scholarly journals ETHNO-RELIGIOUS COMPOSITION OF DERBENT IN THE VI–XIX CENTURIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-75
Author(s):  
Sharafutdin A. Magaramov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Scientific Publications ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Demographic Processes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

A number of scientific publications with the involvement of a wide range of sources and materials have been devoted to the study of ethno-demographic processes and religious composition of Derbent. However, this issue cannot be considered fully understood. The problem of the ethnic and religious composition of the city of Derbent in the medieval era and modern times has not been studied in a wider period with the involvement of archive material. A more complete picture of the ethno-confessional composition of Derbent can be reconstructed basing on data of a different nature of sources, including narrative sources and archival documents. The present paper aims to recreate the most complete and objective picture of the formation of the ethno-confessional composition of Derbent in the context of the events of foreign-policy of the region that took place from the 6th and up to the 19th century. The author proposes an upper chronological bound, based on the study of ethnographers M.-R.A. Ibragimov and M.M. Magomedkhanov on the ethno-confessional composition of Derbent in the end of the 19th – early 21st century, which is based on the population census. The article presents a reasoned author’s opinion regarding the ethnic composition of Derbent’s population in the Sasanian, Arabic, Seljuk and pre-Mongol periods. The study conducted shows that the ethno-religious processes of the medieval Derbent were significantly influenced by the events of the foreign political nature in the region: in different time periods, depending on the foreign policy situation, the specific gravity of one or another ethnic component changed, representatives of one or another confession dominated in the city. With the beginning of the Seljuk era, an active process of Turkification of Derbent’s population started, which continued over following periods. As a result, according to the household lists of 1886, ¾ of the city’s population were Turks (modern Azerbaijanis), the rest ¼ part was composed of the Jews, Armenians and Russians.

Museum Preserves in the Sphere of “Cultural Tourism”: Through the Example of the Cultural Preserves of Tatarstan

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 193-198
Author(s):  
Lyudmila S. Timofeeva ◽  
Albina R. Akhmetova ◽  
Liliya R. Galimzyanova ◽  
Roman R. Nizaev ◽  
Svetlana E. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Art Museum ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Business Elite ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Tourist Center ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract The article studies the existence experience of historical cities as centers of tourism development as in the case of Elabuga. The city of Elabuga is among the historical cities of Russia. The major role in the development of the city as a tourist center is played by the Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve. The object of the research in the article is Elabuga as a medium-size historical city. The subject of the research is the activity of the museum-reserve which contributes to the preservation and development of the historical look of Elabuga and increases its attractiveness to tourists. The tourism attractiveness of Elabuga is obtained primarily through the presence of the perfectly preserved historical center of the city with the blocks of integral buildings of the 19th century. The Elabuga State Historical-Architectural and Art Museum-Reserve, which emerged in 1989, is currently an object of historical and cultural heritage of federal importance. Museum-reserves with their significant territories and rich historical, cultural and natural heritage have unique resources for the implementation of large partnership projects. Such projects are not only aimed at attracting a wide range of tourists, but also stimulate interest in the reserve from the business elite, municipal and regional authorities. The most famous example is the Spasskaya Fair which revived in 2008 in Elabuga. It was held in the city since the second half of the 19th century, and was widely known throughout Russia. The process of the revival and successful development of the fair can be viewed as the creation of a special tourist event contributing to the formation of new and currently important tourism products.

scholarly journals Forced Migrants from Central Asia in Terms of Archival Documents (1991-2002): A Case Study of the Chelyabinsk Region

2021 ◽  
pp. 767-778
Author(s):  
Andrey A. Avdashkin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Forced Migrants ◽  
Chelyabinsk Region ◽  
High Level

The article draws on the documents from the United State Archive of Chelyabinsk Region and the State Archive of the Russian Federation to examine forced migration from the former Soviet republics to the South Urals in 1991-2002. The choice of chronological framework is due to the fact that this period saw the peak of forced migration caused by the outflow from the military conflicts zones and due to the difficulties of post-socialist transit in the states of Central Asia. The 2002 Population Census allows the author to draw the balance of these processes and to identify the number of the region’s residents who arrived from the former Soviet Union republics between 1989 and 2002. The Chelyabinsk region is a part of the Russian-Kazakh frontier. After the collapse of the USSR and the reformatting of state borders, this borderland was an extended settlement area of the Russian-speaking population, mostly leaning towards moving from Kazakhstan. Due to a sufficiently high level of development, transport accessibility and low start-up opportunities for migrants, these border regions became one of the main places for receiving forced displacements from the Central Asian states, mostly Kazakhstan. In the current historiographical situation, a holistic reconstruction and detailing of these large-scale migrations requires a reliance on new historical sources. Archival documents of regional migration services contain valuable data on the number of forced migrants, their main areas of origin, socio-demographic characteristics, and other important parameters. The documents revealed in the fonds of the OGACHO and the GARF have showed that, at the initial stage, the backbone of migration flows was the Russian-speaking population from neighboring Kazakhstan, able-bodied, with a sufficiently high level of skills. This compensated for demographic losses due catastrophic growth of mortality and decline in birth rate. Thus, according to the migration service of the region, migration compensated for more than half of the total population loss, without any significant impact on its ethnic composition. At the same time, migrants encountered numerous difficulties in integrating into Russian society, which were rarely reflected in the specific documentation of state institutions. Many of the arrived, for various reasons, were not included in the forced migrants and refugees statistics due to numerous bureaucratic difficulties and an objective lack of resources for helping such a large number of people.

scholarly journals Remove the Wounds in the City (Policy) for Lepers in Surabaya in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 186
Author(s):  
Moordiati Moordiati
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Final Decision ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Many ◽  
City Policy ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

This article aims to discuss about the treatment of people with leprosy (leprosy) in Surabaya during the nineteenth century.  The maltreatment can not be ignored since their existence was never really desirable  in the city, let alone the many stigmas that had already been attached to them. It is not unusual if people had the desire to  "remove" them from the city.  But apparently this action also not an easy matter to bring about, especially amid the presence of a wide range of arguments and the final decision as to whether or not "deletion" ( forced exile) supported the removal of  those lepers that occurred during this period.Keywords Lepers - Surabaya - policy - deletion - forced exile. 

scholarly journals THE RUSSIAN DEPARTMENT’S CARVED STONE AT THE 1893 WORLD’S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION: RECONSTRUCTION OF THE COLLECTION

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Ludmila A. Budrina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
World's Columbian Exposition ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Columbian Exposition ◽  
Stone Cutting ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the 19th century stone-cutting art has become one of the brightest elements in the representation of the Russian Empire. World’s fairs provided ample opportunities for this representation. The article examines the structure of the collections and the list of the exhibitors at one of the largest fairs — The World’s Columbian Exposition of 1893. The paper draws upon both published and archival documents, including those which have not yet been used for the examination of the representation of Russia’s stone art at this exhibition. It reconstructs mineralogical, technical and typological diversity of the exhibited items and the principle of reciprocal completing of the exhibitors. It also analyzes the items presented by the imperial Petergof, Ekaterinburg lapidary and Kolyvan grinding factories, by Carl Woerffel’s enterprise and a wide range of small Ural producers as well. Due to discovering of archival materials, a number of items, exhibited in Chicago, was identified in themuseum collections in Russia and abroad. Some attributional details for the exhibited Woerffel items are offered which made it possible to propose the authorship and dating for the items from Russian and foreign collections. The author is also the first to analyze the collection, purchased at the exhibition from the Russian stonecutters for The Field Museum of Natural History in Chicago. A conclusion is drawn about the role of the colored stones items and the importance of their presentation for the formation of the Russian Empire’s image as one of the most important world centers of the decorative stones development.

scholarly journals Architectural and urban planning evolution of the industrial area near Moskovskaya Zastava in Saint Petersburg

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Maria Granstrem ◽  
Milena Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Urban Planning ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Planning History ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City ◽  
Building Plant

This paper discusses the urban planning history of an area in Saint Petersburg around the former Moskovskaya Zastava, a historical gateway that travelers passed through when approaching Saint Petersburg from Moscow. Specifically, we are interested in the architecture of the carriage building plant. By the end of the 19th century, this part of the city had turned into an industrial area, which saw dense development from 1897 to 1917. For the next one hundred years, this vast space did not see any transformations, constituting a complete, self-sufficient environment. The carriage building plant, originally constructed at the very end of the 19th century, remained standing near Moskovskaya Zastava until the early 21st century. In 2013, the industrial area ceased its existence, and the former carriage building plant was given for residential development.

«Яузнаюсебявмоемотце»:НиколайIикультимператораПавлаIвовторойчетвертиXIXв

2019 ◽  
pp. 160-193
Author(s):  
A.V. Morokhin
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Father Figure ◽  
Profound Impact ◽  
State Activity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imperial Family ◽  
The 19Th Century

На основе широкого круга источников (прежде всего личного происхождения) в статье анализируется роль Николая I в формировании культа Павла I в императорской семье во второй половине XIX века. В работе затрагиваются личные воспоминания Николая I об отце, его немногочисленные публичные суждения о Павле I, а также соответствующие свидетельства современников. В статье особое внимание уделяется роли, которую императрица Мария Федоровна сыграла в формировании культа своего мужа во время правления Александра I (18011825) и ее влиянию на Николая I, приобретшего идеальную фигуру отца. В статье также освещается отношение Николая I к событиям марта 1801 года, связанным с убийством Павла I, описываются цензурные меры, которые были введены во время его правления, чтобы не разглашать правду о смерти императора. Также показано отношение Николая I к нескольким членам окружения императора Павла I, который прожил свою жизнь в годы правления его сына (И. Е. фаворитка Павла Нелидова, Н. О. Kutlubitsky, П. Х. Obolyaninov). В статье также рассматривается роль, которую сыграл Николай I в создании памятника своему отцу в Гатчине. Обращается внимание на некоторые моменты, связанные с государственной деятельностью монарха и манерой поведения, которую Николай I явно заимствовал у Павла I. делается вывод, что идеи правительства Павла оказали глубокое влияние на действия Николая I во внутренней и внешней политике. Изображен процесс сохранения культа Павла I в императорской семье во второй половине 19 начале 20 веков.In the basis of a wide range of sources (first of all of a personal origin), the article analyzes the role Nicolas I played in the formation of the cult of Paul I in the imperial family in the second half of the 19th century. The work touches upon the personal memories of Nicolas I about his father, his few public judgments of Paul I, and relevant testimonies of contemporaries. The article places special focus on the role that Empress Maria Feodorovna played in the formation of the cult of her husband during the rule of Alexander I (1801 1825) and her influence on Nicolas I acquiring a perfect father figure. The article also highlights the attitude of Nicolas I to the events of March 1801, related to the murder of Paul I, describes the censorship measures that were introduced during his rule in order not to disclose the truth about the Emperors death. Also shown is the attitude of Nicolas I to several members of the entourage of Paul I who lived out their lives in the years of his sons rule (E.I. Nelidova, N.O. Kutlubitsky, P.Kh. Obolyaninov). The article also reviews the role played by Nicolas I in the creation of the monument to his father in Gatchina. Attention is drawn to some things related to the monarchs state activity and the mode of behavior that Nicolas I obviously borrowed from Paul I. The conclusion is made that Pauls government ideas had a profound impact on Nicolas I domestic and foreign policy actions. Depicted is the process preservation of the cult of Paul I in the Imperial Family in the second half of the 19th early 20th centuries.

Peculiarities of Russian expansion towards Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples (last quarter of the 15th – middle of the 19th century): historical and legal paradigm

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
O. Ivanov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
International Conflicts ◽  
Legal Doctrine ◽  
Political Tactics ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Preparatory Phase ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article considers the peculiarities of socio-political and state-legal processes associated with the course of Russian expansion against the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples during the last quarter of the XV – mid-XIX centuries. The author emphasizes that due to the meaning of Russia’s existence as a state, traditionally in its political and legal doctrine, war has always been interpreted as a continuation of foreign policy in peacetime, which determined the features of Russia’s foreign policy. It is noted that the beginning of Russia’s direct seizure of Turkic and Finno-Ugric possessions is associated with the conquest of such great powers as the Kazan, Astrakhan and Siberian Khanates. In general, the peculiarities of Russian expansion in relation to the Turkic and Finno-Ugric peoples include the following: ideological conditionality; paying considerable attention to the preparatory phase of expansion; combination of military and hybrid means of influencing the conquered peoples; application of a wide range of methods of national assimilation after the conquest of territories; development and implementation of a wide range of measures of influence in case of possible cases of disobedience among the local population; support of expansion at all stages by means of information and psychological struggle. It is emphasized that the ideology of Russian expansionism has been supplemented by the following basic provisions: in the process of resolving international conflicts, force must always prevail, not justice; the victors of military conflicts are listened to and agreed with, they are not judged or complained about, even when they commit atrocities, they are not reproached for any sins; weak, backward and dependent states should be subjugated and left no chance for revival; in the event that the state, which was previously in the rank of winner, has weakened and can no longer defend its privileged position, it must be attacked and killed as soon as possible; acceptance of persistent, growing aggression in relations with weakened states as the basis of military-political tactics; the use of a wide arsenal of means of assimilation of the population both on the eve of expansion and in all its subsequent stages, the development of theories about the “backwardness” of peoples.

scholarly journals Changing climatic and anthropogenic influences on the Bermejo wetland, through archival documents – Mendoza, Argentina, 16th–20th centuries

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 3775-3794
Author(s):  
M. R. Prieto ◽  
F. Rojas
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Flow Volume ◽  
Soil Drainage ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Partial Desiccation ◽  
Cordillera De Los Andes ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The City

Abstract. The wrong management of watering in the highest zones of the Mendoza northern oasis, the topography of the terrain and the deficient drainage, together with neotectonics phenomena, but mostly a dramatic and progressive increase of the Rio Mendoza flow volume originated the expansion of the wetlands area at the NE of the city of Mendoza at the turn of the 18th century, while in previous centuries it had retracted to a minimum. The area grew until reaching the dimension of large wetlands in the lowest oasis zones, resulting from a larger runoff and soil saturation by the rise of the phreatic layers. This situation remained throughout the 19th century, affecting the extension and use of the available land for human activity. The purpose of this study was to research this process that culminated in 1930 with the partial desiccation of the area. We have given particular importance to the influence of the climatic fluctuations in the Cordillera de los Andes and to the consequent variations of the Rio Mendoza flow volume in this process. For the analysis we used snowfall series at the cordillera and flow volume of the Rio Mendoza, built by Prieto (2009) with documental data. We analyzed which were the mediate and immediate consequences of the growth and later desiccation of the wetlands over the environment and its present repercussion on the ecosystem (salinization, poor soil drainage, soil alkalinization, sedimentation). In addition, we have also worked over georeferenced historic charts that partially reflect the behavior of the Cienaga del Bermejo during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. This behavior characterized by "growth pulses" and retraction moments is reflected in the analyzed charts, where those moments of major growth coincide with cycles of bigger snowstorms and larger flow volume in the Rio Mendoza.

scholarly journals Wielka wojna w „Dzienniku” Aleksandry Czechówny (część IV: 1 stycznia – 29 grudnia 1917 r.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 181-215
Author(s):  
Bożena Lesiak-Przybył
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Great Expectations ◽  
Eastern Front ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
National Archives ◽  
Personal Accounts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Great War ◽  
The City

Aleksandra Czechówna (1839–1923) była córką Tomasza Czecha i Aleksandry z Zielińskich. Jej „Dziennik z całego życia...” pisany przez blisko 70 lat (1856–1923), przechowywany jest w Archiwum Narodowym w Krakowie, pod sygn. 29/1582/1–29/1582/44 (sygn. dawne IT 428/1–428/44). Stanowi znakomite źródło obrazujące życie kulturalne, towarzyskie i obyczajowe miasta Krakowa w drugiej połowie XIX w. oraz w pierwszym dwudziestoleciu XX w. Zamieszczony tu tekst pochodzi z dwóch tomów „Dziennika”: tomu 41, sygn. 29/1582/41 (dawna sygn. IT 428/41) oraz tomu 42, sygn. 29/1582/42 (dawna sygn. IT 428/42). Stanowi kontynuację zapisów dotyczących trzech pierwszych lat I wojny światowej i opisuje czwarty rok toczących się walk (zob. „Krakowski Rocznik Archiwalny” 2014, t. 20, s. 111–132; 2015, t. 21, s. 133–163; 2016, t. 22, s. 139–170). Prezentowany wybór spisany został przez wnikliwą obserwatorkę tak ważnych dla Polaków wydarzeń. Autorka korzystała głównie z doniesień prasowych i urzędowych obwieszczeń, ale też posiłkowała się relacjami osób. Dlatego opis sytuacji niewątpliwie nie jest pełny, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do sfery polityki. Dostarcza jednak szeregu informacji o wydarzeniach rozgrywających się na froncie wschodnim oraz w Krakowie. Daje obraz Wielka wojna w „Dzienniku” Aleksandry Czechówny... 215 coraz trudniejszego, pełnego trosk, wyrzeczeń i niedostatku życia codziennego mieszkańców miasta w kolejnym roku toczącej się wojny. Przynosi też opis stanu uczuć Polaków, ich nieustannej niepewności, lęków i wielkich oczekiwań związanych z przywróceniem państwowości polskiej. A. Czechównę niepokoją zwłaszcza wydarzenia w Rosji i nękają obawy, jaki mogą mieć wpływ na bieg wojny. The Great War in the “Journal” of Aleksandra Czechówna (part IV: 1 January – 29 December 1917) Aleksandra Czechówna (1839–1923) was the daughter of Tomasz Czech and Aleksandra, née Zielińska. Her “Journal from the whole life...”, written for almost 70 years (1856– 1923), is stored in the National Archives in Krakow, ref. no. 29/1582/1–29/1582/44 (former ref. no. IT 428/1–428/44). It represents a great source that depicts the cultural, social and daily life of Krakow in the second half of the 19th century, and the first two decades of the 20th century. The text placed here comes from two volumes of the “Journal”: volume 41, ref. no. 29/1582/41 (former ref. no. IT 428/41) and volume 42, ref. no. 29/1582/42 (former ref. no. IT 428/42). It represents a continuation of the entries concerning the first three years of World War I and describes the fourth year of the ongoing fight (see “Krakowski Rocznik Archiwalny” 2014, vol. 20, pp. 111–132; 2015, vol. 21, pp. 133–163; 2016, vol. 22, pp. 139–170). The presented text was written by a perceptive observer of events of great importance for Poles. The author mainly used press reports and clerical announcements, but also made use of personal accounts. The description of the situation is, therefore, incomplete, especially with regard to politics. It does, however, provide a wide range of information about the events taking place on the eastern front as well as in Krakow. It paints a picture of the increasingly difficult daily life, full of worries, sacrifices and shortages, of the residents of the city in the next year of the ongoing war. It also provides a description of the feeling of Poles, their constant uncertainty, fears and great expectations connected with recreating a Polish state. A. Czechówna was worried in particular by events in Russia and the fears concerning their potential influence on the war.

Rangelands in a Planetist Future.

1998 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Ellyard
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Market Place ◽  
New Paradigm ◽  
Early 21St Century ◽  
The People ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Australian Aborigine ◽  
The World ◽  
The City

On the threshold of the new millennium the world is being changed by the combined forces of globalisation, tribalisation and technological change. A new interdependent planetary society is emerging. This paper describes the nature of this emerging planetary society, the forces which are creating it, and a new paradigm called Planetism which will accompany its birth. The values of Planetism, the values of the 'Spaceship Culture', will dominate by about the year 2020, and will shape the global market place of the early 21st century. The development of Planetism is slowly replacing the Modernist culture which has dominated most of the 20th century. While the urban areas have mostly moved on to Planetism, the cosmonaut culture, most of our rangelands are still dominated by Modernism, the Cowboy Culture. However, every year there are more cosmonauts and fewer cowboys. If we are to improve effective communication between the city and the bush over the management of rangelands, it is important to understand the mindsets of both the city and the bush. While there are cowboys in the city there is a much higher proportion of them in the bush. Much of the conflict over the rangelands is due to the fact that the city looks at the rangelands from a cosmonaut perspective, while the bush looks at the same rangelands from a largely cowboy perspective. Many people in the rangelands see themselves as making a stand against rampant cosmonautisation. Many of the cowboys of the rangelands are still locked into the old modernist mindset, based on the superiority of western values, culture, science and technology and an endlessly expanding frontier. The city has moved on into Post Modernism and is busy synthesising values from a wide range of cultures other than the western dominant culture. The outcome of this synthesis will be Planetist. The people of the cities have become interested in the culture of the Australian Aborigine, whereas those in the bush, while mindful of this culture tend to still look at it with a paternalist and Modernist mindset. The global adoption of the Spaceship Culture and of its paradigm, Planetism, is both inevitable and desirable. We need to adopt processes to reconcile the city and the bush by easing the bush into the world of the cosmonaut, while reassuring the bush that these changes are necessary and are not necessarily threatening. Those in the bush who are taking Custer's Last Stand against perceived threats such as Wik need to be reassured that the future is not so bleak. The dominant mindsets of the bush leadership is engendering a bleak cowboy 'battlers' outlook. While these mindsets persist, reconciliation of city and bush will be difficult. Key words: Modernism, Planetism, cosmonaut, cowboy, indigenous

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