scholarly journals Mastitis in Small Ruminants

EDIS ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Izabella Toledo ◽  
Justina Dacey
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Animal Performance ◽  
Farm Profitability ◽  
Animal Sciences

Mastitis often reduces animal performance and productivity as well as farm profitability. The purpose of this article is to help small ruminant producers to identify, treat, control, and prevent mastitis in small ruminants. Written by Izabella Toledo and Justina Dacey, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Animal Sciences, September 2021.

scholarly journals The role of the European small ruminant dairy sector in stabilising global temperatures: lessons from GWP* warming-equivalent emission metrics

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Agustin del Prado ◽  
Pablo Manzano ◽  
Guillermo Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Ghg Reduction ◽  
Mitigate Climate Change ◽  
Climate Neutrality

Abstract Recent calls advocate that a huge reduction in the consumption of animal products (including dairy) is essential to mitigate climate change and stabilise global warming below the 1.5 and 2°C targets. The Paris Agreement states that to stabilise temperatures we must reach a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases (GHG) in the second half of this century. Consequently, many countries have adopted overall GHG reduction targets (e.g. EU, at least 40% by 2030 compared to 1990). However, using conventional metric-equivalent emissions (CO2-e GWP100) as the basis to account for emissions does not result in capturing the effect on atmospheric warming of changing emission rates from short-lived GHG (e.g. methane: CH4), which are the main source of GHG emissions by small ruminants. This shortcoming could be solved by using warming-equivalent emissions (CO2-we, GWP*), which can accurately link annual GHG emission rates to its warming effect in the atmosphere. In our study, using this GWP* methodology and different modelling approaches, we first examined the historical (1990–2018) contribution of European dairy small ruminant systems to additional atmosphere warming levels and then studied different emission target scenarios for 2100. These scenarios allow us to envision the necessary reduction of GHG emissions from Europe's dairy small ruminants to achieve a stable impact on global temperatures, i.e. to be climatically neutral. Our analysis showed that, using this type of approach, the whole European sheep and goat dairy sector seems not to have contributed to additional warming in the period 1990–2018. Considering each subsector separately, increases in dairy goat production has led to some level of additional warming into the atmosphere, but these have been compensated by larger emission reductions in the dairy sheep sector. The estimations of warming for future scenarios suggest that to achieve climate neutrality, understood as not adding additional warming to the atmosphere, modest GHG reductions of sheep and goat GHG would be required (e.g. via feed additives). This reduction would be even lower if potential soil organic carbon (SOC) from associated pastures is considered.

scholarly journals Worldwide Prevalence of Small Ruminant Lentiviruses in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 784
Author(s):  
Ricardo de Miguel ◽  
Marta Arrieta ◽  
Ana Rodríguez-Largo ◽  
Irache Echeverría ◽  
Raúl Resendiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Small Ruminant Lentiviruses

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) are highly prevalent retroviruses with significant genetic diversity and antigenic heterogeneity that cause a progressive wasting disease of sheep called Maedi-visna. This work provides a systematic review and meta-analysis of the last 40 years (1981–2020) of scientific publications on SRLV individual and flock prevalence. Fifty-eight publications and 314 studies were included. Most articles used a single diagnostic test to estimate prevalence (77.6%), whereas articles using three or more tests were scarce (6.9%). Serological tests are more frequently used than direct methods and ELISA has progressively replaced AGID over the last decades. SRLV infection in sheep is widespread across the world, with Europe showing the highest individual prevalence (40.9%) and being the geographical area in which most studies have been performed. Africa, Asia, and North America show values between 16.7% to 21.8% at the individual level. South and Central America show the lowest individual SRLV prevalence (1.7%). There was a strong positive correlation between individual and flock prevalence (ρ = 0.728; p ≤ 0.001). Despite the global importance of small ruminants, the coverage of knowledge on SRLV prevalence is patchy and inconsistent. There is a lack of a gold standard method and a defined sampling strategy among countries and continents.

A Survey of browse plants used in feeding small ruminants in the Komenda‐ Edina‐Eguafo‐Abrem district (K.E.E.A) of the Central Region of Ghana

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 196-203
Author(s):  
K. Agyeman ◽  
S. O. Apori
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Livestock Feeding ◽  
Browse Species ◽  
Livestock Farmers ◽  
Production Response ◽  
Selection Of

A study was carried out to identify species used as fodder by small ruminant farmers in the selected villages in the Komenda‐Edina‐Eguafo‐Abrem district of the Central Region of Ghana. Livestock farmers in fifteen communities were interviewed using questionnaires to obtain information on the personal background and livestock feeding and management practices. The main aim of the study was first to identify existing browse species and to determine problems associated with the use of those existing browse species. Some problems identified include harboring of insects, causing of abortion as well as causing bloat. The survey showed that Ficus exasperata, Ficus umbellate, Baphia nitida, Griffonia simplifolia, Antiaris africana, Terminalia catappa, Grewia carprinifolia, Pethecellobium dulceand Leucaena leucocephala were the main browse species that were used in the district to feed small ruminants. Other feedstuffs that were used in feeding animals such as Aspillia africana and Manihot esulentus tops (leaves and peels) were also identified. The level of browse usage showed that Ficus exasperata had the highest value of 66.7% and Terminalia catappa had the lowest value of 13.3%. Farmers in the district preferred Ficus exasperata which they perceived to promote the best production response in livestock. Various reasons were assigned for the selection of a particular browse plant. Farmers in the district may have to be helped to cultivate browse plant in order to sustain the availability and usage of  browse for livestock feeding due to the rateof destruction of browse (shrubs and trees) resulting from urbanization, use of stem of shrubs and trees for fuelwood and other livelihood activities and desertification arising from human related activities.

scholarly journals Camelids and Cattle Are Dead-End Hosts for Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants Virus

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Schulz ◽  
Christine Fast ◽  
Ulrich Wernery ◽  
Jörg Kinne ◽  
Sunitha Joseph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Tissue Tropism ◽  
Peste Des Petits Ruminants ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Recent Transmission ◽  
Lineage Iv

Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus (PPRV) causes a severe respiratory disease in small ruminants. The possible impact of different atypical host species in the spread and planed worldwide eradication of PPRV remains to be clarified. Recent transmission trials with the virulent PPRV lineage IV (LIV)-strain Kurdistan/2011 revealed that pigs and wild boar are possible sources of PPRV-infection. We therefore investigated the role of cattle, llamas, alpacas, and dromedary camels in transmission trials using the Kurdistan/2011 strain for intranasal infection and integrated a literature review for a proper evaluation of their host traits and role in PPRV-transmission. Cattle and camelids developed no clinical signs, no viremia, shed no or only low PPRV-RNA loads in swab samples and did not transmit any PPRV to the contact animals. The distribution of PPRV-RNA or antigen in lymphoid organs was similar in cattle and camelids although generally lower compared to suids and small ruminants. In the typical small ruminant hosts, the tissue tropism, pathogenesis and disease expression after PPRV-infection is associated with infection of immune and epithelial cells via SLAM and nectin-4 receptors, respectively. We therefore suggest a different pathogenesis in cattle and camelids and both as dead-end hosts for PPRV.

scholarly journals Prevalence and zoonotic aspects of small ruminant mange in the lateritic and waterlogged zones, southern Benin

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahidou Salifou ◽  
Sabbas Attindéhou ◽  
Chakirath Folakè Arikè Salifou ◽  
Louis-Joseph Pangui
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Sarcoptes Scabiei ◽  
West African ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
West African Dwarf ◽  
Very High ◽  
Southern Benin

An epidemiological survey was undertaken from March to September 2010 to assess the prevalence and zoonotic aspects of scabies in small ruminants in two agro-ecological zones in southern Benin. Small ruminant (n = 444) smallholders and 1,807 of their animals (1,233 West African dwarf goats and 574 West African dwarf sheep) were included in the study. The animals underwent physical examination and, when scabies-like lesions were found, crusts and integument scrapings were collected for microscopic parasitological tests. The samples collected in each survey were coded in accordance with the owner-animal pairings in order to assess the degree of correlation between mange cases in humans (smallholders) and their animals. The overall prevalence of scabies was 28.33% and 9.5% in animals and smallholders (human cases) respectively. Infestations were significantly (p < 0.001) more frequent in goats (39.6%) than in sheep. The uniqueness of the etiological agent (Sarcoptes scabiei), the very high predictive value of human scabies in infected farms (83.67%) and a very high odds ratio (OR = 2,019.25) indicate that small ruminant scabies has been transmitted to smallholders by their animals. Close contact between these smallholders and their animals was a determining factor in this interspecies communicability of sarcoptic mange.

scholarly journals Seroconversion in Romanian Small Ruminant Populations Exposed at Chlamydophila Abortus and the Risk to Public Health

2018 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 200
Author(s):  
Stelian BARAITAREANU ◽  
Doina DANES ◽  
Marius DAN ◽  
Mihai DANES
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Chlamydophila Abortus ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria ◽  
Breeding Farms ◽  
Traditional Breeding

Chlamydophila abortus is an important pathogen of small ruminants, causing reproductive failure manifested through abortion during the last 2-3 weeks of gestation, stillbirth, or delivery of weak lambs or kids, and orchitis and seminal vesiculitis in males. Also, C. abortus is a zoonotic bacteria, involved in influenza-like illness, pneumonia and abortions sometimes with severe complications in humans. The aim of this article is to evaluate the immunological status to C. abortus of Romanian small ruminant populations, geographically isolated, whose spontaneous uncontrolled contact is excluded. This paper is also assessing the risk of humans exposure to contaminated animals and food. The immunological status of the investigatet small ruminants was evaluated using an ELISA commercial kit and the results were analysed in correlation with the history of vaccination and type of animal breeding (traditional/professional farms). According to these results, the exposure of C. abortus is still to consider in traditional breeding farms, but in professional herds the serological tools are useless to uncover the circulation of wild strains, once the immunoprofilactic programs has been implemented. The public health risk relate to the close contact with the infected sheep and goats, common event in the traditional breeding.

scholarly journals Taenia multiceps coenurosis in Tanzania: a major and under-recognised livestock disease problem in pastoral communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 184 (6) ◽  
pp. 191-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen C Hughes ◽  
Tito K Kibona ◽  
William A de Glanville ◽  
Felix Lankester ◽  
Alicia Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Pastoral Communities ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Spinal Cord Cysts

AbstractA neurological syndrome of small ruminants, known locally as ‘ormilo’, has been reported among pastoralist livestock keepers in Tanzania. This study was carried out in four affected pastoral communities to determine the prevalence and associated risk factors, characterise the clinical signs and investigate the aetiology of the syndrome. Questionnaires were administered at all households (n=480) within four study villages. Overall, 94 per cent of households reported at least one case in the previous 12 months. By village, the individual-level 12-month period prevalence ranged from 11 per cent to 34 per cent, equivalent to about 10,000 small ruminants across the four villages. Thirty-eight households were randomly selected for further investigation. Proprioceptive deficits and weakness were the most commonly observed clinical signs in affected animals. Brain and spinal cord cysts consistent with Taenia multiceps infection were detected in 32 (82 per cent) of 39 affected animals selected for postmortem examination. Feeding small ruminant brains to dogs was identified as an important risk factor for the syndrome, even in households that did not own dogs. This study confirms cerebral coenurosis as a major cause of small ruminant neurological disease in northern Tanzania and highlights the urgent need for further investigation to quantify the disease burden and to identify and implement control measures.

scholarly journals Systematic Analysis of Lysine Succinylation in Vero cells infected with Small Ruminant Morbillivirus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuelian Meng ◽  
Xueliang Zhu ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Zhidong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Cellular Respiration ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Protein Protein Interaction ◽  
Host Cell Response ◽  
Lysine Succinylation ◽  
The Family

Small ruminant morbillivirus (SRMV), formerly named Peste-des-petits ruminants virus (PPRV), belongs to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae and causes a highly contagious disease in small ruminants, especially goats and sheep. Lysine succinylation is a newly identified and conserved modification and plays an important role in host cell response to pathogen infection. Here, we present a global analysis of the succinylome of SRMV-infected Vero cell using succinylation specific antibody-based enrichment and dimethylation labeling-based quantitative proteomics. As a result, 2633 succinylation sites derived from 823 cellular proteins were quantified. Comparative analysis revealed that 228 down-regulated succinylation sites on 139 proteins and 44 up-regulated succinylation sites on 38 proteins were significantly modified in response to SRMV infection, seven lysine succinylation motifs were identified. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the succinylated proteins mainly participated in cellular respiration and biosynthetic process. Protein-protein interaction networks of the identified proteins provided further evidence that a variety of ATP synthase subunits and carbon metabolism were modulated by succinylation while the overlapped proteins between succinylation and acetylation are involved in glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism. Taken together, these findings provide the first report of succinylome in SRMV infection, lysine acetylation may have a more important effect than succinylation in SRMV infection. These findings provide a novel view on investigating the pathogenic mechanism of SRMV.

scholarly journals Implications of Tannin Containing Plants for Productivity and Health in Small Ruminant Animals: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel M. Atiba ◽  
Rutto K. Laban ◽  
Sun Zewei ◽  
Zhong Qingzhang ◽  
Natnael D. Aschalew
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Anthelmintic Drugs

Infection with parasitic nematodes is a serious threat to health and production of small ruminant worldwide. It causes reduction in feed intake, weight gain and eventually death of the host. The primary control method of the nematode infection relied on frequent use of anthelmintic drugs. Unfortunately, this control strategy is no longer effective due to widespread anthelmintic resistance, which necessitates search for novel approaches to control nematodes. Condensed tannin (CT) containing forages have been used as anthelmintic to control parasitic nematodes for years. This paper reviews available information about effects of CT on productivity and health of small ruminants infected with parasitic nematodes. Many of temperate and tropical forages are nutraceutical plants (possess both nutritional and health benefits). Consumption of CT containing forages reduced negative impacts of gastrointestinal parasitism in sheep and goat by regulating establishment of worm as shown in reduced worm burdens, fecal egg count (FEC) and worm fecundity. Parasitized sheep and goats fed forages containing CT had high feed intake and body weight gain, probably due to increase in protein and amino acids supply. Condensed tannins containing feeds result in lighter meat color and tend to improve antioxidant activity. Therefore, the use of CT containing forages to control parasitic nematodes and improve production of small ruminants is one the alternatives to anthelmintic drugs.

scholarly journals Serological survey of leptospirosis, brucellosis, and lentivirus in herds of small ruminants in Recôncavo Baiano, Bahia, Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. e180290
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Rezende Mires de Carvalho ◽  
Lucas Nogueira Paz ◽  
Carla Silva Dias ◽  
Giselle Almeida Nocera ◽  
Augusto José Pereira de Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Small Ruminant ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Serological Response ◽  
Serological Survey

A serological survey was carried out to assess the frequency of leptospirosis, small ruminants lentivirus (SRLV), and brucellosis in small ruminant herds in the Recôncavo Baiano, State of Bahia, Brazil, from February to December 2017. In four goat herds, 125 animals were tested for SRLV and leptospirosis, while in five sheep herds, 378 animals were tested for leptospirosis, brucellosis, and SRLV. Regarding leptospirosis, MAT detected 80% of goats and 15.34% of sheep seroreactive. Reactivity was most frequent to serogroups Autumnalis and Grippotyphosa in goats and sheep, respectively. Regarding SRLV, 8.8% of goats and 0.79% of sheep were reactive. Search for anti-B. ovis antibodies revealed 0.52% reactivity. In sheep, three animals showed simultaneous seroreactivity for SRLV and leptospirosis, while one animal had a serological response for brucellosis and leptospirosis. In goats, simultaneous seroreactivity for SRLV and leptospirosis was observed in only one animal. Leptospirosis was the most frequent of the three infectious diseases in investigated herds.

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