scholarly journals AmpC cephalosporinases in Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
pp. 53-69
Author(s):  
Magdalena Anna Nowakowska
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Promoter Region ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Escherichia coli is an important pathogen causing nosocomial infections. A significant problem in the treatment of infections caused by these microorganisms is their increasing resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, including third and fourth generation cephalosporins. The production of β-lactamases enzymes such as extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and AmpC β-lactamases is among the main mechanisms for resistance to third generation cephalosporins. The genes encoding AmpC cephalosporinases are chromosomal (cAmpC) or plasmid-mediated (pAmpC). In E. coli, the expression of the ampC genes may be conditioned by the constitutive expression of low level ampC chromosomal genes. These strains remain susceptible to β-lactam antibiotics. However, mutations in the promoter region of the ampC may result in increased level of expression of chromosomal ampC genes. This can leads to resistance to cephalosporins. Resistance to cephalosporins in E. coli can be also associated with plasmid-mediated AmpC β−lactamases (pAmpC). In E. coli the presence of one or more plasmid-mediated AmpC β−lactamases along with the neglible expression of chromosomal encoded AmpC enzyme can leads to resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins. This review is focused on a resistance mechanisms associated with the production of AmpC cephalosporinases in clinical E. coli isolates.

scholarly journals National Prevalence of Resistance to Third-Generation Cephalosporins in Escherichia coli Isolates from Layer Flocks in France

2013 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 6351-6353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Chauvin ◽  
Laetitia Le Devendec ◽  
Eric Jouy ◽  
Maena Le Cornec ◽  
Sylvie Francart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Gene Control ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
National Prevalence ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

ABSTRACTResistance ofEscherichia colito third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) in fecal samples representative of French egg production was studied. The susceptibility to cefotaxime ofE. coliisolates obtained by culture on nonselective media was determined. Twenty-two nonsusceptible isolates were obtained (7.51%; 95% confidence interval, 4.49 to 10.54%), the majority of which came from young birds. Most isolates carried ablaCTX-M-1group gene, and a few carried ablaCMY-2-like gene. Control of 3GC resistance in laying hens is needed.

Intrathecal Administration of Amikacin for Treatment of Meningitis Secondary to Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia Coli

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 870-873 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. Preston ◽  
Laurie L. Briceland
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Intrathecal Administration ◽  
Neurosurgical Procedures ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Efficacious Treatment ◽  
Clonic Seizures ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of gram-negative bacillary meningitis (GNBM) secondary to cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli that was treated with intrathecal and intravenous amikacin and intravenous imipenem/cilastatin (I/C). CASE SUMMARY: A patient who had undergone two recent neurosurgical procedures developed GNBM and bacteremia. He was treated empirically with ceftazidime. Both bloodstream and cerebrospinal fluid isolates were identified as E. coli, resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, penicillins, tobramycin, and gentamicin. The patient was subsequently treated with intravenous and intrathecal amikacin plus intravenous I/C He experienced subjective and objective improvement on days 2–4 of antimicrobial therapy; two generalized tonic-clonic seizures occurred on days 7 and 12. Intrathecal amikacin was discontinued after 6 days, and intravenous amikacin and I/C were discontinued after 23 and 27 days, respectively. The patient's mental status did not completely return to premeningitis baseline. DISCUSSION: Third-generation cephalosporins are the treatment of choice for GNBM. In the case reported herein, bacterial resistance to these agents prompted the use of a therapy that has not been well studied and is also considered to be less safe and perhaps less efficacious. Treatment of GNBM with an intrathecally administered aminoglycoside or with intravenous I/C plus an aminoglycoside is reviewed. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with GNBM secondary to third-generation cephalosporin-resistant organisms may require therapies that may be less effective and more toxic. Further study of alternative agents is warranted.

scholarly journals Antibiotic-Resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella from the Feces of Food Animals in the East Province of Rwanda

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1013
Author(s):  
Rosine Manishimwe ◽  
Paola M. Moncada ◽  
Vestine Musanayire ◽  
Anselme Shyaka ◽  
H. Morgan Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Disk Diffusion Test ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Food Animals ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

In Rwanda, information on antibiotic resistance in food animals is scarce. This study was conducted to detect and phenotypically characterize antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Salmonella in feces of cattle, goats, pigs, and poultry in the East province of Rwanda. We isolated non-type-specific (NTS) E. coli and Salmonella using plain culture media. In addition, we used MacConkey agar media supplemented with cefotaxime at 1.0 μg/mL and ciprofloxacin at 0.5 μg/mL to increase the probability of detecting E. coli with low susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins and quinolones, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion test. Among 540 NTS E. coli isolates, resistance to tetracycline was the most frequently observed (35.6%), followed by resistance to ampicillin (19.6%) and streptomycin (16.5%). Percentages of NTS E. coli resistant to all three antibiotics and percentages of multidrug-resistant strains were higher in isolates from poultry. All isolated Salmonella were susceptible to all antibiotics. The sample-level prevalence for resistance to third-generation cephalosporins was estimated at 35.6% with all third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli, expressing an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase phenotype. The sample-level prevalence for quinolone resistance was estimated at 48.3%. These results provided a baseline for future research and the development of integrated surveillance initiatives.

scholarly journals Population Snapshot of the Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia Coli Invasive Strains Isolated From a Hungarian Hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinga Tóth ◽  
Ákos Tóth ◽  
Katalin Kamotsay ◽  
Viktória Németh ◽  
Dóra Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Abstract Background:This study was carried out to determine the prevalence and the genetic background of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli invasive isolates obtained from a tertiary-care hospital in Budapest, Hungary. MethodsBetween October-November 2018, all invasive ESBL-producing E. coli isolates were collected from Central Hospital of Southern Pest. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the EUCAST guidelines. The possible clonal relationships were investigated by core genome (cg)MLST (SeqSphere+) using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of isolates obtained from Illumina 251-bp paired-end sequencing. From WGS data acquired antimicrobial resistance genes and replicon types were retrieved using ResFinder3.1, PlasmidFinder2.1, and pMLST-2.0 online tools.ResultsOverall, 25 E. coli isolates were detected and six proved to be resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. Full genome sequence analysis showed that five E. coli isolates belonged to the ST131 clone: two to C1-M27 subclade with blaCTX-M-27 and three to C2/H30Rx subclade with blaCTX-M-15. One isolate belonged to ST1193 with blaCTX-M-27. According to cgMLST, all C2/H30Rx isolates formed a cluster (≤6 allele differences), while the blaCTX-M-27-producing C1-M27 isolates differed at least 35 alleles from each other. Both C2/H30Rx and C1-M27 ST131 isolates harbored similar antimicrobial resistance gene sets. However, only C2/H30Rx isolates had the qnrB and aac(3)-IIa. All isolates showed resistance against ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, and ciprofloxacin, and the C2/H30Rx isolates were also resistant to gentamicin, tobramycin, and ceftazidime.ConclusionsOut of six third-generation cephalosporins-resistant, invasive E. coli, five belonged to the S131clone. This study indicates, that the C2/H30Rx and C1-M27 subclades of the ST131 appear to be the dominant clones collected in a Hungarian hospital.

scholarly journals Differential Expression of over 60 Chromosomal Genes in Escherichia coli by Constitutive Expression of MarA

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (12) ◽  
pp. 3467-3474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa M. Barbosa ◽  
Stuart B. Levy
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Northern Blot Analysis ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Open Reading Frames ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Chromosomal Genes ◽  
Reading Frames

ABSTRACT In Escherichia coli, the MarA protein controls expression of multiple chromosomal genes affecting resistance to antibiotics and other environmental hazards. For a more-complete characterization of the mar regulon, duplicate macroarrays containing 4,290 open reading frames of the E. coli genome were hybridized to radiolabeled cDNA populations derived frommar-deleted and mar-expressing E. coli. Strains constitutively expressing MarA showed altered expression of more than 60 chromosomal genes: 76% showed increased expression and 24% showed decreased expression. Although some of the genes were already known to be MarA regulated, the majority were newly determined and belonged to a variety of functional groups. Some of the genes identified have been associated with iron transport and metabolism; other genes were previously known to be part of thesoxRS regulon. Northern blot analysis of selected genes confirmed the results obtained with the macroarrays. The findings reveal that the mar locus mediates a global stress response involving one of the largest networks of genes described.

scholarly journals CTX-M-Producing Escherichia coli in Lithuania: Associations Between Sites of Infection, Coresistance, and Phylogenetic Groups

Medicina ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnė Giedraitienė ◽  
Astra Vitkauskienė ◽  
Virginija Ašmonienė ◽  
Rita Plančiūnienė ◽  
Sandrita Šimonytė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Phylogenetic Group ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Phylogenetic Groups ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Third ◽  
Group A ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
M 14

Increasing resistance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) to antibiotics, especially to the third-generation cephalosporins, has prompted studies on widespread resistance genes such as blaCTX-M and differentiation of E. coli to phylogenetic groups. The aim of this study was to determine the associations between the CTX-M type and the phylogenetic group, the site of infection, and coresistance in Lithuanian E. coli isolates producing β-lactamases. Material and Methods. A total of 90 E. coli ESBL strains were recovered from the lower respiratory tract, the urinary tract, sterile body sites, wounds, and other body sites between 2008 and 2012. The E. coli isolates resistant to at least 2 antibiotics with different modes of action along with resistance to cefotaxime were considered as multiresistant. The blaCTX-M, blaTEM, blaOXA-1, and blaSHV genes, the phylogenetic groups, and the resistance profiles were analyzed. Results. Of the 90 isolates, 84 (93.3%) were classified as multiresistant and 6 (6.6%) as resistant. The blaCTX-M-15 gene was the most prevalent gene followed by the blaCTX-M-14 and blaCTX-M-92 genes. The logistic regression analysis revealed the associations between CTX-M-15 and resistance to ceftriaxone, between CTX-M-14 and resistance to cefoxitin, aztreonam, ampicillin/sulbactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, and tobramycin, and between CTX-M-92 and resistance to cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, gentamicin, and tobramycin. Conclusions. The results of this study showed a significant association between CTX-M-15, CTX-M-14, and CTX-M-92 β-lactamases and resistance to some antibiotics as well as CTX‑M-14 β-lactamase and phylogenetic group A in the Lithuanian population. The associations between the CTX-M type and the site of infection were not determined.

scholarly journals Presence of the Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase and Plasmid-Mediated AmpC-Encoding Genes in Escherichia coli from Companion Animals—A Study from a University-Based Veterinary Hospital in Taipei, Taiwan

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1536
Author(s):  
Fang-Ling Liu ◽  
Nan-Ling Kuan ◽  
Kuang-Sheng Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Companion Animals ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Encoding Genes ◽  
Veterinary Hospital ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Sequence Types ◽  
Highly Virulent

Extended-spectrum-β-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC β-lactamase are two enzymes commonly found in Enterobacteriaceae that confer resistance to major antibiotics, such as third-generation cephalosporins that are widely prescribed for both human and animals. We screened for Escherichia coli producing ESBL and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) from dogs and cats brought to National Taiwan University Veterinary Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan from 29 June 2020, to 31 December 2020. The genotypes and phylogenetic relatedness of these E. coli were also analyzed. Fifty samples of E. coli obtained from 249 bacterial isolates were included in this study. Among them, eight isolates had ESBL, seven had pAmpC, and one had both. Thirty-two percent (16/50) of E. coli isolates were resistant to third-generation cephalosporins. The detected ESBL genes included the blaCTX-M-1 and blaCTX-M-9 groups, and the blaCMY-2 group was the only gene type found in pAmpC. ESBL-producing E. coli belonged to the pathogenic phylogroup B2, and the sequence types (STs) were ST131 and ST1193. Three isolates were determined to be ST131-O25b, a highly virulent epidemic clone. The pAmpC-producing E. coli were distributed in multiple phylogroups, primarily the commensal phylogroup B1. The STs of the pAmpC-producing E. coli included ST155, ST315, ST617, ST457, ST767, ST372, and ST93; all of these have been reported in humans and animals. Imipenem was active against all the ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli; however, since in humans it is a last-resort antimicrobial, its use in companion animals should be restricted.

Cross-sectional survey of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from diseased farm livestock in England and Wales

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (12) ◽  
pp. 2653-2659 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. A. CHENEY ◽  
R. P. SMITH ◽  
J. P. HUTCHINSON ◽  
L. A. BRUNTON ◽  
G. PRITCHARD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Farm Livestock ◽  
Government Laboratories

SUMMARYBetween 2005 and 2007, E. coli obtained from clinical diagnostic submissions from cattle, goats, pigs and sheep to government laboratories in England and Wales were tested for sensitivity to 16 antimicrobials. Resistance was most commonly observed against ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracyclines. Resistance levels varied significantly between species, with isolates from cattle frequently showing the highest levels. Verocytotoxigenic E. coli (VTEC) expressed less resistance than non-VTEC. Only 19·3% of non-VTEC and 43·5% of VTEC were susceptible to all antimicrobials, while 47·1% and 30·4%, respectively, were resistant to ⩾5 antimicrobials. The resistance phenotype SSuT was commonly observed, and isolates resistant to third-generation cephalosporins were also identified. We recommend judicious antimicrobial usage in the livestock industry in order to preserve efficacy.

scholarly journals Mechanisms Accounting for Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Escherichia coli Clinical Isolates

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 235-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonia K. Morgan-Linnell ◽  
Lauren Becnel Boyd ◽  
David Steffen ◽  
Lynn Zechiedrich
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Efflux Pump ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Efflux Pump ◽  
Topoisomerase Iv ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Genes Encoding

ABSTRACT Fluoroquinolone MICs are increased through the acquisition of chromosomal mutations in the genes encoding gyrase (gyrA and gyrB) and topoisomerase IV (parC and parE), increased levels of the multidrug efflux pump AcrAB, and the plasmid-borne genes aac(6′)-Ib-cr and the qnr variants in Escherichia coli. In the accompanying report, we found that ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and norfloxacin MICs for fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli clinical isolates were very high and widely varied (L. Becnel Boyd, M. J. Maynard, S. K. Morgan-Linnell, L. B. Horton, R. Sucgang, R. J. Hamill, J. Rojo Jimenez, J. Versalovic, D. Steffen, and L. Zechiedrich, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 53:229-234, 2009). Here, we sequenced gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE; screened for aac(6′)-Ib-cr and qnrA; and quantified AcrA levels in E. coli isolates for which patient sex, age, location, and site of infection were known. We found that (i) all fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates had gyrA mutations; (ii) ∼85% of gyrA mutants also had parC mutations; (iii) the ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin MICs for isolates harboring aac(6′)-Ib-cr (∼23%) were significantly higher, but the gatifloxacin and levofloxacin MICs were not; (iv) no isolate had qnrA; and (v) ∼33% of the fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates had increased AcrA levels. Increased AcrA correlated with nonsusceptibility to the fluoroquinolones but did not correlate with nonsusceptibility to any other antimicrobial agents reported from hospital antibiograms. Known mechanisms accounted for the fluoroquinolone MICs of 50 to 70% of the isolates; the remaining included isolates for which the MICs were up to 1,500-fold higher than expected. Thus, additional, unknown fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms must be present in some clinical isolates.

scholarly journals Epidemiology of extended-spectrum β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli from hospital settings in Yemen

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 953-959
Author(s):  
Samar Nasher ◽  
Sameer Alsharapy ◽  
Anwar Al-Madhagi ◽  
Fathiah Zakham
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Strict Adherence ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Extended Spectrum ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Introduction: Infection with Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing bacteria is considered as serious health problem worldwide. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of ESBL producing Escherichia coli in hospitalized patients and the risk factors contributed for its nosocomial infections in addition to the antibiotics susceptibility patterns of isolates from 130 inpatients collected in Al Thawra General Hospital and Al-Kuwait University Hospital in Sana’a city. Methodology: Antibiotic susceptibility testing and confirmation of ESBL production were performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: Out of 130 E. coli isolates, 44 (33.8%) were ESBLs producers, the majority of ESBLs producers were in wound exudates samples (52.2%). The highest significant rates were among the elderly, patients with previous hospitalization, patients who have stayed in hospital more than 22 days, patients who have taken third generation cephalosporins as treatment and diabetic patients. All ESBL-producing isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and the third generation cephalosporins (100%). Resistance to other antimicrobial agents among these isolates was: amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (90.9%), nalidixic acid (95.5%), ciprofloxacin (90.9%), ofloxacin (88.6%) and tetracycline (54.5%). The most effective antibiotics in vitro for both types of isolates (ESBL producing and non ESBL producing E. coli) were Imipenem (100%), Amikacin (75%) and (93.0%), respectively, and Pipracillin-tazobactam (68.2%) and (88.4%), respectively. Conclusion: ESBLs detection tests must be performed as routine work in all hospitals and laboratories. Furthermore, a strict adherence of infection control policies and procedures with continuous antibiotics resistance surveillance are important to prevent nosocomial infections.

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