scholarly journals Influence of soaking temperature time on the ability prepared liquefaction of wood from cashew nut shell waste

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 713-720
Author(s):  
Do Quang Minh ◽  
Huynh Ngoc Minh ◽  
Nguyen Vu Uyen Nhi ◽  
Kien Do Trung Kieu
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Liquefied Wood ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Wood Liquefaction ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell ◽  
Temperature Time

Liquefied wood is one of the phenolic resin. However, unlike commercial phenolic resins that are normally synthesized by the chemical reaction between phenol and formaldehyde, liquefied wood is usually produced by reacting phenol with wood-derived materials, and catalyst at 120-180◦C. Depending on whether the catalyst is a base or a acid, the formed resin is a thermoset or a thermoplastic. In this study, wood liquefaction was prepared from a cashew nut shell waste (CNSW), phenol, and sulfuric acid catalyst. The cashew nut shell waste is taken from Binh Phuoc province - Vietnam and crushed to a size of less than 500 mm. Phenol and sulfuric acid catalyst are chemical experiments. The powder of cashew nut shell waste, phenol, and sulfuric acid were mixed and reacted at 150oC for different soaking times. An optimal soaking temperature time was determined through a cashew nut shell waste residue content in wood liquefaction products. The wood liquefaction products also were determined by a number average molecular weight (Mn) and a weight average molecular weight (Mw) by Gel permeation chromatography method (GPC); the function groups by Fourier Transform Infrared method (FT-IR). The results showed that the formed resin is thermoplastic and the optimal soaking time to prepared liquefied wood is 180 minutes. This sample has a residual cashew nut shell waste ratio of 9.44%, a number average molecular weight of 7552, and a weight average molecular weight of 10640. The liquefied wood from cashew nut shell waste can be used as a binder in the manufacture of the medium density fiberboard (MDF) or as a material to promote the sintered process in the production of woodceramic materials. In addition, the liquefied wood can also be pyrolyzed to form carbon fiber. Carbon fiber can be applied as reinforcing materials for ceramic products.

The Influence of Composition of Raw Materials on Formation of Phenolic Resin from Cashew Nut Shell Waste (CNSW)

2019 ◽  
Vol 394 ◽  
pp. 103-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quang Minh Do ◽  
Ngoc Minh Huynh ◽  
Vu Uyen Nhi Nguyen ◽  
Ngoc Tri Huynh Nguyen ◽  
Do Trung Kien Kieu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Gel Permeation ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Phenolic resin can be formed from the powder of cashew nut shell waste (CNSW), phenoland sulfuric acid. In this study, the powder of CNSW, phenol and sulfuric acid were mixed withvarious ratios in the reactions for formation of phenolic resin at 150oC during 180 minutes. Theformation of phenolic resin was evaluated by the non-reactive residue of CNSW, which was used tofind the best composition. The molecular mass and the separation of the constituents in the sampleswere also identified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The samples with optimizedcomposition were characterized molecular structures and functional groups using Fourier transforminfrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

scholarly journals Mechanical property analysis of biochar derived from cashew nut shell waste reinforced polymer matrix

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 125349 ◽  
Author(s):  
R Sundarakannan ◽  
V Arumugaprabu ◽  
V Manikandan ◽  
S Vigneshwaran
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Polymer Matrix ◽  
Property Analysis ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

scholarly journals SOSIALISASI DAN PELATIHAN TEKNOLOGI TEPAT GUNA PEMBUATAN EKSTRAK KULIT KACANG METE UNTUK ANTIVIRAL NABATI PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Wuye Ria Andayanie ◽  
Netty Ermawati
Keyword(s):  
Community Service ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Mottle Virus ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Service Program ◽  
Service Programs ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

<p><strong><em>Abstract.</em></strong> <em>Cashew plants is one of the plantation commodities in Indonesia that has high economic value. Cashew nut shell waste can be used as a botanical antiviral for Cowpea mild mottle virus. This activity aims for soybean farmers to be able to provide their own insecticidal at low prices and easily obtained. The method used viz. : 1) an interview and observation, 2) the method of socialization with lectures and discussions or questions and answers; 3) training methods with lecture, demonstrations and direct practice with demoplot. Based on the analysis of community service programs, the following conclusions are obtained: 1) in terms of achievements based on the objectives, substance and efforts of this community service program, it is considered to be very effective in building community independence based on local potential, namely waste originating from cashew nut shells and soybean planting in forest shade area; 2) in terms of the results, benefits and impacts resulting from this community service program are numerous, namely: increasing public awareness to utilize waste originating from cashew nut shell waste for antiviral, increasing community knowledge and skills in the field of processing waste cashew  nut shell for botanical antiviral.</em><em></em></p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> Tanaman jambu mete merupakan salah satu komoditas perkebunan di Indonesia yang memiliki nilai ekonomi tinggi. Limbah kulit kacang mete dapat digunakan sebagai antiviral nabati untuk <em>Cowpea mild mottle virus</em><em>.</em> Kegiatan ini bertujuan agar petani kedelai dapat menyediakan  antiviral sendiri dengan harga murah dan mudah didapat. Metode yang digunakan : 1) wawancara dan observasi, 2) metode sosialisasi dengan ceramah dan diskusi atau tanya jawab; 3) metode pelatihan dengan ceramah dan demonstrasi serta praktek langsung dengan demoplot. Berdasarkan analisis program pengabdian kepada masyarakat, diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut: 1) dari segi capaian sesuai tujuan, substansi dan upaya program pengabdian masyarakat ini dinilai sangat efektif dalam membangun kemandirian masyarakat berbasis potensi lokal, yaitu limbah yang berasal dari kulit kacang mete dan penanaman kedelai di kawasan hutan lindung; 2) Dari segi hasil, manfaat dan dampak yang dihasilkan dari program pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini sangat banyak, yaitu: meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat untuk memanfaatkan limbah yang berasal dari limbah kulit kacang mete sebagai antiviral, meningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat di bidang pengolahan limbah kacang mete untuk antiviral nabati.</p>

scholarly journals Lignocellulosic Ethanol Biorefinery: Valorization of Lignin-Rich Stream through Hydrothermal Liquefaction

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 723 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edoardo Miliotti ◽  
Stefano Dell’Orco ◽  
Giulia Lotti ◽  
Andrea Rizzo ◽  
Luca Rosi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Lignocellulosic Ethanol ◽  
Solvent Extraction Method ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Heavy Fractions ◽  
Full Factorial ◽  
Temperature Time

Hydrothermal liquefaction of lignin-rich stream from lignocellulosic ethanol production at an industrial scale was carried out in a custom-made batch test bench. Light and heavy fractions of the HTL biocrude were collected following an ad-hoc developed two-steps solvent extraction method. A full factorial design of experiment was performed, investigating the influence of temperature, time and biomass-to-water mass ratio (B/W) on product yields, biocrude elemental composition, molecular weight and carbon balance. Total biocrude yields ranged from 39.8% to 65.7% w/w. The Temperature was the main influencing parameter as regards the distribution between the light and heavy fractions of the produced biocrude: the highest amount of heavy biocrude was recovered at 300 °C, while at 350 and 370 °C the yield of the light fraction increased, reaching 41.7% w/w at 370 °C. Instead, the B/W ratio did not have a significant effect on light and heavy biocrude yields. Feedstock carbon content was mainly recovered in the biocrude (up to 77.6% w/w). The distribution between the light and heavy fractions followed the same trend as the yields. The typical aromatic structure of the lignin-rich stream was also observed in the biocrudes, indicating that mainly hydrolysis depolymerization occurred. The weight-average molecular weight of the total biocrude was strictly related to the process temperature, decreasing from 1146 at 300 °C to 565 g mol−1 at 370 °C.

scholarly journals Composition of water-insoluble extract from oil palm trunk liquefaction using polyhydric alcohol

BioResources ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 943-953
Author(s):  
Rattana Choowang ◽  
Jian Lin ◽  
Guangjie Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Oil Palm Trunk ◽  
Polyhydric Alcohols ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Soluble Components

Polyhydric alcohols are known as excellent solvents for converting the main components of lignocellulose into liquefied products. However, the substances that precipitate in water include not only lignin, but also humins, especially when the lignocellulosic raw material has a high content of carbohydrates. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate the composition of water-insoluble solids from the liquefaction of oil palm trunk using the solvent polyethylene glycol (PEG)/glycerol (4:1, w/w) and by using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. The results showed that the water-insoluble components had a relatively higher average molecular weight and polydispersity than those of the water-soluble components and liquefied products. The production of sugar monomers during liquefaction led to the condensation of furan products (hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural) to form humins. In this case, the humins were incorporated with the lignin and liquefying reagent.

scholarly journals TECHNO ECONOMIC STUDY OF LIQUID SMOKE FROM CASHEW NUT SHELL WASTE

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-37
Author(s):  
La Ifa
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Liquid Smoke ◽  
Smoke Production ◽  
Batch Type ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

Liquid smoke has a very large use, it is a result of condensation or condensation of pyrolysis vapor, directly or indirectly from wood materials such as cashew nut shells. Cashew nut shell is an abundant biomass of cashew nut processing industry but its utilization is not optimal. The purpose of this study was to make liquid smoke from cashew nut shell waste (technological aspect) and conduct economic analysis (economic aspect) to determine economic feasibility. Liquid smoke is made by pyrolysis at a temperature of 150-450oC in a simple batch type reactor. The results obtained were analyzed for its chemical components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MC) spectrophotometer analysis. The largest liquid smoke production was obtained at a temperature of 450oC and a time of 2.5 hours with a yield of 19.46%. The main chemical components contained in liquid smoke are phenol (36.310%), acid (12.947%) and carbonyl (16.715%) respectively. With a liquid smoke production capacity of 200 tons per year, liquid smoke products can be sold at a price of IDR 3,620,137,785/years. Total Production cost 2,572,976,800/years. Annual net profit 733,012,689. Investigation of the economic feasibility of liquid smoke production, seen from the Rate of Rate on Investment, is 15.65%, Pay Out Time is 2.99 years and Break Event Point is 49.05%

Influence of Temperature, Time and Crosslinking Agent on Structure and Properties of Polyurethane Gel

2020 ◽  
Vol 856 ◽  
pp. 253-260
Author(s):  
Pornlada Pongmuksuwan ◽  
Wanlop Harnnarongchai ◽  
Soratorn Katabunyanont
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Crosslink Density ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Gel Content ◽  
Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate ◽  
Degree Of Swelling ◽  
Temperature Time

Polyurethane (PU) gel was synthesized based on methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polyols corporation with 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (TMP) as a crosslinking agent. The chemical structure of synthesized polyurethane gel was investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of curing temperature, curing time, and crosslinking concentration on the degree of swelling, gel content and hardness of polyurethane gel are investigated. In addition, the crosslink density and average molecular weight between crosslinking points were determined using the Flory-Rehner equation. The results revealed that the curing temperature had more pronounced effect on degree of swelling and gel content than curing time. As the curing temperature increased the degree of swelling and gel content in polyurethane gel increased. Curing time seem to have a complicated effect on crosslink density and average molecular weight between crosslinking points. The hardness of polyurethane gel tends to increase with increasing crosslinking concentration and curing time.

scholarly journals Exhaustive valorization of cashew nut shell waste as a potential bioresource material

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
James Nyirenda ◽  
Kadango Zombe ◽  
George Kalaba ◽  
Chipo Siabbamba ◽  
Inyambo Mukela
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell Liquid ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Cashew Nut ◽  
Spontaneous Interaction ◽  
Shell Waste ◽  
Cashew Nut Shell

AbstractIn this paper, we report extraction of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) from cashew nut shell waste (CNSW) and further use of residues for generation of activated carbon for removal of heavy metals and methylene blue (MB). Solvent extraction yielded 24.6 ± 0.4%, 38.2 ± 0.4% and 40.1 ± 0.9% for petroleum ether, hexane and ethanol respectively. Phytochemical screening showed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, saponins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, amino acids, terpenoids, proteins, steroids, glycosides and carboxylic acids. The CNSL had a pH of 3.2, viscosity (104.6 ± 1.8 mPa s), moisture (6.5%), ash (1.6 ± 0.1%), refractive index (1.52 ± 0.001), specific density (0.9561 ± 0.0002 g/cm3), acid value (118.7 ± 9.2 mg KOH/g), free fatty acid value (60.1 ± 4.7%), saponification number (138.1 ± 3.2 mg KOH/g) and iodine value (188.1 ± 2.3 mgI 2/100 g). The average percentage removal of Cu (II), Pb (II), Cd (II) and Zn (II) was 99.4 ± 0.5, 95.4 ± 1.5, 99.5 ± 0.1, 98.4 ± 0.1%, and removal efficiency of MB at 50, 150, 250 and 350 mg/L was 99.63, 97.66, 96.48 and 94.81%, respectively. Equilibrium data were best described by the Freundlich isotherm model. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity was 12.1 mg/g. The adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second-order model. ∆G° was negative and a ∆H° of + 22.76 kJ/mol indicated that adsorption was endothermic. The ΔS° (+ 0.086 kJ/mol/K) showed that there was spontaneous interaction of the solution and adsorbate. These results show that CNSW is a potential bioresource for CNSL production for use in the paints, varnishes, surface coatings, agrochemicals and ethnomedicine industries. Residual shells can be exploited as fuels or converted to activated carbon for use as low-cost filters in water purification.

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