scholarly journals Anatomy and Physiology of Animal Model Rats in Biomedical Research

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-269
Author(s):  
Rachmat Hidayat ◽  
Patricia Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Anogenital Distance ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Sperm Counts ◽  
Yellow Orange ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Preputial Glands ◽  
Orange Color

A distinguishing feature of rodents, including rats, is the absence of canines and thepresence of prominent incisors. Rats are monophydontic, meaning they grow one setof teeth in their lifetime. The enamel of the rodent incisor contains iron, which givesit its yellow-orange color. Rats are mammals and as such, possess many similaritieswith other mammals. Only the peculiarities of the rat’s anatomy are addressed. Malerats reach puberty at 40 - 60 days of age. Descent of the testes usually occursbetween days 30 - 60. Sperm counts vary by strain. The male rat has an os penis.Male rats have the following accessory sexual organs: ampulla, seminal vesicles,prostate, bulbourethral glands, coagulating glands, and preputial glands. Thecoagulating gland and prostatic and vesicular secretions are responsible for thecopulation plug, a firm plug deposited in the vagina of the female after copulation.(This plug, when found outside the female rat, is capsuleshaped and approximately5 mm long.) The male rat has no nipples. The adult male rat has a prominentscrotum and a longer anogenital distance than the female rat.

THE EFFECT OF MIROESTROL ON VAGINAL CORNIFICATION, PITUITARY FUNCTION AND PREGNANCY IN THE RAT

1961 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. H. JONES ◽  
H. B. WAYNFORTH ◽  
G. S. POPE
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Vaginal Epithelium ◽  
Pituitary Function ◽  
Ovariectomized Rat ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Mated Female

SUMMARY 1. The effectiveness of miroestrol in causing cornification of the vagina of the ovariectomized rat, inhibiting pituitary activity of the adult male rat and preventing pregnancy in the mated female rat has been compared with that of hexoestrol and stilboestrol when each oestrogen is administered either subcutaneously or orally. 2. Inhibition of pituitary function and prevention of pregnancy by these substances are directly related to their activity in producing cornification of the vaginal epithelium. Only large doses of oestrogen produce the first two responses fully. 3. When administered subcutaneously miroestrol has about 0·3 of the potency of stilboestrol and 0·25 of that of hexoestrol in each response studied. By oral administration it is 0·8 as potent as stilboestrol and more potent than hexoestrol. Since the potency of miroestrol compared with a given oestrogen administered in the same way is of the same order in each response, it is concluded that these substances are only capable of inhibiting the function of the pituitary and of preventing pregnancy because of their oestrogenic activity.

Acid phosphatases: androgen dependent markers of rat prostate

1976 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 350-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tenniswood ◽  
C. E. Bird ◽  
A. F. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cells ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
The Other ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Testosterone Enanthate ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Rat Prostate

Our investigations on acid phosphatase (AP) were aimed at finding a biochemical assay marker for androgen actions in the rat prostate. We quantitatively examined the effects of l-tartrate or formaldehyde on AP activity in tissue filtrates from nine adult male rat tissues, plasma and hemolysed red blood cells (HRBC). There was significant inhibition of AP activity in all instances with the exception of HRBC with tartrate. The prostate inhibition results were not different from those for seminal vesicles and adrenals but were different from the other tissues studied. Ten days following castration the inhibition by tartrate was less in all tissues studied except plasma and HRBC; the formaldehyde inhibition percentages were not altered. Intraperitoneal testosterone enanthate administration begun 2 days after castration maintained the tartrate inhibitions in the ranges found for noncastrated rats. Gel electrophoresis of the tissue filtrates and staining of the gels for AP indicated two bands of AP activity for the prostate from normal rats and one band of activity for all other tissues. This second band of prostate AP activity was completely eliminated by the addition of formaldehyde and was not found for prostate tissue filtrates from castrated animals. However, it was found for the animals which had received testosterone replacement for 14 days. It would appear that AP can be used as a marker of androgen responsiveness for rat prostate.

Concentrations of immunoreactive tonin in submandibular glands and saliva of the rat

1986 ◽  
Vol 111 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-144
Author(s):  
Yukio Hirata ◽  
Masahiro Tomita ◽  
Takuo Fujita ◽  
Masao Ikeda
Keyword(s):  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Angiotensin I ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Normal Males

Abstract. The submandibular gland (SMG) of the rat contains tonin, an enzyme of serine proteases, which specifically cleaves angiotensinogen and angiotensin I to yield angiotensin II directly. Using a specific RIA for rat tonin, the present study was performed to examine the concentrations of immunoreactive (IR) tonin in SMG of normal Wistar male rats with various ages, those in SMG and saliva of normal adult males and females, and also its SMG levels of castrated males and testosterone-treated females. The concentrations of IR-tonin in SMG of immature 4 week old male rats were very low but rose exponentially with increasing age to reach adult levels (3–6 μg/mg wet tissue) in male rats after 6 week old or more. SMG of the adult male rat contained 10-fold more IR-tonin than that of the female rat and male saliva contained 5-fold more IR-tonin than that of females. The concentrations of SMG IR-tonin in the castrated males fell to about one-tenth the levels of normal males, whereas SMG IR-tonin levels in the testosterone-treated females increased about ten times more than those of normal females. These data confirm the sexual dimorphism of rat SMG with respect to the concentrations of tonin and indicate that androgens play an important role in regulating the synthesis and/or storage of tonin in rat SMG. It is also suggested that tonin is secreted into saliva in concentrations reflecting its SMG levels. However, biological significance of tonin in SMG and saliva remains obscure.

scholarly journals Effects of sex hormones on enzymic esterification of 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)-fluorene by rat liver cytosol

1970 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prabhakar D. Lotlikar
Keyword(s):  
Rat Liver ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Liver Cytosol ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Derivatives Of ◽  
Sex And Age Differences ◽  
Rat Liver Cytosol

1. Enzymic esterifications of 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorene and several other hydroxamic acids by liver cytosol were studied. Determination of 2-acetamido-3-methylthiofluorene was used for the assay. 2. With rat liver cytosol, requirement for ATP, Mg2+ and SO42− suggested formation of phosphate and sulphate esters of 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorene. 3. Rats showed sex and age differences in their activity. Liver from adult male rat was at least twice as active as liver from adult female rat. No such sex differences were found in mice, hamsters and guinea pigs. 4. Administration of testosterone (300μg/day) subcutaneously for 8 days increased the activity in the female rat by 100%, whereas diethylstilboestrol (100μg/day) had no effect. In the male rat diethylstilboestrol treatment decreased the activity by 60%, whereas testosterone pretreatment was without any effect. 5. Among various endocrine ablations such as adrenalectomy, castration, adrenalectomy–castration and hypophysectomy in the adult male rat, hypophysectomy was found to be the most effective in decreasing the activity of the liver to about 50% of control values. 6. Like 2-(N-hydroxyacetamido)fluorene, various other N-hydroxy derivatives of 2-acetamido-7-fluorofluorene, 2-acetamidophenanthrene, 4-acetamidobiphenyl and 4-acetamidostilbene were also shown to be esterified to different extents by rat liver cytosol.

Effects of maternal exposure to an aromatase inhibitor on sexual behaviour and neurochemical and endocrine aspects of adult male rat

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela C. C. Gerardin ◽  
Renata C. Piffer ◽  
Patrícia C. Garcia ◽  
Estefânia G. Moreira ◽  
Oduvaldo C. M. Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Aromatase Inhibitor ◽  
Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Plasma Testosterone ◽  
Anogenital Distance ◽  
Sexual Behaviours ◽  
Brain Sexual Differentiation ◽  
Adult Male Rat

The present study examined the effects of letrozole exposure during brain sexual differentiation on endocrine, behavioural and neurochemical parameters in male rat descendants. Pregnant female rats received 1 mg kg–1 day–1 letrozole or vehicle by oral gavage on gestational Days 21 and 22. Exposure to letrozole reduced anogenital distance in males on postnatal Day (PND) 22. At adulthood (PND 75), plasma testosterone levels and hypothalamic dopaminergic activity were increased, but sexual competence was impaired, because fewer successful sexual behaviours (mount, intromission and principally ejaculation) were observed. The impairment of reproductive function by prenatal exposure to an aromatase inhibitor reinforces the importance of adequate oestrogenic activity during perinatal sexual differentiation for complete masculinisation of the hypothalamus.

scholarly journals Detection of α2u-globulin in rat pup preputial gland by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 296-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ponnirul Ponmanickam ◽  
Gnanasekaran Jebamercy ◽  
Govindaraju Archunan ◽  
Soundrapandian Kannan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Preputial Gland ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Maldi Tof ◽  
Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Pheromonal Communication ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Prepubertal Rats ◽  
Preputial Glands

Abstract The α2u-globulin, a soluble protein identified in the urine and preputial gland of adult male rat is reported to be pheromone carrier. The pup preputial gland plays a significant role in chemical communication for mother-young interaction; however, the presence of a pheromone-carrying protein in the pup preputial gland has not been confirmed. Therefore, the present study was carried out to identify the α2u-globulin in the pup preputial gland by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF). The preputial glands of prepubertal rats were subjected to one-dimensional SDS-PAGE. In-gel trypsin digestion of a 18 kDa band was carried out and analyzed by MALDI-TOF. The results of a MASCOT search showed the presence of α2u-globulin in the 18 kDa band. In contrast to the report of the synthesis of this protein only in adult rats, the identification of this protein in pup preputial gland is significant. The results suggest that synthesis of α2u-globulin in the rat preputial gland starts in the prepubertal stage itself. In prepubertal rats, the preputial gland is a source of pheromone for performing anogenital licking behaviour by the mother rat. Since α2u-globulin belongs to the lipocalin (ligand carrier) family, it might carry the volatile for processing pheromonal communication in mother-pup bonding in rat.

scholarly journals Steroid 5α-reductase isozymes in the adult female rat brain: central role of dihydrotestosterone

2006 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 239-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Torres ◽  
E Ortega
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Female Rat ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
New Research

The enzyme 5α-reductase (5α-R) (EC 1.3.99.5) exists as two isoforms, 5α-R type 1 (5α-R1) and 5α-R type 2 (5α-R2). 5α-R1 has been associated with catabolic functions whereas 5α-R2 has been associated with sexually dimorphic functions of the male. We recently demonstrated that both 5α-R isozymes are present in the central nervous system (CNS) of the adult male rat and are regulated in an opposing way by androgens. This finding raises the question as to whether both isozymes play a role in the sexual dimorphism of the CNS, besides other functions. To test this hypothesis, it is essential to study the regulation of both isozymes by androgens in the female. In this work, we studied the effects of testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on mRNA levels of both 5α-R isoforms in the prefrontal cortex of the adult female rat by one-step quantitative RT-PCR coupled with laser-induced fluorescence capillary electrophoresis. Our results demonstrate for the first time that 5α-R2 mRNA is slightly regulated by T and DHT in females. Surprisingly, 5α-R1 mRNA is not regulated by T in the intact female, whereas it is very positively regulated by DHT, a more potent androgen than T. These data indicate the great sexual dimorphism in the CNS with respect to both 5α-R isozymes, and suggest a crucial role of DHT in the sexual dimorphism of the CNS in the female. These results open up a new research line that may lead to a better understanding of the physiology of the CNS.

EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE, 5α-DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE AND OESTRADIOL BENZOATE ON SERUM LEVELS OF LH AND FSH IN THE CASTRATED ADULT MALE RAT

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 643-654 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. L. Verjans ◽  
K. B. Eik-Nes ◽  
J. H. Aafjes ◽  
F. J. M. Vels ◽  
H. J. van der Molen
Keyword(s):  
Adult Male ◽  
Testosterone Propionate ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Oestradiol Benzoate ◽  
Adult Male Rat

ABSTRACT The influence of treatment with various doses of testosterone propionate, 5α-dihydrotestosterone propionate or oestradiol benzoate on serum levels of LH and FSH (measured by radioimmunoassay) and on weights of ventral prostates and seminal vesicles was investigated in castrated, adult, male rats. For depression of the high, castrate levels of serum gonadotrophins with either of these steroid esters, the inhibition curves were different for LH and for FSH. Serum LH was kept at levels encountered in intact, adult, male rats by lower doses of steroid ester than was serum FSH. Oestradiol benzoate was the most potent suppressor of the serum gonadotrophins among the steroid esters tested, testosterone propionate the least. Treatment with low doses of oestradiol benzoate, however, resulted in serum FSH levels significantly above those of castrates treated with vehicle only. Finally, administration of a synthetic LH-releasing factor to testosterone propionate, 5α-dihydrotestosterone propionate or oestradiol benzoate treated, castrated, adult, male rats resulted in a further release of both LH and FSH. The latter effect was more pronounced in oestradiol benzoate treated castrates than in testosterone propionate or 5α-dihydrotestosterone propionate treated castrates.

The Influence of Testosterone on the Endogenous Levels of Prostaglandin F in the Accessory Reproductive Glands of the Adult Male Rat

1974 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. B. Sutherland ◽  
A. H. Telli ◽  
R. L. Singhal
Keyword(s):  
Free Testosterone ◽  
Hormone Treatment ◽  
Reproductive Organs ◽  
Seminal Vesicles ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Intramuscular Dose ◽  
Accessory Reproductive Glands ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
Prostaglandin F

Orchidectomy increased the endogenous concentration of prostaglandin F (PGF) in the prostatic and vesicular glands of adult rats. A single intramuscular dose of free testosterone (5.0 mg/100 g) was able to reverse the effects of castration on PGF concentration of the accessory reproductive organs. In the case of seminal vesicles, administration of testosterone to castrate rats markedly reduced the PGF levels within 144 h of hormone treatment.

Overtraining of aerobic physical exercise reduce rats (Rattus norvegicus) memory

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Made Ridla Parwata
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Rattus Norvegicus ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Adult Male Rat ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Heavy Training

Overtraining syndrome is a decrease in physical capacity, emotions and immunity due to training that is too often without adequate periods of rest. Overtraining is often experienced by athletes who daily undergo heavy training with short break periods. This research aims to look at the effect of overtraining aerobic physical exercise on memory in mice. The research method was experimental in vivo with the subject of adult male rat (Rattus Norvegicus) Winstar strain aged 8-10 weeks, body weight 200-250 gr. Divided into three groups, namely the control group, aerobic group and overtraining group. The results of memory tests with water E Maze showed an increase in the duration of travel time and the number of animal errors made by the overtraining group (p = 0.003). This study concludes that overtraining aerobic physical exercise can reduce memory in rat hippocampus.

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