scholarly journals Iran may become the center of challenges in Middle East for outbreak of delta variant-COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Life Threatening

During the past three decades, the Middle East has been one of the important areas that has experienced three major viral epidemics. COVID-19 as a pulmonary disease was first reported in China in the early third decade of the 21st century and quickly infected Asian countries, the Middle East, and then the entire world. The pandemic has caused widespread financial damage and life-threatening, but the exact extent of the damage is still unclear. The high prevalence of COVID-19 has created fright in public societies and disrupted many everyday tasks. The disease has various clinical symptoms that are updated daily by different researchers. Many countries that do not have the sufficient tools to prevent, identify and treat the virus still have major challenges in controlling the disease. The Middle East, where Iran has been under heavy economic and political sanctions, has faced widespread disease and deaths due to lack of facilities. These challenges affected not only Iran but also many neighboring countries and other related countries. Recently, concerns have doubled with the outbreak of the delta variant-COVID-19 because the risk of hospitalization and the rate of spread are higher. The purpose of this review was to present the latest on the symptoms, pathogenicity and host immune responses, Etiology and Epidemiology, transmission routes and impact of Middle Eastern countries, especially Iran, and its role in the spread of the disease.

Remembering Our Roots

2011 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 388-388
Author(s):  
Nathan J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Social Science ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Voting Behavior ◽  
Regime Change ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Regional Analysis ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science Disciplines

Scholars of the Middle East based in social science disciplines—especially my own, political science—are likely to feel a bit more welcome by their colleagues as a result of recent events in the Middle East. Not only will we be informative conversationalists in the hallways for a while because of our regional expertise, but also, far more profoundly, the sorts of things that political scientists study, from voting patterns to regime change, are suddenly interesting subjects in the region. This is not to say that Middle East elections were not studied in the past or that research on political change was not undertaken—far from it. But the questions posed, the terms used, and tools employed were often different from those more prevalent in the discipline. Political scientists focusing on the Middle East are therefore likely to find this a gratifying time, ripe with opportunities for comparative and cross-regional analysis. And those nonregional specialists whose interests lie in a wide variety of topics from voting behavior to revolutions may work harder to incorporate Middle Eastern cases into their own work.

scholarly journals The First World War and its Legacy in the Middle East

2016 ◽  
pp. 91-108
Author(s):  
Eugene Rogan
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
First World War ◽  
Past Century ◽  
World War ◽  
The Past ◽  
The First World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Great War ◽  
First World

The First World War proved a crucial turning point in the modern history of the Middle East and North Africa. Under conditions of total warfare, conscripts and civilians suffered greater losses and depredations than in any other conflict in the region before or since. The Great War also led to the breakup of the Ottoman Empire after four centuries of rule over the Arab lands, to be replaced by a modern state system actively negotiated between the Entente Powers in the course of the war. While the borders of Middle Eastern states have proven remarkably enduring over the past century, so too have the problems engendered by the wartime partition diplomacy.

scholarly journals Risk of COVID-19 on Diabetes Mellitus and Hypertension

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Aborode ◽  
Ademola Aiyenuro ◽  
Samuel Ogunsola ◽  
Victor Adesewa ◽  
Monsour Zakariyah
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Interactions ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Older age and presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity significantly increases the risk for hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, informed by the studies on SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current literature on SARS-CoV-2, we discuss potential mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses. We hope to highlight gaps in knowledge that require further studies pertinent to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and obesity.

Articulating “Responsibility” as a Prerequisite for the Arab Spring

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-58
Author(s):  
Ahmed Elewa
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Political Philosophy ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Arab Spring ◽  
Political Change ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Fundamental Concept ◽  
The Past ◽  
Western Model ◽  
The Arab Spring

In delineating the causes behind nonmilitant uprising and revolution in the Middle East, I propose that the import, the Arabization and Islamization of the term responsibility, as a key catalyst. Although the concept of responsibility is fundamental to the message of Islam, it is alluded to by an assortment of terms that seem to have fallen out of the day-to-day vernacular of Arab communities. The adoption of the term mas’uliyyah has served to express this fundamental concept. Furthermore, given its origin in post-Enlightenment Western political philosophy, the term provides a rare conceptual bridge between regions termed Western and Middle Eastern, in addition to being a linguistic vehicle capable of coarticulating modern Western and traditional Islamic thoughts. In this article, I trace the Arabization and Islamization of the term responsibility to nineteenth-century nahDah literature and its current establishment in different Islamic currents and schools. Moreover, I explain the utility of the term to express authentically Islamic vocabulary that has been forsaken in political terminology of the past two centuries.I propose that the presence of this now familiar term was instrumental in articulating the necessity of political change in a manner that resonated with millions of Arabs educated according to a modern Western model of education. Finally, I predict that the term responsibility will allow for a “new kinda fiqh” appropriate for an activated citizenry.

AMOS ELON, A Blood-Dimmed Tide: Dispatches from the Middle East (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). Pp. 332. $37.00 cloth, $16.50 paper.

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-432
Author(s):  
Donna Robinson Divine
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Strong Sense ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
Dominant Culture ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
The Past ◽  
York Review

An argument that the dispute between Israel and the Palestinians can be resolved no longer seems utopian, and some might even assert that it no longer needs to be made. It is in this sense that this book of essays by the Israeli journalist and essayist Amos Elon is important, for it describes how deeply the conflict has structured regional political developments and how much is involved in breaking the cycles of violence and hostility. Elon's perspective on the prolonged confrontation between Israel and the Arab world conveys a strong sense of contingency: the confrontation that is taken for granted as a fixture of Middle Eastern politics is interpreted by Elon as the result of bad choices made by politicians whose attachment to the past turned into an unbearable burden for the future. With his powerful prose, Elon raises fundamental questions about the authoritarian polities characteristic of the Arab states, as well as about the nature of Israeli democracy and its concentration of political power. These essays, mostly drawn from previously published articles in The New Yorker and the New York Review of Books from 1967 through 1995, provoke a serious critique of Israel's dominant culture even as they are very much a product of it.

scholarly journals Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Cai ◽  
Zhiqiang Hu ◽  
Xiao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Life Threatening

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.

scholarly journals COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus

2020 ◽  
Vol 318 (5) ◽  
pp. E736-E741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ranganath Muniyappa ◽  
Sriram Gubbi
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Viral Interactions ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Substantial Morbidity

The pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Older age and presence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity significantly increases the risk for hospitalization and death in COVID-19 patients. In this Perspective, informed by the studies on SARS-CoV-2, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV), and the current literature on SARS-CoV-2, we discuss potential mechanisms by which diabetes modulates the host-viral interactions and host-immune responses. We hope to highlight gaps in knowledge that require further studies pertinent to COVID-19 in patients with diabetes.

scholarly journals Autopsy Tool in Unknown Diseases: The Experience with Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2)

Medicina ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Francesco Sessa ◽  
Monica Salerno ◽  
Cristoforo Pomara
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Gold Standard Method ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Technologies ◽  
The Impact

In the last two decades, three unknown pathogens have caused outbreaks, generating severe global health concerns. In 2003, after nucleic acid genotyping, a new virus was named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). After nine years, another coronavirus emerged in the middle east and was named MERS-CoV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome—Coronavirus). Finally, in December 2019, a new unknown coronavirus was isolated from a cluster of patients and was named SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019). This review aims to propose a complete overview of autopsy in the three coronaviruses over the past two decades, showing its pivotal role in the management of unknown diseases. A total of 116 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 14 studies were collected concerning SARS-CoV (87 autopsy reports, from Asian and American countries), 2 studies for MERS-CoV (2 autopsy reports, from Middle-East Asian countries), and 100 studies on SARS-CoV-2 (930 autopsy reports). Analyzing the data obtained on COVID-19, based on the country criterion, a large number of post-mortem investigation were performed in European countries (580 reports), followed by American countries (251 reports). It is interesting to note that no data were found from the Oceanic countries, maybe because of the minor involvement of the outbreak. In all cases, autopsy provided much information about each unknown coronavirus. Despite advanced technologies in the diagnostic fields, to date, autopsy remains the gold standard method to understand the biological features and the pathogenesis of unknown infections, especially when awareness of a pathogen is restricted and the impact on the healthcare system is substantial. The knowledge gained through this technique may positively influence therapeutic strategies, ultimately reducing mortality.

scholarly journals Mourning the Archive: Middle Eastern Photographic Heritage between Neoliberalism and Digital Reproduction

2014 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 1027-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Ryzova
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Cultural Institutions ◽  
Visual Content ◽  
Cultural Objects ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Heritage ◽  
Digital Reproduction ◽  
Historical Photographs ◽  
Selective Access

AbstractThe past decade and a half have seen the founding of new archival initiatives in the Middle East devoted to collecting and preserving photographs. This article examines critically the constitution of photographic heritage in the region ethnographically and historically. I look first at how historical photographs are understood in Egypt by their custodians old and new. Publics and institutions overwhelmingly see photographs as “images of something,” and appreciate them for their visual content rather than as social and cultural objects. This facilitates their transfer from public collections into private hands in Egypt and abroad. I examine in detail key actors currently involved in shaping photographic heritage: the Library of Alexandria in Egypt, the Arab Image Foundation in Beirut, and private collectors in Egypt. I look at how these actors assign value to historical photographs in their custody and their strategies for collecting and curating them. They often define their actions negatively, “against others,” historically against a state that they believe has failed to care for national heritage. Yet these very actors, and their rivals, often perpetuate such narratives and associated fears. Two models of photographic heritage-making are currently emerging in the region: a “digital” model that destroys artifacts in order to produce data, and a model of private cultural institutions that provide unclear and selective access to their collections.

Political Science Scholarship on the Middle East: A View from the Journals

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Melani Cammett ◽  
Isabel Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Political Science ◽  
North Africa ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Experimental Methods ◽  
Research Topics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Political Science Journals

ABSTRACT Based on an original dataset of all articles on the Middle East in major political science journals during the past two decades, we assess trends in publishing on the region to explore whether it remains underrepresented in political science and how the field has evolved. We focus on the evolution of the total share of Middle East and North Africa (MENA)-focused articles, research topics, methods employed, and patterns of authorship by gender. The proportion of MENA-focused articles has increased, particularly after the 2011 Arab Spring uprisings, but remains strikingly low. With respect to topics and methods, research on the Middle East is increasingly integrated in mainstream political science, with articles addressing core disciplinary debates and relying increasingly more on statistical and experimental methods. Yet, these shifts may come at the expense of predominantly qualitative research, and primary topics may reflect the priorities of Western researchers while underplaying the major concerns of Middle Eastern publics.

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