scholarly journals Accelerator or Brake: Immune Regulators in Malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunmei Cai ◽  
Zhiqiang Hu ◽  
Xiao Yu
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Life Threatening

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease, affecting over 250 million individuals worldwide each year, eradicating malaria has been one of the greatest challenges to public health for a century. Growing resistance to anti-parasitic therapies and lack of effective vaccines are major contributing factors in controlling this disease. However, the incomplete understanding of parasite interactions with host anti-malaria immunity hinders vaccine development efforts to date. Recent studies have been unveiling the complexity of immune responses and regulators against Plasmodium infection. Here, we summarize our current understanding of host immune responses against Plasmodium-derived components infection and mainly focus on the various regulatory mechanisms mediated by recent identified immune regulators orchestrating anti-malaria immunity.

scholarly journals Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: Immune Escape and Application of Reverse Genetics in Attenuated Live Vaccine Development

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Honglei Wang ◽  
Yangyang Xu ◽  
Wenhai Feng
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Reverse Genetics ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Rna Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Live Vaccines ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Inactivated Vaccines

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), an RNA virus widely prevalent in pigs, results in significant economic losses worldwide. PRRSV can escape from the host immune response in several processes. Vaccines, including modified live vaccines and inactivated vaccines, are the best available countermeasures against PRRSV infection. However, challenges still exist as the vaccines are not able to induce broad protection. The reason lies in several facts, mainly the variability of PRRSV and the complexity of the interaction between PRRSV and host immune responses, and overcoming these obstacles will require more exploration. Many novel strategies have been proposed to construct more effective vaccines against this evolving and smart virus. In this review, we will describe the mechanisms of how PRRSV induces weak and delayed immune responses, the current vaccines of PRRSV, and the strategies to develop modified live vaccines using reverse genetics systems.

scholarly journals Canada’s rapid research response to the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2/3) ◽  
pp. 50-67
Author(s):  
Vanja Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Bibliometric Analysis ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Research Output ◽  
Effective Response ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Public Health Strategies

This study assesses the nature of Canada’s rapid research response through term and keyword bibliometric analysis. The following asks: What are the major areas of COVID-19 rapid research output conducted in Canada during the first five and half months of 2020, and how can the results of this analysis inform future accelerated research efforts toward an effective response to infectious disease emergencies? The results suggest that infection prevention, epidemiology, therapeutics, and public health strategies were among the top-producing research areas in Canada during the onset of the pandemic. Moreover, the analysis reflects gaps in the literature addressing diagnostics and vaccine development.

scholarly journals Neutralization of rhesus cytomegalovirus IL-10 reduces horizontal transmission and alters long-term immunity

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (26) ◽  
pp. 13036-13041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse D. Deere ◽  
W. L. William Chang ◽  
Andradi Villalobos ◽  
Kimberli A. Schmidt ◽  
Ashlesha Deshpande ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Persistent Infection ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Rhesus Cytomegalovirus

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) causes severe disease in infants and immunocompromised people. There is no approved HCMV vaccine, and vaccine development strategies are complicated by evidence of both persistent infection and reinfection of people with prior immunity. The greatest emphasis has been placed on reducing transmission to seronegative pregnant women to prevent vertical transmission and its potentially severe sequelae. Increasing evidence suggests that the earliest host–HCMV interactions establish conditions for viral persistence, including evasion of host immune responses to the virus. Using a nonhuman primate model of HCMV infection, we show that rhesus macaques immunized against viral interleukin-10 (IL-10) manifest delayed rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) acquisition and altered immune responses to the infection when it does occur. Among animals with the greatest antiviral IL-10–neutralizing activity, the timing of RhCMV seroconversion was delayed by an average of 12 weeks. After acquisition, such animals displayed an antibody response to the new infection, which peaked as expected after 2 weeks but then declined rapidly. In contrast, surprisingly, vaccination with glycoprotein B (gB) protein had no discernible impact on these outcomes. Our results demonstrate that viral IL-10 is a key regulator of successful host immune responses to RhCMV. Viral IL-10 is, therefore, an important target for vaccine strategies against cytomegalovirus (CMV). Furthermore, given the immunoregulatory function of viral IL-10, targeting this protein may prove synergistic with other vaccine therapies and targets. Our study also provides additional evidence that the earliest host–CMV interactions can have a significant impact on the nature of persistent infection.

scholarly journals Understanding COVID-19: From Dysregulated Immunity to Vaccination Status Quo

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruby A. Escobedo ◽  
Dhiraj K. Singh ◽  
Deepak Kaushal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Personalized Medicine ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Vaccination Status ◽  
Species Barrier ◽  
Life And Death

The development of vaccines against infectious diseases has helped us battle the greatest threat to public health. With the emergence of novel viruses, targeted immunotherapeutics ranging from informed vaccine development to personalized medicine may be the very thing that separates us between life and death. Late in 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), made a remarkable entrance to human civilization, being one of many to cross the species barrier. This review discusses the important aspects of COVID-19, providing a brief overview of our current understanding of dysregulated immune responses developed using various experimental models, a brief outline of experimental models of COVID-19 and more importantly, the rapid development of vaccines against COVID-19.

scholarly journals HIV Vaccine: Recent Advances, Current Roadblocks, and Future Directions

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muni Rubens ◽  
Venkataraghavan Ramamoorthy ◽  
Anshul Saxena ◽  
Nancy Shehadeh ◽  
Sandeep Appunni
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Hiv Vaccine ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Treatment Protocols ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Hiv Aids

HIV/AIDS is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. In spite of successful interventions and treatment protocols, an HIV vaccine would be the ultimate prevention and control strategy. Ever since identification of HIV/AIDS, there have been meticulous efforts for vaccine development. The specific aim of this paper is to review recent vaccine efficacy trials and associated advancements and discuss the current challenges and future directions. Recombinant DNA technologies greatly facilitated development of many viral products which were later incorporated into vectors for effective vaccines. Over the years, a number of scientific approaches have gained popularity and include the induction of neutralizing antibodies in late 1980s, induction of CD8 T cell in early 1990s, and combination approaches currently. Scientists have hypothesized that stimulation of right sequences of somatic hypermutations could induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) capable of effective neutralization and viral elimination. Studies have shown that a number of host and viral factors affect these processes. Similarly, eliciting specific CD8 T cells immune responses through DNA vaccines hold future promises. In summary, future studies should focus on the continuous fight between host immune responses and ever-evasive viral factors for effective vaccines.

scholarly journals Dengue Outbreak is a Global Recurrent Crisis: Review of the Literature

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yusha Araf ◽  
Md. Asad Ullah ◽  
Nairita Ahsan Faruqui ◽  
Sadrina Afrin Mowna ◽  
Durdana Hossain Prium ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Secondary Infection ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Dengue Outbreaks ◽  
Life Threatening

Purpose: This review features a generalized overview of dengue outbreaks, dengue pathogenesis, symptoms, immune response, diagnosis methods and preventive measures which facilitates the better understanding of the global expansion and concerns relating to the disease. Recent Findings: A recent study showed that natural killer cells of the infected person become activated soon after the infection which may help in treatment and vaccine development. A research team has also produced synthetically engineered mosquitoes that can prevent the transmission and dissemination of the dengue virus by the activation of an antibody. Furthermore, a mutation in the protein envelope of the dengue virus leads to variation in shapes, developing resistance towards the vaccine. Summary: The increasing number of reported cases indicated the worldwide distribution of the mosquito vectors, which was further facilitated by the growth in the shipping and commerce industries. The immune system, through activation of the innate and adaptive immune responses, facilitates the recruitment of an array of leukocytes which help neutralize the virus. However, the 4 different viral serotypes increases the risk of a life-threatening secondary infection due to the varying serotypes. Apart from the laboratory standard PRNT method, several other dengue detection methods such as ELISA, RT-LAMP and several optical, microfluidic and electrochemical methods have been developed. Since Dengvaxia® (CYD-TDV) has its own set of drawbacks and limitations, several companies have been investing for the production of more potential vaccines that are currently in trial.

The challenges of influenza for public health

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 1429-1436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Álvarez ◽  
Filipe Froes ◽  
Amos García Rojas ◽  
David Moreno-Perez ◽  
Federico Martinón-Torres
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Respiratory System ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
Vaccine Preventable Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Agent ◽  
Expert Meeting ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns

Influenza, an infectious disease of the respiratory system, represents a major burden for public health. This disease affects all age groups with different prognosis, being life threatening for vulnerable individuals. Despite influenza being a vaccine-preventable disease, the control of the infection needs annual vaccination campaigns and constant improvements. Herein, the main challenges of influenza in relation to the pathogenic agent, the available vaccines and the health impact identified during the Light on Vax event, an expert meeting organized by the Asociación Española de Vacunología [Spanish Vaccinology Association] (AEV), are reported. Further possible steps in the control of influenza are also suggested. Ideally, the development of innovative and universal vaccines that would confer life-lasting and broader-spectrum immunity is highly desirable.

scholarly journals Vaccination againstChlamydiaGenital Infection Utilizing the MurineC. muridarumModel

2010 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 986-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina M. Farris ◽  
Richard P. Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Natural Infection ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Genital Infection ◽  
Considerable Effort ◽  
Activity Factor ◽  
Efficacious Vaccine ◽  
Sterilizing Immunity

ABSTRACTChlamydia trachomatisgenital infection is a worldwide public health problem, and considerable effort has been expended on developing an efficacious vaccine. The murine model ofC. muridarumgenital infection has been extremely useful for identification of protective immune responses and in vaccine development. Although a number of immunogenic antigens have been assessed for their ability to induce protection, the majority of studies have utilized the whole organism, the major outer membrane protein (MOMP), or the chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF). These antigens, alone and in combination with a variety of immunostimulatory adjuvants, have induced various levels of protection against infectious challenge, ranging from minimal to nearly sterilizing immunity. Understanding of the mechanisms of natural infection-based immunity and advances in adjuvant biology have resulted in studies that are increasingly successful, but a vaccine licensed for use in humans has not yet been brought to fruition. Here we review immunity to chlamydial genital infection and vaccine development using theC. muridarummodel.

scholarly journals Iran may become the center of challenges in Middle East for outbreak of delta variant-COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rate Of Spread ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Life Threatening

During the past three decades, the Middle East has been one of the important areas that has experienced three major viral epidemics. COVID-19 as a pulmonary disease was first reported in China in the early third decade of the 21st century and quickly infected Asian countries, the Middle East, and then the entire world. The pandemic has caused widespread financial damage and life-threatening, but the exact extent of the damage is still unclear. The high prevalence of COVID-19 has created fright in public societies and disrupted many everyday tasks. The disease has various clinical symptoms that are updated daily by different researchers. Many countries that do not have the sufficient tools to prevent, identify and treat the virus still have major challenges in controlling the disease. The Middle East, where Iran has been under heavy economic and political sanctions, has faced widespread disease and deaths due to lack of facilities. These challenges affected not only Iran but also many neighboring countries and other related countries. Recently, concerns have doubled with the outbreak of the delta variant-COVID-19 because the risk of hospitalization and the rate of spread are higher. The purpose of this review was to present the latest on the symptoms, pathogenicity and host immune responses, Etiology and Epidemiology, transmission routes and impact of Middle Eastern countries, especially Iran, and its role in the spread of the disease.

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