scholarly journals Biochemical Studies on Cestode Parasites in Mastacembelus Armatus in Nasik District, M. S. (India)

2018 ◽  
pp. 384-385
Author(s):  
Rahul B. Gaikwad ◽  
Hemant K. Bhagwan ◽  
Sayed Zarin Sana ◽  
Shakera A Inamdar
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Tropical Diseases ◽  
Parasitic Mode ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Result Show ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Biochemical Estimation ◽  
Mastacembelus Armatus

Parasitic biochemistry is an arena which is emerging in parallel with the new surge of interest in tropical diseases. The previously known parasitologists have been known to adopt biochemical methodology in order to stay up-to-date of development. The main source of energy for cestode inhabiting the alimentary tract of vertebrates is glucose. Proteins and lipids are also crucial and play many important biological roles. The protein content of the parasites adapted to parasitic mode of life typically constitute 20 to 40 percent of their dry weight, while as older proglottids are known to contain higher contents of lipid. The present study deals with biochemical estimation of cestode parasites and its host (Normal and infected intestinal tissue of Mastacembelus armatus) from Nasik district. The result show higher concentration of lipid in parasites than its host.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: XI. The Free Histidine Content of the Tissues

1960 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 347-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
D. W. Duncan ◽  
M. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Oncorhynchus Nerka ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Fraser River ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Spawning Grounds ◽  
Biochemical Studies

During the first 250 miles (400 km) of spawning migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) the free histidine content of the muscle, alimentary tract, and head+skin+bones+tail decreased to a small fraction of the initial value. A further decrease occurred in the levels of this amino acid in the alimentary tract during the subsequent 415-mile (657-km) migration to the spawning grounds, no change being observed with the other tissues. Comparatively small changes in free histidine were found with heart, spleen, liver, kidney and gonads during migration.

Evaluation of claws as an alternative route of mercury elimination from the herring gull (Larus argentatus)

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Grajewska ◽  
Lucyna Falkowska ◽  
Andrzej Reindl
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Total Mercury ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Larus Argentatus ◽  
Organic Form ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Epidermal Structure ◽  
Herring Gulls ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Mercury enters the body of seabirds in its most toxic organic form, i.e. methylmercury, mainly via the alimentary tract. Inside the body, mercury is transformed into less toxic forms and accumulates in the internal organs. The process of mercury removal from the body, most effective during the formation of new feathers and claws, is beneficial for the bird. The presented research was undertaken on account of the high affinity of mercury to keratin – a protein that forms feathers and claws – to compare the concentration levels (HgTOT) in these structures and to assess their contribution to the purification of the body of herring gulls (Larus argentatus) Bird feathers are the only epidermal structure that is extensively described in the literature, whereas the claws have so far been poorly researched. The study has shown that mercury in claws is built in as effectively as in feathers, and the obtained concentrations were within a wide range of 127.2–5341.5 ng HgTOT g–1 of dry weight. In addition, the concentrations of total mercury accumulated in the claws were a better reflection of Hg levels in internal organs compared to feathers.

Biochemical Studies on Sockeye Salmon During Spawning Migration: VI. Ribonucleic Acid and Deoxyribonucleic Acid

1959 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera M. Creelman ◽  
Neil Tomlinson
Keyword(s):  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Deoxyribonucleic Acid ◽  
Spawning Migration ◽  
Biochemical Studies

The quantity of ribonucleic acid phosphorus (RNA-P) and deoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNA-P) in various tissues of the sockeye salmon has been determined at three points in its spawning migration. During migration a net decrease in RNA-P and a net increase in DNA-P occurred in the whole fish of both sexes. Major losses in RNA-P occurred in the flesh, alimentary tract and milt, while major gains in DNA-P occurred in the milt and roe. In the combined head, skin, bones and tail large gains in both RNA-P and DNA-P took place.

scholarly journals Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: from ecology to genomics

Parasitology ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (S1) ◽  
pp. S6-S15 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBERT POULIN ◽  
HASEEB S. RANDHAWA
Keyword(s):  
Parallel Evolution ◽  
Genome Reduction ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Parasitic Mode ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
Parasitic Castrator ◽  
Host Exploitation

SUMMARYFrom hundreds of independent transitions from a free-living existence to a parasitic mode of life, separate parasite lineages have converged over evolutionary time to share traits and exploit their hosts in similar ways. Here, we first summarize the evidence that, at a phenotypic level, eukaryotic parasite lineages have all converged toward only six general parasitic strategies: parasitoid, parasitic castrator, directly transmitted parasite, trophically transmitted parasite, vector-transmitted parasite or micropredator. We argue that these strategies represent adaptive peaks, with the similarities among unrelated taxa within any strategy extending to all basic aspects of host exploitation and transmission among hosts and transcending phylogenetic boundaries. Then, we extend our examination of convergent patterns by looking at the evolution of parasite genomes. Despite the limited taxonomic coverage of sequenced parasite genomes currently available, we find some evidence of parallel evolution among unrelated parasite taxa with respect to genome reduction or compaction, and gene losses or gains. Matching such changes in parasite genomes with the broad phenotypic traits that define the convergence of parasites toward only six strategies of host exploitation is not possible at present. Nevertheless, as more parasite genomes become available, we may be able to detect clear trends in the evolution of parasitic genome architectures representing true convergent adaptive peaks, the genomic equivalents of the phenotypic strategies used by all parasites.

The accumulation of ferric iron in the guts of some spatangoid echinoderms

1980 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 631-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. Buchanan ◽  
B. E. Brown ◽  
T. L. Coombs ◽  
B. J. S. Pirie ◽  
J. A. Allen
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Ferric Iron ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Iron Deposit ◽  
Tissue Layer ◽  
Intestinal Tissue ◽  
Connective Tissue Layer ◽  
Ferrous Salt ◽  
Ferric Phosphate ◽  
Reducing Conditions

The connective tissue layer of the large intestines of Brissopsis and Echinocardium spp. is shown to contain a massive quantity of ferric iron in the form of ferric phosphate. The ferric phosphate is present as a granular extracellular deposit. In large mature specimens of Brissopsis, the weight of iron present may account for almost 30% of the dry weight of large intestinal tissue. The iron deposit appears to be cumulative with age. It is speculated that the deposit is derived from oxidative deposition of a soluble ferrous salt ingested in reducing conditions.

scholarly journals Pathology of Infestation of the rat With Nippostrongylus Muris (Yokogawa) I. Changes in the Water Content, Dry Weight, and Tissues of the Small Intestine

1957 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 374 ◽  
Author(s):  
LEA Symons
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Intestinal Tissue

The fresh weight of the rat's small intestine together with its contents, as well as the intestinal tissue alone, was doubled during the 15 days following infestation by the nematode N. muris (Yokogawa, 1920). This increase, which was independent of the growth of the rat, was largely due to a two-fold increase in the water content of both the lumen and the tissues. The dry weight of the tissues was increased by half.

Amino acids in the octocoralVeretillum cynomorium: the effect of seasonality and differences from scleractinian hexacorals

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (4) ◽  
pp. 913-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Baptista ◽  
Ana Luísa Maulvault ◽  
Katja Trübenbach ◽  
Luis Narciso ◽  
António Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acid ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Temporal Variations ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Biochemical Studies ◽  
Almost All ◽  
First Time

The majority of biochemical studies in corals has been focused on the lipidic composition and little attention has been given to the amino acid profile of these invertebrates. The objectives of this work were to investigate, for the first time, the temporal variations in the total amino acid (AA) composition of an octocoral, namely the sea penVeretillum cynomorium, and to evaluate possible interspecific differences in AA profile between this octocoral and hexacorals. The quantitatively most important AAs inV. cynomoriumcolonies were: glutamic acid, varying from 3.92 to 5.94% dry weight (dw) and representing around 14–15% of total AA content; aspartic acid (3.34–4.99% dw; 11–12%); and glycine (2.87–4.57% dw; 9–12%). On the other hand, the minor AAs were methionine (0.41–0.73% dw; 1–2%) and histidine (0.54–0.76% dw; 2%). Almost all AAs showed the same significant seasonal variations, with the highest values in February, second highest in October and the lowest in June. Some AAs, namely lysine, phenylalanine and methionine did not follow this trend and showed the major peak in October. Most of the AA variations seemed to be linked to changes in food availability and/or gametogenesis. Principal component analysis clearly separated the octocoral from the group of hexacorals, mainly due to the higher percentages of arginine, tyrosine and glycine inV. cynomorium, and valine, serine, histidine, isoleucine and alanine in hexacorallia species. We speculate that this differentiation possibly derived from physiological differences related to phylogeny, and was not affected by reproductive or environmental seasonality.

Memoirs: The Biology and Development of Cryptochaetum grandicorne (Diptera), an Internal Parasite of Guerinia serratulae (Coccidae)

1934 ◽  
Vol s2-77 (306) ◽  
pp. 273-304
Author(s):  
W. H. THORPE
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Fat Body ◽  
Stage Larva ◽  
Parasitic Mode ◽  
Tracheal System ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Internal Parasite ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
History Of ◽  
Hind Gut

1. In a previous paper was described the life-history of Cryptochaetum iceryae parasitic on Icerya purchasi, an Australian species introduced into California. It was shown that the genus is highly specialized for life as a parasite, and that it represents a separate and restricted line of evolution of parasitic habits among insects. The present study concerns Cryptochaetum grandicorne which is probably confined to the Mediterranean region, and which is the only species of the genus known to occur in Europe. The two species show notable differences in structure and life-history although both are highly adapted to a parasitic mode of life. 2. The very minute eggs are laid in the haemocoel of the host. The egg hatches to form a short-lived ‘embryo-larva’ at first atracheate and showing no trace of external segmentation. Mouth parts are present although the fore-gut is closed, food materials presumably being absorbed by diffusion from the blood of the host. 3. The second stage larva is tracheate but apneustic. Segmentation is complete. The fore-gut is now open but the hindgut remains closed. The food consists of the blood and fat-body of the host. 4. The third stage larva is omnivorous devouring the internal organs of the host indiscriminately and the hind-gut is open. The tracheal system is amphipneustic. A few days after the commencement of the instar the posterior spiracles pierce the skin of the host and establish connexion with the atmospheric air. The puparium is formed within the dead body of the host. 5. As in Cryptochaetum iceryae the larva is supplied with a pair of long tubular caudal filaments, lobes of the bodywall containing blood and tracheae, which arise from the posterior segment and ramify among the organs of the host. Experiments indicate that they serve to increase the surface area available for respiratory exchange between the larva and the blood of the host. They are also readily permeable to water. 6. Although a large number of eggs may be placed within a single host, only one reaches maturity. 7. The highly specialized ovipositor is described in detail since it appears to be a striking adaptation to a parasitic mode of life, and cannot be derived directly from the rasping ovipositor of the Agromyzidae. 8. In South Italy as in South France there is one generation per year, the life-history of the parasite being closely correlated with that of the host. 9. Special attention is paid to those features in which grandicorne differs from iceryae and the significance of these differences is discussed.

Growth of the Parts of the Alimentary Tract of the Rat, and the Small Intestine of the Sheep, Relative to Growth in Live Weight.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 383
Author(s):  
VJ Williams
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Alimentary Tract ◽  
Causal Relation ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Age Range

The dry weight of stomach, small intestine, caecum and colon was obtained from male and female rats from 8 to 184 days old weighing from 18 to 400 g. The length of the colon and small intestine was also measured. The length and dry weight of the small intestine of 35 merino sheep from birth to aged or 3 to 40 kg liveweight were also measured. Regressions between the logarithms of gut measurements and logarithms of the liveweights were calculated. The gut measurements were length, length/kg liveweight, DM, DM/kg liveweight and DM/m for the tubular small intestine and colon, and DM and DM/kg liveweight for the saccular stomach and caecum. For the rat, 2 relations were required to describe the data from all organs. A change in percentage increase or decrease relative to percentage liveweight increase occurred at about 70 to 80 g liveweight or 37 to 44 days old. This is the age range at which increase in metabolic rate relative to liveweight declines to about one-quarter of its previous rate. It is unlikely that there is a causal relation between the maturation of sex hormone output and gut growth and metabolic rate. One allometric regression coefficient adequately described growth of the small intestine of the sheep relative to weight gain.

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