scholarly journals REGULATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA PLATFORMS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-71
Author(s):  
Balázs Bartóki-Gönczy
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform

Social media platforms are mainly characterised by private regulation. However, their direct and indirect impact on society has become such (fake news, hate  speech, incitement to terrorism, data protection breaches, impact on the viability of professional journalism) that private regulatory mechanisms in place (often opaque and not transparent) seem to be inadequate. In the present paper, I would  first address the problem of the legal classification of these services (media service provider vs. intermediary service provider), since the answer to this question is a  prerequisite for any state intervention. I would then present the regulatory  initiatives (with a critical approach) at the EU and national level which might shape the future of ‘social media platform’ regulation. 

scholarly journals Regulatory approaches to social media

2020 ◽  
Vol 338 ◽  
pp. 337-346
Author(s):  
Balázs Bartóki-Gönczy
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Service Provider ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Critical Approach ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform

Social media platforms are mainly characterised by private regulation.2 However, their direct and indirect impact on society has become such (fake news, hate speech, incitement to terrorism, data protection breaches, impact on the viability of professional journalism) that private regulatory mechanisms in place (often opaque and not transparent) seem to be inadequate. In my presentation, I would first address the problem of legal classification of these services (media service provider vs. intermediary service provider), since the answer to this question is a prerequisite for any state intervention. I would then present the regulatory initiatives (with a critical approach) at EU and national level which might shape the future of ’social media platform’ regulation.

Platform Politics: The Emergence of Alternative Social Media in India

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-276
Author(s):  
Prashanth Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Sphere ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Bharatiya Janata Party ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Corporate Social ◽  
Widespread Dissemination

Widespread dissemination of hate speech on corporate social media platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube has necessitated technological companies to moderate content on their platforms. At the receiving end of these content moderation efforts are supporters of right-wing populist parties, who have gained notoriety for harassing journalists, spreading disinformation, and vilifying liberal activists. In recent months, several prominent right-wing figures across the world were removed from social media - a phenomenon also known as ‘deplatforming’- for violating platform policies. Prominent among such right-wing groups are online supporters of the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in India, who have begun accusing corporate social media of pursuing a ‘liberal agenda’ and ‘curtailing free speech.’ In response to deplatforming, the BJP-led Government of India has aggressively promoted and embraced Koo, an indigenously developed social media platform. This commentary examines the implications of this alternative social platform for the online communicative environment in the Indian public sphere.

scholarly journals Hate Speeches on Twitter and Facebook in South Asia: A Case Study Of Malala Yousufzai

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Saba Naz, Dr. Muhammad Osama Shafiq
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Quantitative Research Methods ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform

Nowadays social media platforms have become a medium that allows people to post anything they wish. Since the time internet grew, a radical change has been discerned in society. With the emergence of social media sites, many challenges also thrived in the society that took the society into interesting and alarming ways altogether. As time is passing as technology is intensifying new forms of hate, abuse, bullying, and discrimination are also increasing in society. It can be said that digital technology is reshaping coercion based on caste, color, gender, race, culture, likes, dislikes. Many societies are concerned with this problem of growing hate speeches on social media but no proper barrier on these sites has been seen to prevent hate discourses. This study examined the attitudes of social media users including Facebook and Twitter over the incident of Noble Prize laureate Malala Yousufzai, a young activist who worked and spoke for the educational rights of girls who were born in Swat valley. She spoke against this erroneous system that didn’t allow girls to gain education and became a prominent member of society at the little age of 14. She was shot by Taliban and then a controversy started against her, some people admired her and she became a celebrity all over South Asia while an extreme amount of criticism was also seen against her incident. Through this study, we aim to understand the abundance of hate speech on Facebook and Twitter in South Asia by using Qualitative and Quantitative Research Methods. For that purpose we took the case study method and provide a large-scale measurement and analysis of different hashtags used during the case of Malala on the social media platform. To achieve the objective of our research, we amassed Tweets and Facebook posts posted since the year 2011 till now related to this case. This article identifies numerous forms of hate speeches on social media that are arising in South Asia and altering the minds of people using social media, it is also guiding how to abate hate speeches that are delivered on social media with particular hashtags on various incidents and matters. The collected data revealed that hate speech has become a social problem with substantial inimical effects in societies. This study explains that social media should be utilized to benefit mankind positively and gently.

scholarly journals “Censorship-free” platforms: Evaluating content moderation policies and practices of alternative social media

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Buckley ◽  
Joseph S Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Federal Law ◽  
Private Regulation ◽  
Technology Infrastructure ◽  
Breeding Grounds ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Internet Platform

Following the development and implementation of mainstream social media platforms’ election-related speech policies, a renewed wave of criticism emerged from the U.S. ideological right. Several months before the 2020 U.S. presidential election, conservative politicians, pundits, and “patriots” alleged that their speech was being censored by “Big Tech.” This resulted in right-leaning influencers, and many of their followers, migrating to alternative online platforms to avoid moderation. Alternative social media, such as Parler, Bitchute, Gab, and Gettr, describe themselves as unmoderated hubs for “free speech,” signalling an invitation for users to voice everything from unpopular opinions, to misinformation, to hate speech. Yet when pushed by technology infrastructure platforms like Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play Store to address missing or substandard moderation practices, “alt-tech” platforms were forced to create or adapt ad hoc, often minimalistic, content moderation policies.Our research explores and evaluates these policies in comparison to mainstream platforms, and analyzes how moderation policies interact with the ideological framework asserted at an alternative platform’s nascence. Our work provides necessary insight into the potential motivations for one potential source of internet platform oversight. With few immediately available regulatory options, assessing the viability of alternatives is crucial. This is particularly true as severe legislative gridlock stalls meaningful reform to the federal law perhaps capable of improving platforms’ moderation practices. Because private regulation appears to be the most immediate solution to address new breeding grounds for mis- and disinformation, inquiry into alternative platforms’ adoption and enforcement of moderation policies is needed. Our paper concludes with questions for future research into the efficacy of alternative platforms’ policy implementation; it is imperative to distinguish legitimate moderation from mere shells constructed to retain profit in parallel with ideological posturing.

scholarly journals Social Media Toxicity Classification Using Deep Learning: Real-World Application UK Brexit

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1332
Author(s):  
Hong Fan ◽  
Wu Du ◽  
Abdelghani Dahou ◽  
Ahmed A. Ewees ◽  
Dalia Yousri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Real World Application ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Public Dataset ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Harmful Side Effect

Social media has become an essential facet of modern society, wherein people share their opinions on a wide variety of topics. Social media is quickly becoming indispensable for a majority of people, and many cases of social media addiction have been documented. Social media platforms such as Twitter have demonstrated over the years the value they provide, such as connecting people from all over the world with different backgrounds. However, they have also shown harmful side effects that can have serious consequences. One such harmful side effect of social media is the immense toxicity that can be found in various discussions. The word toxic has become synonymous with online hate speech, internet trolling, and sometimes outrage culture. In this study, we build an efficient model to detect and classify toxicity in social media from user-generated content using the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT). The BERT pre-trained model and three of its variants has been fine-tuned on a well-known labeled toxic comment dataset, Kaggle public dataset (Toxic Comment Classification Challenge). Moreover, we test the proposed models with two datasets collected from Twitter from two different periods to detect toxicity in user-generated content (tweets) using hashtages belonging to the UK Brexit. The results showed that the proposed model can efficiently classify and analyze toxic tweets.

Playing platformized language games: Social media logic and the mutation of participatory cultures in Chinese online fandom

2021 ◽  
pp. 146144482110594
Author(s):  
Yiyi Yin ◽  
Zhuoxiao Xie
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Language Games ◽  
Speech Community ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Fan Communities ◽  
Speech Communities ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Media Logic

This study discusses the shifting dynamics of fan participatory cultures on social media platforms by introducing the concept of “platformized language games.” We conceive of a fan community as a “speech community” and propose that the language and discourses of fan participatory cultures are technological practices that only make sense in use and interactions as “games” on social media platform. Based on an ethnography of communication on fan communities on Weibo, we analyze the technological-communicative acts of fan speech communities, including the platformized setting, participants, topics, norms, and key purposes. We argue that the social media logic (programmability, connectivity, popularity, and datafication) articulates with fans’ language games, thus shifting the “form of life” of celebrity fans on social media. Empirically, fan participatory cultures continue to mutate in China, as fan communities create idiosyncratic platformized language games based on the selective appropriation of the social media logics of connectivity and data-driven metrics.

Customer Experience: Extracting Topics From Tweets

2021 ◽  
pp. 147078532110475
Author(s):  
Manit Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Customer Service ◽  
Latent Dirichlet Allocation ◽  
Online Shopping ◽  
Customer Experience ◽  
Process Failure ◽  
Shopping Experience ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Moments Of Truth

The ubiquity of social media platforms facilitates free flow of online chatter related to customer experience. Twitter is a prominent social media platform for sharing experiences, and e-retail firms are rapidly emerging as the preferred shopping destination. This study explores customers’ online shopping experience tweets. Customers tweet about their online shopping experience based on moments of truth shaped by encounters across different touchpoints. We aggregate 25,173 such tweets related to six e-retailers tweeted over a 5-year period. Grounded on agency theory, we extract the topics underlying these customer experience tweets using unsupervised latent Dirichlet allocation. The output reveals five topics which manifest into customer experience tweets related to online shopping—ordering, customer service interaction, entertainment, service outcome failure, and service process failure. Topics extracted are validated through inter-rater agreement with human experts. The study, thus, derives topics from tweets about e-retail customer experience and thereby facilitates prioritization of decision-making pertaining to critical service encounter touchpoints.

scholarly journals Habib Husein Jafar Al-Hadar’s Da’wa Content Commodification on Youtube

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Akhmad Roja Badrus Zaman ◽  
Mahin Muqaddam Assarwani
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Young Person ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Virtual Ethnography ◽  
The Social ◽  
People’S Perception ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

Advances in technology and information provide new opportunities for preachers to be able to take part in spreading Islamic teachings through various social media platforms. One of the preachers who took the role to preach through social media was Habib Husein Jafar al-Hadar. This article examines Habib Husein Jafar’s missionary activities on the social media platform he uses, Youtube. The researcher analyzes the data by observing virtually and visually (virtual ethnography) on the da’wa content displayed by Habib Husein Jafar through Youtube. The study shows that: 1) the attention to the spiritual enlightenment efforts of the younger generation is the basis of the selection of the social media platform Youtube - because based on previous research, the users of this social media platform are 18-29 years of age; 2) starting from the da’wa consumers who are primarily young people, the content they present is suitable to their needs and lifestyle and 3) by using the concept of the circuit of culture analysis, Habib Husein Jafar in various ranges can reconstruct people’s perception of one’s definition of holiness. It is not limited based on normative appearance - cloaked and sacrificed, for example - but more on the substantive side, namely by behaving and having knowledgeable skills. With the variety of content, he could visualize himself as a pious young man by not abandoning his social status as a young person.

scholarly journals Are You on the Right Platform? A Conjoint Analysis of Social Media Preferences in Aesthetic Surgery Patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 1019-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
Apoorve Nayyar ◽  
Jihane Jadi ◽  
Roja Garimella ◽  
Stephen Tyler Elkins-Williams ◽  
Kristalyn K Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Conjoint Analysis ◽  
Aesthetic Surgery ◽  
Live Video ◽  
Social Media Platform ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Delivery Mechanism ◽  
Media Preferences

Abstract Background Social media has become an indispensable tool for patients to learn about aesthetic surgery. Currently, procedure-specific patient preferences for social media platforms and content are unknown. Objectives The authors sought to evaluate social media preferences of patients seeking aesthetic surgery. Methods We utilized a choice-based conjoint analysis survey to analyze the preferences of patients seeking 3 common aesthetic procedures: breast augmentation (BA), facial rejuvenation (FR), and combined breast/abdominal surgery (BAB). Participants were asked to choose among social media platforms (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat, Pinterest, Tumblr, YouTube), information extent (basic, moderate, comprehensive), delivery mechanism (prerecorded video, live video, photographs, text description), messenger (surgeon, nurse/clinic staff, patient), and option for interactivity (yes/no). The survey was administered using an Internet crowdsourcing service (Amazon Mechanical Turk). Results A total of 647 participants were recruited: 201 in BA, 255 in FR, and 191 in BAB. Among attributes surveyed, participants in all 3 groups (BA, FR, BAB) valued social media platform as the most important (30.9%, 33.1%, 31.4%), followed by information extent (23.1%, 22.9%, 21.6%), delivery mechanism (18.9%, 17.4%, 18%), messenger (16%, 17%, 17.2%), and interactivity (11.1%, 9.8%, 11.8%). Within these attributes, Facebook ranked as the preferred platform, with comprehensive information extent, live video as the delivery mechanism, and surgeon as the messenger as most preferred. Conclusions The choice of social media platform is the most important factor for patients, and they indicated a preference for comprehensive information delivered by the surgeon via live video on Facebook. Our study elucidates social media usage in common aesthetic populations, which can help improve aesthetic patient outreach.

Utilizing the Dimensions of Religion to Analyze Social Media Campaigns

2017 ◽  
pp. 202-220
Author(s):  
Iman Mohamed Zahra
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Major Conclusion ◽  
Campaign Strategies ◽  
Media Campaigns ◽  
The Social ◽  
Campaign Messages ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Media Platform ◽  
Message Strategies

The objective of the current chapter is to analyze one of the most recent and successful social media campaigns namely #NotInMyName from the viewpoint of the seven dimensions of religion utilized by Van Esch and others as the main pillar of social marketing and media campaigns. Further #NotInMyName Public Relations (PR) campaign is scrutinized for PR strategies and message strategies utilized in formulating the campaign messages. To achieve that end, a qualitative analysis was implemented on three levels relating to each video and vine of the study sample: first locating the Dimensions of Religion (DOR taxonomy(ies) used in this video or vine, then emanating on the PR campaign strategies implemented in the video or vine and finally searching for the message strategies utilized in the video or vine. The major conclusion of this study was that although campaigns launched via social media lack the scientific known steps utilized to plan and launch media campaigns traditionally, those campaigns derive from the social media platform exacerbating an unprecedented power to stir political and social movements especially, regarding controversial and stagnant matters. Posts, comments and shares on different social media platforms go viral, stir discussions, and trigger public opinion both virtually and in reality. Dimensions of Religion taxonomies proved reliability as a viable platform stemming from another discipline to plan messages and to analyze campaigns based on the different aspects the model would provide. Ranging from simple aspects to more complicated aspects, Dimensions of Religion model must be subjected to further research to determine its feasibility to be applied to different campaigning structures and objectives.

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