Ottoman state into the world capitalist system had to offer. The upgrade of the Christians status was accompanied by gradual changes in their social psychology including self identification of the members of the Christian communities, remodelling of their behaviour patterns in everyday life and in conflict situations as well as psychology of introconfessional relations. This research is an attempt to describe and analyse this cultural and psychological transformation.Нередко в ходе исторических событий социальноэкономические изменения затмевают изменения в культурной психологии этнических групп и их представителей. Историческая наука объясняет, что произошло, как и почему это происходило, но очень редко дает нам возможность понять, что чувствовали люди в этом отношении, какие процессы происходили в их индивидуальном и общем сознании и в подсознании. Драма, которую переживают христиане Ближнего Востока, заключительный акт которой мы, вероятно, наблюдаем в эти дни, побуждает нас искать ее корни в далеком прошлом. Османский период в истории восточных христианских общин имеет особое значение. Ближневосточные христиане попали под турецкое правление как дискриминируемое меньшинство, вытесненное на обочину общественнополитической жизни, но к началу 20 века христиане Ближнего Востока в целом, и христианские общины Сирии и Ливана в частности, процветали и были прекрасно приспособлены к возможностям, которые могло предложить включение Османского государства в мировую капиталистическую систему. Обновление статуса христиан сопровождалось постепенными изменениями в их социальной психологии, включая самоидентификацию членов христианских общин, перестройку их моделей поведения в повседневной жизни и в конфликтных ситуациях, а также психологию внутриконфессиональных отношений. Это исследование является попыткой описать и проанализировать эту культурную и психологическую трансформацию.


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