scholarly journals Archosaur hip joint anatomy and its significance in body size and locomotor evolution

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Henry P. Tsai
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Thick Layer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Hip Joints

Archosaurs (crocodylians, birds and their extinct relatives) underwent numerous evolutionary transitions in limb morphology and body size, reflecting a diverse suite of postural and behavioral adaptations. Among archosaurs, saurischians (sauropodomorph and theropod dinosaurs) evolved a wide diversity of hip joint morphology and locomotor postures, as well as spanning seven orders of magnitude in body size. The very largest saurischians possessed incongruent hip joints, in which the bony ends of the femur and the acetabulum (hip socket) differ in shape and size. This observation has led to the suggestion that gigantic saurischians built their joints using large volumes of soft tissues. Nevertheless, the lack of hip joint anatomical data in extant archosaurs and the general poor preservation of joint soft tissues in fossils hinder functional inferences of archosaur hip joints, thus complicating our attempts to understand the posture, locomotor behavior, ecology, and evolution of this diverse clade. This thesis investigates the anatomy and homology of articular soft tissue in the archosaur hip joint, reconstructs the evolutionary transition of hip joints in Saurischia, and infers the correlated evolution of hip joints and body size in the sauropod and theropod lineages. In the first study, I described the soft tissue anatomies and their osteological correlates in the hip joint of archosaurs and their sauropsid outgroups, and infer structural homology across extant sauropsids using dissection, imaging, and histology. This study provides new insight into soft tissue structures and their osteological correlates in the archosaur hip joint, allowing anatomical inferences of once-present joint soft tissues in fossil archosaurs. In the second study, I used maximum likelihood ancestral state reconstruction and osteological correlates to infer major trends in hip joint soft tissue transitions within sauropodomorphs and theropods, and tested the integration between femoral and acetabular structures. Results of this study indicate that sauropodomorph hip joints underwent few concerted transitions, followed by subsequent stasis in soft tissue anatomy throughout Sauropoda. In contrast, the theropod hip joint is characterized by mosaic evolution within the stem lineage, such that bird-like hip joints independently evolved in multiple theropod clades. In the final study, I used 3D imaging techniques and phylogenetically correlated correlations to test the relationship among hip joint dimensions, morphological characters, and body size of saurischian dinosaurs. Giant theropods and sauropods convergently evolved highly incongruent bony hip joints. In sauropods, the femoral head was capped a thick layer of hyaline cartilage, which functioned to resist massive axial compressive loads. In contrast, theropods covered their femoral head and neck with thinner hyaline cartilage, and maintained the femoral neck-antitrochanter articulation to accommodate shear forces during femoral abduction and axial rotation. These results indicate that the archosaur hip joint underwent divergent transformations in soft tissue morphology reflective of body size, locomotor posture, and joint loading. Moreover, these studies provides the basis for reconstructing hip joint function, hindlimb posture, and locomotor evolution of archosaurs, as well as expanding the body of comparative knowledge on vertebrate joint and cartilage biology.

scholarly journals Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

2018 ◽  
Vol 142 (11) ◽  
pp. 1421-1424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Komal Arora ◽  
Nicole D. Riddle
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissue Sarcoma ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Hyaline Cartilage ◽  
Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Diagnostic Challenge ◽  
Biphasic Pattern ◽  
Biopsy Specimens ◽  
Extraskeletal Mesenchymal Chondrosarcoma

Extraskeletal mesenchymal chondrosarcoma is a rare soft tissue sarcoma arising from soft tissues, mainly of the lower extremities, meninges, and orbits. It usually presents during the second to third decades of life, and has a slight predominance in females. Histologically, it has a typical biphasic pattern comprising small cells and islands of hyaline cartilage. It can pose a diagnostic challenge in small biopsy specimens where 1 of the 2 components can be absent. The prognosis is extremely variable; survival varies depending on the location of the tumor.

Initial Results On Medium Frequency Electromagnetic Field Penetration In Biological Soft Tissue

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulkarnay Zakaria ◽  
Mohd Fahajumi Jumaah ◽  
Mohd Saiful Badri Mansor ◽  
Khairi Mat Daud ◽  
Mohd Hafiz Fazalul Rahiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The Body ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Frequency ◽  
Magnetic Field Penetration ◽  
Magnetic Induction Tomography ◽  
Field Penetration

Terapi merupakan antara teknik perubatan tertua dalam mengekalkan kesihatan badan terutama daripada aliran darah yang tidak baik, strok dan beberapa penyakit yang lain. Teknik ini termasuklah akupuntur, guasa dan juga urutan. Terdapat juga teknik terapi moden seperti terapi warna, terapi ozon, terapi dadah dan banyak lagi. Kertas kajian ini akan mengetengahkan penjana terapi elektromagnet, satu alat yang mempunyai potensi aplikasi terapi dalam bidang perubatan. Alat ini menghasilkan medan magnet berfrekuensi sederhana sebagai sumber terapi. Perkakasan yang berskala kecil berfrekuensi sederhana dan berkos rendah ini telah dibangunkan dan telah diuji pada tisu biologi bagi mengukur tahap ketembusan medan magnet. Ujian ini telah membuktikan bahawa medan magnet yang telah dihasilkan mampu menembusi tisu lembut bersaiz sehingga 2 cm dengan jarak 7 cm daripada sumber. Kebolehan penembusan sistem ini terhadap tisu lembut memberikan peluang yang cerah kepada kajian ini memandangkan medan magnet telah menunjukkan potensi sebagai sebahagian daripada terapi untuk memulihkan migraine, strok, kekejangan dan beberapa yang lain selain boleh diaplikasikan dalam pengimejan tomografi induksi magnet. Kata kunci: Terapi elektromagnet, medan magnet, penembusan, tisu lembut, aplikasi perubatan Therapy is among the oldest medication technique in maintaining the health of the body especially from bad blood circulation, stroke and several others. This technique includes acupuncture, guasa and also massage. There are also modern therapy techniques like colour therapy, water therapy, ozone therapy, drug therapy and others. This paper will highlight electromagnetic therapy generator, a device which has the potential of therapy application in medical field. This device produce medium frequency magnetic field as a therapy source. This small scale medium frequency and low cost hardware that has been developed was tested on the biological tissue for the purpose of measuring the magnetic field penetration. The testing has proven that the generated magnetic field is able to penetrate the soft tissue up to 2 cm with distance from the source up to 7 cm. The capability of the system penetrations through the soft tissues provide the bright future of this research since magnetic field have shown the potential as being part of the therapy for curing migraine, stroke, cramp and several others besides the application in the magnetic induction tomography imaging. Key words: Electromagnetic therapy, magnetic field, penetration, soft tissue; medical applications

scholarly journals The Effect of Soft Tissue on Detecting Hip Impingement

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 57
Author(s):  
Mahshid Yazdifar ◽  
Mohammadreza Yazdifar ◽  
Ebrahim Esat
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Impingement Angle ◽  
Bone Contact ◽  
Specific Patient ◽  
Hip Impingement ◽  
Contact Kinematics ◽  
Impingement Zone ◽  
Centre Of Rotation

Hip impingement is a hip associated abnormality and it reduces the activity of those affected and also it can result in osteoarthritis. Current clinical methods in detecting hip impingement known as FADIR test. This is a manual method and relies heavily on surgeons experience and the method is prone to error. The use of computational programmes are known to be more accurate and reliable as the kinematic of contact can easily be studied using the digitised bones of the hip joint assuming that the impingement is determined by bone to bone contact kinematics. Current impingement studies assume that the kinematics of hip joint can be studied by assuming the centre of rotation is fixed for hip joint. For highly conforming joints this assumption is acceptable but for cases where conformity is poor the presence of soft tissue and soft tissue loading becomes very important. The important need in orthopaedics field is to develop a model without too much simplification. All previous work on detecting impingement has ignored the factor of soft tissue. In this paper for the first time the complete computational model of hip with soft tissue has been used to detect the impingement in a specific patient. In this paper the femur, acetabulum, cartilage and ligaments of specific patients were modelled in MIMICs using both MRI and CT scan. 3D hip models with and without soft tissues of normal hip, hip with impingement and hip with impingement after reshaping were modelled. The hip models were imported to detect impingement zone and impingement angle. Our results show that the soft tissue in hip model affects hip impingement angle and hip biomechanics. This finding also shows that, if the boundary condition is closer to the real hip, then the results of computer-aided program will be more reliable.

scholarly journals ROM mapping of ligamentous constraints on avian hip mobility: implications for extinct ornithodirans

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1879) ◽  
pp. 20180727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Armita R. Manafzadeh ◽  
Kevin Padian
Keyword(s):  
Articular Cartilage ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Joint Capsule ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Joint Mobility ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Hip Abduction ◽  
Common Quail

Studies of soft tissue effects on joint mobility in extant animals can help to constrain hypotheses about joint mobility in extinct animals. However, joint mobility must be considered in three dimensions simultaneously, and applications of mobility data to extinct taxa require both a phylogenetically informed reconstruction of articular morphology and justifications for why specific structures' effects on mobility are inferred to be similar. We manipulated cadaveric hip joints of common quail and recorded biplanar fluoroscopic videos to measure a ‘ligamentous’ range of motion (ROM), which was then compared to an ‘osteological’ ROM on a ROM map. Nearly 95% of the joint poses predicted to be possible at the hip based on osteological manipulation were rendered impossible by ligamentous constraints. Because the hip joint capsule reliably includes a ventral ligamentous thickening in extant diapsids, the hip abduction of extinct ornithodirans with an offset femoral head and thin articular cartilage was probably similarly constrained by ligaments as that of birds. Consequently, in the absence of extraordinary evidence to the contrary, our analysis casts doubt on the ‘batlike’ hip pose traditionally inferred for pterosaurs and basal maniraptorans, and underscores that reconstructions of joint mobility based on manipulations of bones alone can be misleading.

Tracking Translations in the Human Hip

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sima Zakani ◽  
Erin J. Smith ◽  
Manuela Kunz ◽  
Gavin C. A. Wood ◽  
John Rudan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Surgical Navigation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Acetabular Cup ◽  
Hip Morphology ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Hip Motion ◽  
Fresh Frozen

Translations of the femoral head with respect to the acetabular cup, in non-impinging zones, was investigated using surgical navigation methods. An ex-vivo study was conducted on five fresh-frozen human cadaver pelvises in distinct dissection states. Each specimen underwent a series of motions that included combinations of abduction/adduction, flexion/extension and internal/external rotations, repeated in four soft-tissue states: soft tissues intact; partially dissected with capsule intact; Z-shaped capsulotomy; and fully dissected and disarticulated. The data showed significant increases of excursions (p<0.05) between the first three soft tissue states. The findings supported the recently proposed model of aspherical hip motion, and imply that the femoral head translated before and after impingement. The results bring into question many accepted ideas in hip morphology, kinematics and surgical planning.

The Need to Develop New Antimicrobial Molecules, as Revealed by in vitro Assessment of Drug Resistance in Staphylococcal Skin Infections Treated with Autologous Bacterial Vaccine

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 292-303
Author(s):  
Madalina Preda ◽  
Alina-Alexandra Serbanescu ◽  
Mara Madalina Mihai ◽  
Gabriela-Loredana Popa ◽  
Loredana Cornelia Sabina Manolescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Soft Tissue Infections ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Bacterial Vaccine ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Staphylococcus spp. is a facultative pathogen, which can be found in the commensal microbiota of humans, most often in moist skinfolds and mucous membranes. This microorganism has the ability to cause various infections, in almost every organ of the body, with an increased frequency in the skin and soft tissues, being involved in pathologies like acne, folliculitis, furunculosis, hidradenitis suppurativa, cellulitis, abscesses, but also in secondary infections in diseases with an altered cutaneous barrier. The prolonged evolution of these diseases and severe outcome can be influenced by various factors, most importantly being the antimicrobial resistance. We have evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, according to the Comite de l` Antibiogramme de la Societe Francaise de Microbiologie recommendations, for strains of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from acne or different types of skin and soft tissue infections in patients recommended to receive autologous bacterial vaccine. Most frequent identified species was Staphylococcus epidermidis, followed by Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial resistance was higher for antibiotics usually used in the treatment of skin and soft tissue infections, with interesting differences of the resistance profile for the strains isolated from patients before receiving autologous bacterial vaccine compared with the ones from individuals already treated. Another important finding was represented by the differences in the resistance profile according to the age group of the patients. The results of this study underline the importance of antimicrobial resistance surveillance in finding new molecules and alternative therapies, the necessity of a personalized approach in medical acts and of a continuous connection between clinic and laboratory research.

Structure and content of infants physical rehabilitation with hip joint dysplasia

2019 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Liliya I. DUBROVINA ◽  
Galina I. DERYABINA ◽  
Viktoriya L. LERNER
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Medical Treatment ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Musculoskeletal System ◽  
Articular Surface ◽  
Rehabilitation Program ◽  
Physical Rehabilitation ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Joint Dislocation

Hip joint dysplasia among children - congenital hypoplasia of femoral head, or congenital increased mobility of the joint due to the weakness of the ligamentous and muscular apparatus. Such a violation of the hip joint elements development (one or both) leads to an incorrect interposition of the joint structures, whereby the femoral head is displaced relative to the articular surface, formed subluxation, pre-dislocation or joint dislocation. This is a severe and common disease of the musculoskeletal system. Since medical treatment for dysplasia among newborn is not provided, and surgery is required only in extreme cases, therefore, active methods in the fight against this pathology are: specific orthopedic devices, physiotherapy, massage and exercise therapy. Thanks to these components, treatment therapy will strengthen the muscles, accelerate recovery, it will be fast and unobtrusive for the child. In this regard, we have developed the structure and content of physical rehabilitation for infants with hip joint dysplasia. This course was designed for four weeks and was developed a set of rehabilitation measures. The content of the course of physical rehabilitation includes orthopedic correction with the help of special devices, massage, therapeutic gymnastics in combination with fitball gymnastics and therapeutic swimming, physiotherapy. To assess the effectiveness of the physical rehabilitation program developed by us, we conduct an ascertaining pedagogical experiment - testing, clearly demonstrating the functional and motor state of the hip joints of the subjects before the beginning of the forming pedagogical experiment and at its end.

Seasonal changes in the composition and mineral content of the body of hill ewes

1968 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Field ◽  
N. F. Suttle ◽  
R. G. Gunn
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Live Weight Gain ◽  
Supplementary Feed ◽  
Intracellular Ions

SUMMARYGroups of ewes kept under hill conditions were killed at intervals during October to July 1965–66. Supplementary feed was given between February and May. The carcasses were divided into soft tissue, uterus and its contents and skeletal fractions. Each fraction was dissolved in HNO3 and its fat and mineral content measured. The sheep were heavier in November and lighter in May during lactation than at other times. The content of fat in the body fell progressively from October to May and then increased; initially fat was withdrawn only from the soft tissues but by April and May the fat contents of both skeleton and soft tissues were exceedingly low. The weight of fatfree soft tissue remained relatively constant but was heaviest in July. Fat-free skeleton fraction was lighter in January than in April.The contents of the predominantly intracellular ions, P, Mg and K in the soft tissue fell between November and January, remained constant between January and May and then increased. There was an increase in Na towards the end of pregnancy followed by a marked fall after parturition. The contents of Ca and P in the skeleton fell between November and January and during lactation between April and July. There was a marked increase between February and April when supplementary feeding was given. Evidence that Mg was selectively removed from the skeleton was obtained in November and January, two sheep having Ca:Mg ratios in skeleton greater than 100. Na and K contents of the skeleton were greatest at the end of pregnancy in April. For the lambs between 6 and 23 kg live weight, each kg of live-weight gain contained 8·8 g Ca, 5·0 g P, 0·27 g Mg, 0·83 g Na and 1·85 g K.

A Study on Police bean Bag Injuries in a Pork Model

2003 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
JTS Chan ◽  
RSD Yeung
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
The Body ◽  
Deadly Force ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Minor Injuries ◽  
Bean Bag ◽  
Thigh Region

Introduction Currently law enforcement agencies in 10 countries have been granted approval for the use of police bean bag. The need for “less lethal” weapon to control violent suspects is under hot discussion. The manufacturer acknowledges that this weapon will only cause bruises, skin abrasions and minor injuries so as to incapacitate the violent suspect. The objective of this study was to see the degree of trauma produced by shooting police bean bag at different firing ranges. Materials and methods Fresh pork was chosen for this test. The pork was subjected to police bean bag challenge at two different firing ranges. A standard shotgun (Model Remington 870P) was used. In order to test the degree of trauma to different parts of the body, regions with small amount of soft tissue (pig rib) and large amount of soft tissue (pig thigh) were selected. Each region would receive challenge of police bean bag at three and five meters range shot. The above test was repeated with heavy clothing covering the pork. Results It was shown that all shots of police bean bag could produce injuries, ranging from minor indentation to laceration of soft tissues. The degree of trauma was greatly diminished if the target had been protected by heavy clothing. Moreover, the trauma produced on rib region was more severe than that of the thigh region. The larger volume of soft tissue, the better absorption of kinetic energy was expected and resulted in lesser degree of injuries. Conclusion Although police bean bag can still produce injuries, there is great potential for bean bag technology as this is an alternative to deadly force. Both suspects and law enforcement agencies can benefit from this less lethal technology as police bean bag clearly causes fewer fatal injuries and death than traditional bullets.

Finite and boundary element method contact mechanics on rough, artificial hip joints

2011 ◽  
Vol 225 (11) ◽  
pp. 1081-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Ilincic ◽  
N Tungkunagorn ◽  
A Vernes ◽  
G Vorlaufer ◽  
P A Fotiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Element Method ◽  
Femoral Head ◽  
Boundary Element ◽  
Hip Joint ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Hip Prosthesis ◽  
Hip Implants ◽  
Hip Joints ◽  
Artificial Hip ◽  
Element Method

An extremely small roughness of constant height magnitude is considered on the femoral head of an artificial hip joint in order to determine the consequences of various regular shapes and clearances on the mechanical performance of this hip prosthesis via a properly coupled finite and boundary element method. In addition, different material combinations typical for widely used hard-on-hard and hard-on-soft hip joint replacements are also taken into account. By analysing the calculated pressure distribution and contact area between the femoral head and the acetabular cup in frictionless dry contact irrespective of material pairings in hip joints, it is shown that both the wavelength of roughness and the clearance significantly affect these mechanical quantities and accordingly too loose or too tight hip implants have to be avoided. Finally, in terms of all numerical findings a suitable optimal design of hip implants is also discussed.

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