scholarly journals Perbandingan Efektivitas Antibakteri Moringa oleifera dan Ziziphus mauritiana dengan Ekstrak Etanol 96% terhadap Escherichia Coli

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Eli Sania ◽  
Sandy Vitria Kurniawan ◽  
Yohanna Angelina
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Ziziphus Mauritiana ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton

Escherichia coli adalah bakteri normal pada pencernaan bagian bawah manusia, namun jika dalam jumlah di atas normal, E. coliakan menimbulkan berbagai penyakit. Penggunaan antibiotik yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan resistensi sehingga diperlukan pengobatan alternatif seperti obat-obatan herbal. Tanaman obat yang sudah banyak dieksplorasi sebagai senyawa antibakterial adalah daun kelor(Moringa oleifera)dan daun bidara (Ziziphus mauritiana). Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat perbandingan efektivitas antibakteri Moringa oleifera dan Ziziphus mauritiana dengan pelarut etanol 96% terhadap E.coli.Desain penelitian ini menggunakan studi eksperimental in vitro. Moringa oleifera dan Ziziphus mauritiana diekstrak pada 10 konsentrasi yang berbeda. Metode uji yang digunakan adalah difusi cakram pada agar Mueller-Hinton. Kelompok perlakuan yaitu E. coliATCC 25922, Ciprofloksasin digunakan sebagai kontrol positif dan cakram yang direndam dalam etanol 96% digunakan sebagai kontrol negatif. Rata–rata zona inhibisi ekstrak daun Moringa oleifera adalah 10 mm,sedangkanekstrak daun Ziziphus mauritiana menimbulkan rata–rata zona inhibisi sebesar 14 mm.Rata–rata zona inhibisi dari kontrol positif adalah 33 mm. Kontrol negatif tidak memiliki zona inhibisi. Ekstrak daun Moringa oleifera dapat menginhibisi pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli pada konsentrasi 30% dengan zona inhibisi sebesar 7 mm, dan ekstrak daun Ziziphus mauritianadapat menginhibisi pertumbuhan bakteri E. coli pada konsentrasi 20% dengan zona inhibisi 12 mm. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa Ziziphus mauritiana memiliki kemampuan antibakteri yang lebih efektif daripada Moringa oleifera.

scholarly journals Eficacia antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de eucalipto (Eucalyptus spp) sobre cepas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 932-938
Author(s):  
Mayra Montero-Recalde ◽  
María José Morocho-Núñez ◽  
Diana Avilés-Esquivel ◽  
Ángela Carrasco-Cando ◽  
Ramiro Erazo-Gutierrez
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto antimicrobiano in vitro del aceite esencial de eucalipto (Eucaliptus spp) sobre Escherichia coli ATCC® 11229 y Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus ATCC® 25904. Se evaluaron concentraciones al 30, 60 y 90% en dilución en etanol al 96.8%. Se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria (CMI) mediante el método de microdilución en caldo. El inóculo bacteriano se estandarizó al 0.5 de la escala de MacFarland en espectofotómetro, obteniendo como resultado que las concentraciones de 60 y 90% no presentaron turbidez. La Concentración Mínima Bactericida (CMB) determinada en agar Mueller-Hinton se presentó a partir de la concentración del 60% para las dos cepas en estudio. La prueba de sensibilidad antimicrobiana indicó que todas concentraciones presentaron sensibilidad antimicrobiana y que las concentraciones al 30 y 60% no fueron significativamente diferentes, presentando halos de inhibición de 10.25 mm y 10.65 mm para la concentración de 30% para las cepas de Escherichia coli y Staphylococcus aureus subsp. aureus, respectivamente. Por otro lado, los resultados para la cepa S. aureus subsp. aureus muestran que las concentraciones al 60% y 90% formaron halos de mayor diámetro que la cepa de E. coli.

scholarly journals Atividade antibacteriana de óleos essenciais de plantas frente a linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli isoladas de casos clínicos humanos

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.T.N. Silva ◽  
P.I. Ushimaru ◽  
L.N. Barbosa ◽  
M.L.R.S. Cunha ◽  
A. Fernandes Junior
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Mueller Hinton Agar

A ação antibacteriana in vitro de óleos essenciais de seis plantas foi verificada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM=%v/v) pela diluição dos óleos em meio de cultura Mueller Hinton Agar, frente a linhagens de Staphylococcus aureus (n=16) e Escherichia coli (n=16) isoladas de casos clínicos humanos, além de 1 amostra padrão ATCC para cada espécie (Sa ATCC 25923 e Ec ATCC 25922), e determinação de curvas de sobrevivência em concentrações equivalentes a CIM90% dos respectivos óleos. O óleo essencial de canela foi o mais eficiente, com valores de CIM90% de 0,047 e 0,09 para S. aureus e E. coli respectivamente, enquanto gengibre (0,09), cravo da índia (0,095) e capim cidreira (0,1) apresentaram eficiências semelhantes para S. aureus. Frente a E. coli, os óleos de gengibre (0,52) e capim cidreira (0,55) foram equivalentes quanto à eficiência. De acordo com as curvas de sobrevivência, foi possível verificar também que os valores de CIM90% obtidos podem ser tanto bactericidas ou bacteriostáticas de acordo com a bactéria testada. Em conclusão, verificou-se que os óleos essenciais testados foram efetivos no controle do desenvolvimento bacteriano, sendo o potencial antimicrobiano diferente em função da espécie bacteriana testada, sendo que a bactéria Gram positiva (S. aureus) mostrou-se mais susceptível aos óleos testados que a Gram negativa (E. coli).

scholarly journals Atividade Antibacteriana do Extrato Etanólico Bruto da Gossypium hirsutum L. contra Cepas de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. e227
Author(s):  
Letícia Ataíde Delgado ◽  
Daniele de Sousa Siqueira ◽  
José Lucas Soares Ferreira ◽  
Joyce Natielle Miranda Cavalcante ◽  
Rebeca Cícera Mendes de Oliveira Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum ◽  
Gossypium Hirsutum L ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton

Objetivo: O presente estudo objetiva avaliar in vitro a ação antibacteriana do extrato da G. hirsutum L. contra Escherichia coli e Klebsiella pneumoniae. Métodos: Para a avaliação da atividade antibacteriana e determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIMtilizou-se a técnica de microdiluição em placa de 96 poços. Em uma placa de 96 cavidades, foi adicionado caldo Mueller Hinton e o extrato etanólico bruto em estudo nas diferentes concentrações. O ensaio foi realizado em duplicata. As placas foram incubadas a 37ºC durante 24-48 horas. A CIM foi determinada como a menor concentração do extrato que inibir o crescimento visível do microorganismo. Após a leitura da CIM, alíquotas de 20 μL foram retiradas de cada poço que não apresentar crescimento bacteriano, e transferidas para poços de uma nova placa, desprovidas de qualquer antimicrobiano. As placas inoculadas foram assepticamente fechadas e incubadas a 35 °C, e as Concentrações Bactericidas Mínimas (CBMsram registradas após 48 h. A CBM foi definida como a menor concentração do extrato que resultar em inibição visível do crescimento do microorganismo. Resultados: Observou-se que o extrato em estudo apresentou CIM50 para E. coli e K. pneumoniae, respectivamente, igual à 1024 μg/mL e maior que 1024 μg/mL e a CBM50 da E. coli foi maior que 1024 μg/mL. Conclusão: Diante dos resultados obtidos pode-se afirmar que o extrato possui efeito moderado antibacteriano frente às cepas de K. peneumoniae e E. coli.

In vitro Time Kill of Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia versus Escherichia coli using Cation Adjusted Muller Hinton Broth and ISO-Sensitest Broth

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maxwell J. Lasko ◽  
Matthew L. Gethers ◽  
Jennifer L. Tabor-Rennie ◽  
David P. Nicolau ◽  
Joseph L. Kuti
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Optimal Dosing ◽  
Mueller Hinton ◽  
Colony Forming Units ◽  
Time Kill ◽  
Pharmacodynamic Data ◽  
Mueller Hinton Broth

Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMZ) is considered the treatment of choice for infections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia , but limited pharmacodynamic data are available to support current susceptibility breakpoints or guide optimal dosing. Time-kill studies using a TMP/SMZ concentration of 4/40 μg/mL were conducted to compare 4 S. maltophilia with 4 Escherichia coli having the same MICs (0.25/4.75-4/76 μg/mL) in cation adjusted Mueller Hinton Broth (CAMHB) and ISO-Sensitest™ broth (ISO). With the exception of the resistant isolates (4/76 μg/mL), which resulted in regrowth approaching control, TMP/SMZ displayed significantly greater killing for E. coli compared with S. maltophilia at each MIC. Against E. coli , mean changes at 24 hour were -4.49, -1.73, -1.59, and +1.83 log 10 colony forming units (CFU) for isolates with MICs of 0.25/4.75, 1/19, 2/39, and 4/74 μg/mL, respectively. The f AUC/MIC required for stasis, 1-log 10 , and 2-log 10 CFU reductions were 40.7, 59.5, and 86.3, respectively. In contrast, TMP/SMZ displayed no stasis or CFU reductions against any S. maltophilia regardless of MIC, and no pharmacodynamic thresholds were quantifiable. Observations were consistent in both CAMHB and ISO broth. These data add increasing evidence that current TMP/SMZ susceptibility breakpoints against S. maltophilia should be reassessed.

scholarly journals Avaliação in vitro da associação medicamentosa de extrato bruto de Allium sativum L. (alho) com Imipenem e Meropenem frente a cepas sensíveis de Escherichia coli / In vitro evaluation of drug association between crude Allium sativum L (garlic) extract and Imipenem and Meropenem against sensible Escherichia coli strains

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Fabio Carramão Narimatsu ◽  
Sônia Maria Rolim Rosa Lima ◽  
Suely Mitoi Ykko Ueda ◽  
Silvia Da Silva Carramão ◽  
Maria Thereza Gamberini
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Crude Extract ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton

Objetivo: Avaliar a susceptibilidade in vitro de cepas de Escherichia coli ao extrato bruto de Allium sativum e sua associação com antibióticos carbapenêmicos (Meropenem e Imipenem), constatando os impactos dessa associação medicamentosa na inibição do crescimento de cepas de Escherichia coli. Método: Cepas de E. coli obtidas de amostras provenientes do laboratório central do Hospital da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo foram semeadas em placas de ágar Müeller-Hinton pelo método de Kirby-Bauer e incubadas por 48 horas. Avaliou-se a suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos (Meropenem,  Imipenem) e ao extrato bruto de A. sativum (EB), líquido obtido por compressão mecânica dos bulbos de alho; e à combinação destes antibióticos associados ao EB nas cepas de E. coli. Aferiram-se os halos de inibição formados segundo os critérios do CLSI vigentes e comparadas as atividades em relação à associação com o EB. Comparou-se o desempenho dos antibióticos isolados, do EB isolado e das associações dos antibióticos com o EB empregando-se o teste estatístico de Wilcoxon. Resultado: Constatou-se desempenho superior das combinações do EB com os discos dos antibióticos (Imipenem e Meromepenem) comparado aos dos discos dos antibióticos isolados e do EB isolado (p<0,05). Conclusão: Concluímos que, in vitro, o Imipenem e o Meropenem apresentaram sinergismo quando associado ao EB de A. sativum frente às cepas testadas.Descritores: Alho, Allium, Escherichia coli, Beta-lactamas, Imipenem, MeropenemAbstract Objective: In vitro evaluation of the susceptibility of E. coli strains to the Allium sativum crude extract, and the impacts of the association between the crude extract of Allium sativum L (garlic) and antibiotics (Meropenem and Imipenem) in the growth inhibition of E. coli strains. Method: E. coli strains were obtained from samples of the laboratory of the Hospital Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo. The strains were grown on Müeller-Hinton agar disks following the Kirby-Bauer method for 48 hours. The susceptibilities of the strains to the antibiotics (Meropenem and Imipenem); to the A. sativum crude extract (CEA); and to the association of each antibiotic and the CEA were evaluated. The zone diameter of each of these substances was measured following the CLSI criteria. The performance of the isolated antibiotics and of the associations between CEA and the antibiotics were compared by the Wilcoxon test. Results: Against the E. coli strains, the combination of CEA with the antibiotic disk displayed superior performance when compared to the isolated disks of the antibiotics (Imipenem and the Meropenem) and the isolated disk of CEA (p<0,05). Conclusion: Against the tested strains of E. coli, both Meropenem and Imipenem displayed synergism with the CEA.Keywords: Garlic, Allium, Escherichia coli, Beta-lactams, Imipenem, Meropenem

scholarly journals Desarrollo de una técnica para la detección in vitro de la presencia de antibióticos en muestras de hígado de res, cerdo y pollo

CienciaUAT ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Rebeca Monroy-Torres ◽  
Benigno Linares-Segovia ◽  
Xochitl Sofía Ramírez-Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Mueller Hinton

El descubrimiento de los antibióticos ha permitido salvar la vida de millones de personas, sin embargo, su efectividad ha ido disminuyendo a la par que los microorganismos van desarrollando resistencia debido a su exposición constante durante su aplicación en el crecimiento de animales de abasto, por lo que se hace necesario contar con técnicas de detección oportuna de su presencia en alimentos. Se realizó un estudio preliminar, de corte transversal, en muestras de hígado de res, cerdo y pollo para establecer la viabilidad de determinar la presencia de antibióticos mediante la inhibición del crecimiento de una cepa de Escherichia coli ATCC25922, utilizando el método de Kirby-Bauer. Se inocularon 15 cajas Petri conteniendo agar Mueller Hinton (cinco para cada muestra de hígado: res, cerdo y pollo), con la cepa E. Coli sensible a antibióticos. En cada caja de agar se colocaron porciones de hígado de 5 mm de diámetro, con 1 cm de distancia entre muestras. Las cajas se incubaron a 35 OC por 24 h y se evaluó la formación de halos de inhibición. Se encontró que sólo una de las 15 muestras de hígado analizadas, correspondiente a hígado de res, presentó un halo de inhibición mayor a 30 mm. Los resultados obtenidos indican la viabilidad de usar esta técnica para la detección de la presencia de antibióticos en productos cárnicos.Archivo XML (SciELO)

Substituted 4-Formyl-2H-chromen-2-ones: Their Reaction with N-(2,3,4,6-Tetra-Oacetyl- β-D-galactopyranosyl)thiosemicarbazide, Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Their Thiosemicarbazone Products

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (19) ◽  
pp. 2272-2282
Author(s):  
Vu Ngoc Toan ◽  
Nguyen Minh Tri ◽  
Nguyen Dinh Thanh
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Selenium Dioxide ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activity ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal Activities ◽  
Alkyl Ethers ◽  
Antibacterial And Antifungal

Several 6- and 7-alkoxy-2-oxo-2H-chromene-4-carbaldehydes were prepared from corresponding alkyl ethers of 6- and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-2-ones by oxidation using selenium dioxide. 6- and 7-Alkoxy-4-methyl-2H-chromenes were obtained with yields of 57-85%. Corresponding 4-carbaldehyde derivatives were prepared with yields of 41-67%. Thiosemicarbazones of these aldehydes with D-galactose moiety were synthesized by reaction of these aldehydes with N-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-Dgalactopyranosyl) thiosemicarbazide with yields of 62-74%. These thiosemicarbazones were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities in vitro against bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and fungi, such as Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans. Several compounds exhibited strong inhibitory activity with MIC values of 0.78- 1.56 μM, including 8a (against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans), 8d (against E. coli and A. niger), 9a (against S. aureus), and 9c (against S. aureus and C. albicans).

scholarly journals In vitro activity of antimicrobial peptide CDP-B11 alone and in combination with colistin against colistin-resistant and multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin S. Witherell ◽  
Jason Price ◽  
Ashok D. Bandaranayake ◽  
James Olson ◽  
Douglas R. Call
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Peptide ◽  
Membrane Integrity ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Minimal Media

AbstractMultidrug-resistant bacteria are a growing global concern, and with increasingly prevalent resistance to last line antibiotics such as colistin, it is imperative that alternative treatment options are identified. Herein we investigated the mechanism of action of a novel antimicrobial peptide (CDP-B11) and its effectiveness against multidrug-resistant bacteria including Escherichia coli #0346, which harbors multiple antibiotic-resistance genes, including mobilized colistin resistance gene (mcr-1). Bacterial membrane potential and membrane integrity assays, measured by flow cytometry, were used to test membrane disruption. Bacterial growth inhibition assays and time to kill assays measured the effectiveness of CDP-B11 alone and in combination with colistin against E. coli #0346 and other bacteria. Hemolysis assays were used to quantify the hemolytic effects of CDP-B11 alone and in combination with colistin. Findings show CDP-B11 disrupts the outer membrane of E. coli #0346. CDP-B11 with colistin inhibits the growth of E. coli #0346 at ≥ 10× lower colistin concentrations compared to colistin alone in Mueller–Hinton media and M9 media. Growth is significantly inhibited in other clinically relevant strains, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. In rich media and minimal media, the drug combination kills bacteria at a lower colistin concentration (1.25 μg/mL) compared to colistin alone (2.5 μg/mL). In minimal media, the combination is bactericidal with killing accelerated by up to 2 h compared to colistin alone. Importantly, no significant red blood hemolysis is evident for CDP-B11 alone or in combination with colistin. The characteristics of CDP-B11 presented here indicate that it can be used as a potential monotherapy or as combination therapy with colistin for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections, including colistin-resistant infections.

scholarly journals Lysyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli K12. Chromatographic heterogeneity and the lysU-gene product

1987 ◽  
Vol 248 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Charlier ◽  
R Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Gene Product ◽  
Activity Ratio ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Trna Synthetase ◽  
Trna Synthetases ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Aminoacyl Trna Synthetases

In contrast with most aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, the lysyl-tRNA synthetase of Escherichia coli is coded for by two genes, the normal lysS gene and the inducible lysU gene. During its purification from E. coli K12, lysyl-tRNA synthetase was monitored by its aminoacylation and adenosine(5′)tetraphospho(5′)adenosine (Ap4A) synthesis activities. Ap4A synthesis was measured by a new assay using DEAE-cellulose filters. The heterogeneity of lysyl-tRNA synthetase (LysRS) was revealed on hydroxyapatite; we focused on the first peak, LysRS1, because of its higher Ap4A/lysyl-tRNA activity ratio at that stage. Additional differences between LysRS1 and LysRS2 (major peak on hydroxyapatite) were collected. LysRS1 was eluted from phosphocellulose in the presence of the substrates, whereas LysRS2 was not. Phosphocellulose chromatography was used to show the increase of LysRS1 in cells submitted to heat shock. Also, the Mg2+ optimum in the Ap4A-synthesis reaction is much higher for LysRS1. LysRS1 showed a higher thermostability, which was specifically enhanced by Zn2+. These results in vivo and in vitro strongly suggest that LysRS1 is the heat-inducible lysU-gene product.

scholarly journals A Rhodobacter sphaeroides Protein Mechanistically Similar to Escherichia coli DksA Regulates Photosynthetic Growth

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Lennon ◽  
Kimberly C. Lemmer ◽  
Jessica L. Irons ◽  
Max I. Sellman ◽  
Timothy J. Donohue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Structure Function ◽  
Rhodobacter Sphaeroides ◽  
Fatty Acid Content ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Globular Domain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACTDksA is a global regulatory protein that, together with the alarmone ppGpp, is required for the “stringent response” to nutrient starvation in the gammaproteobacteriumEscherichia coliand for more moderate shifts between growth conditions. DksA modulates the expression of hundreds of genes, directly or indirectly. Mutants lacking a DksA homolog exhibit pleiotropic phenotypes in other gammaproteobacteria as well. Here we analyzed the DksA homolog RSP2654 in the more distantly relatedRhodobacter sphaeroides, an alphaproteobacterium. RSP2654 is 42% identical and similar in length toE. coliDksA but lacks the Zn finger motif of theE. coliDksA globular domain. Deletion of the RSP2654 gene results in defects in photosynthetic growth, impaired utilization of amino acids, and an increase in fatty acid content. RSP2654 complements the growth and regulatory defects of anE. colistrain lacking thedksAgene and modulates transcriptionin vitrowithE. coliRNA polymerase (RNAP) similarly toE. coliDksA. RSP2654 reduces RNAP-promoter complex stabilityin vitrowith RNAPs fromE. coliorR. sphaeroides, alone and synergistically with ppGpp, suggesting that even though it has limited sequence identity toE. coliDksA (DksAEc), it functions in a mechanistically similar manner. We therefore designate the RSP2654 protein DksARsp. Our work suggests that DksARsphas distinct and important physiological roles in alphaproteobacteria and will be useful for understanding structure-function relationships in DksA and the mechanism of synergy between DksA and ppGpp.IMPORTANCEThe role of DksA has been analyzed primarily in the gammaproteobacteria, in which it is best understood for its role in control of the synthesis of the translation apparatus and amino acid biosynthesis. Our work suggests that DksA plays distinct and important physiological roles in alphaproteobacteria, including the control of photosynthesis inRhodobacter sphaeroides. The study of DksARsp, should be useful for understanding structure-function relationships in the protein, including those that play a role in the little-understood synergy between DksA and ppGpp.

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