Analisis Kebocoran Tube Outlet Header LP Evaporator HRSG dengan Metode RCFA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Muhammad Daffa ◽  
Arifia Ekayuliana ◽  
Fitri Wijayanti

Ditemukan adanya kebocoran pada tube outlet header LP evaporator HRSG. Kebocoran tersebut terjadi di lokasi pipa masuk ke header sisi keluar dan pada belokan pipa menuju header. Kebocoran pada pipa dapat menyebabkan steam drum tidak mampu memenuhi syarat minimum level air sehingga mengakibatkan sistem proteksi pada HRSG memberikan sinyal untuk trip dan sistem menjadi open cycle yang berdampak pada penurunan daya mampu atau derating. Hal tersebut apabila tidak ditangani maka dapat menyebabkan kerugian, dimana seharusnya gas hasil pembakaran dapat termanfaatkan secara maksimal. Untuk mengatasi hal tersebut, diperlukan metode pemecahan masalah sampai ke akarnya menggunakan Ishikawa Diagram. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui akar penyebab terjadinya kerusakan tube outlet header LP evaporator HRSG dan mengetahui solusi untuk mengatasi kebocoran HRSG agar tidak terulang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari kajian 5M yang memiliki faktor paling berpengaruh dalam kaitan terjadinya kebocoran adalah karena faktor material; nilai kriteria fleksibilitas pipa melebihi batas yaitu sebesar 0,04, ketebalan pipa telah mendekati batas minimum yaitu sebesar 2,58 mm; pengoperasian fluktuatif, dan management; waktu pemeliharaan melewati batas equivalent operating hour (EOH). Untuk mengatasi kebocoran yang terjadi pada pipa HRSG dapat dilakukan pengecekan terhadap distribusi aliran gas hasil pembakaran, menjaga kualitas air, mengoperasikan HRSG secara base load dan pemeliharaan sesuai EOH.

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-137
Author(s):  
Mustaqim Makki

Zakat merupakan salah satu sendi pokok ajaran Islam. Urgensi zakat yang merupakan anjuran agama Islam untuk menunaikan zakat dan memberikannya kepada yang berhak dengan ketentuan mencapai nishabnya, (kadar minimum harta tertentu) mempunyai nilai sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan manusia. Seorang insan yang sarat akan segala permasalahan pada fitrahnya menuntut untuk selalu berinteraksi kepada sesama, baik berupa materi maupun non materi. Zakat merupakan maliyah ijtima’iyyah yang mengandung nilai-nilai filantropi yang sangat tinggi, karena ketika mengaplikasikan kewajiban zakat kita telah membantu sesama serta mengurangi kesenjangan yang disebabkan beberapa sifat manusia diantaranya adalah sifat kikir, dengki dan iri hati. Menguatnya kembali harapan banyak kalangan terhadap implementasi filantropi Islam, baik dalam bentuk zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf, memiliki keterkaitan erat dengan kondisi bangsa yang belum sepenuhnya bangkit dari keterpurukan sebagai dampak dari krisis ekonomi yang berkepanjangan. Kondisi ini berakibat kesenjangan penguasaan perekonomian antar warga negara menjadi kian lebar. Pada saat itulah, ziswaf (zakat, infak, sedekah, dan wakaf) kembali dilirik dan diharapkan menjadi alternatif solusi terhadap problem kemiskinan umat. Manusia sebagai khalifah fil ardh dalam Al Qurán menekankan muatan fungsional yang harus diemban oleh manusia dalam melaksanakan tugas-tugas kesejarahan dalam kehidupannya di muka bumi. Kaitan dengan konsep tersebut, ada dua fungsi manusia. Pertama: Manusia sebagai hamba (ábid), dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara vertikal dalam hal ini hubungannya dengan ketuhanan (Teologis). Kedua adalah manusia sebagai khalifah, dituntut untuk sukses menjalin hubungan secara horizontal dalam hal ini hubungan terhadap manusia.Kata kunci: tafsir ayat zakat, filantropi, ekonomi keummatanAbstract:Zakat is one of the main points of Islamic teachings. The urgency of zakat which is suggested by Islam to fulfill and give it to those who are referred to with the provisions to reach their nishab, (minimum level of certain assets) has a very significant value in human life. A person who is full of all problems in his/her natural demands will always get interaction with other people, either material or non-material. Zakat is maliyah ijtima’iyyah which contains very high philanthropic values, because when applying the obligation of zakat we have helped others and reduced the gaps caused by some human traits including miser, jealousy and envy. The reinforcement of the expectations (estimation) from any levels on the implementation of Islamic philanthropy, which in the form of zakat, donation, alms and endowments, has a close relationship with the condition of the country that has not fully risen from bad economic adversity due to economic crisis. This condition causes a widening of the economic mastery among the citizens. At that moment, ziswaf (zakat, infaq, alms, and waqf) was again given a serious attentition and expected to be an alternative solution to the problem of poverty among citizens. Humans as khalifah fil ardh in the Qur'an emphasize the functional content that must be carried by humans in carrying out historical tasks in their lives on earth. In accordance with this concept, there are two human functions. First: Humans as servants (ábid), are required to succeed in establishing a vertical relationship in this case the relationship with God (Theological). Second, humans as caliphs, are required to succeed in establishing horizontal relationships in this case the relationship to humans.


2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-96
Author(s):  
Raid Saleem Abd Ali ◽  
Nooran kanaan Yassin

This research aims to diagnose and identify the causes of claims and disputes between the contractor and the employer, also review the methods used to resolve disputes in construction contracts. In order to achieve the goal of the research, scientific methodology is followed to collect information and data on the subject of claims and disputes in construction projects in Iraq through personal interviews and questionnaire form. The most important results in this research are: the price schedule contract as a kind of competitive contracts is the most important and guarantee for the completion of minimum level of claims and disputes with relative importance of (84.1), compared with the (cost plus a percentage of the cost contract) as a kind of negotiating contracts is the most relative importance of (79.6), and the turnkey contract as a kind of special contracts is the most relative importance of (74.2). The  contractor and  his agents are one of the most influence sources in occurring claims and disputes in construction contracts with relative importance of (77.4) followed by the contract documents with relative importance of (74.2) and then the employer with relative importance of (73.2). In addition to the long period of litigation and the multiplicity of veto grades are most negative when contractual disputes have resolved by it, and with relative importance of (86), followed by the large number of issues and lack of efficiency and specialty of Judges with relative importance (78.4). Finally, the direct negotiation method (relative importance of 77) is one of the most friendly settlement ways favored by conflicted parties, while the resolution of disputes and claims board (relative importance of 10) occupied the last rank in the friendly settlement ways.


Author(s):  
William D. Godsey

This chapter examines how the exigencies of decades-long Habsburg rivalry with the Ottoman empire and France affected provincial revenue, fiscal practices, and flows of money. Special attention is paid to the interplay of innovative forms of taxation, new agreements between ruler and Estates known as “recesses” that fixed a minimum level of the diet’s annual grant over a number of years, and the increasing use of the Estates’ credit on the government’s behalf. In particular, it draws attention to the inherent and increasingly visible link between taxation and borrowing as manifested in the Estates’ financial intermediation. The profound change in the financial relations between government and Estates between the 1680s and 1710s helps explain Habsburg international staying power.


Foods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 544 ◽  
Author(s):  
Łukasz Łopusiewicz ◽  
Emilia Drozłowska ◽  
Paulina Siedlecka ◽  
Monika Mężyńska ◽  
Artur Bartkowiak ◽  
...  

Flaxseed oil cake (FOC) was evaluated as a potential substrate for the production of a novel kefir-like fermented beverage. Three variants containing 5%, 10%, and 15% (w/w) of FOC were inoculated with kefir grains and incubated at 25 °C for 24 h. After processing, beverages were stored in refrigerated conditions (6 °C) for 21 days. Changes in microbial population, pH, acidity, levels of proteins, polyphenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and reducing sugars were estimated. Additionally, viscosity, firmness, color, and antioxidant properties were determined. Results showed that lactic acid bacteria as well as yeast were capable of growing well in the FOC without any supplementation. During refrigerated storage, the viability of the microorganisms were over the recommended minimum level for kefir products. As a result of fermentation, the beverages showed excellent antioxidant activity. Because of the functional characteristics conferred to the FOC beverages, the use of kefir grains showed adequate potential for the industrial application. Therefore, this beverages could be used as a new, non-dairy vehicle for beneficial microflora consumption, especially by vegans and lactose-intolerant consumers.


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