scholarly journals Ethanol for postharvest decay control of table grapes: application and mode of action

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnon Lichter ◽  
Joseph L. Smilanick ◽  
Dennis A. Margosan ◽  
Susan Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Lethal Effect ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Effective Measure ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Major Mode

Original objectives: Dipping of table grapes in ethanol was determined to be an effective measure to control postharvest gray mold infection caused by Botrytis cinerea. Our objectives were to study the effects of ethanol on B.cinerea and table grapes and to conduct research that will facilitate the implementation of this treatment. Background: Botrytis cinerea is known as the major pathogen of table grapes in cold storage. To date, the only commercial technology to control it relied on sulfur dioxide (SO₂) implemented by either fumigation of storage facilities or from slow release generator pads which are positioned directly over the fruits. This treatment is very effective but it has several drawbacks such as aftertaste, bleaching and hypersensitivity to humans which took it out of the GRAS list of compounds and warranted further seek for alternatives. Prior to this research ethanol was shown to control several pathogens in different commodities including table grapes and B. cinerea. Hence it seemed to be a simple and promising technology which could offer a true alternative for storage of table grapes. Further research was however required to answer some practical and theoretical questions which remained unanswered. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: In this research project we have shown convincingly that 30% ethanol is sufficient to prevent germination of B. cinerea and kill the spores. In a comparative study it was shown that Alternaria alternata is also rather sensitive but Rhizopus stolonifer and Aspergillus niger are less sensitive to ethanol. Consequently, ethanol protected the grapes from decay but did not have a significant effect on occurrence of mycotoxigenic Aspergillus species which are present on the surface of the berry. B. cinerea responded to ethanol or heat treatments by inducing sporulation and transient expression of the heat shock protein HSP104. Similar responses were not detected in grape berries. It was also shown that application of ethanol to berries did not induce subsequent resistance and actually the berries were slightly more susceptible to infection. The heat dose required to kill the spores was determined and it was proven that a combination of heat and ethanol allowed reduction of both the ethanol and heat dose. Ethanol and heat did not reduce the amount or appearance of the wax layers which are an essential component of the external protection of the berry. The ethanol and acetaldehyde content increased after treatment and during storage but the content was much lower than the natural ethanol content in other fruits. The efficacy of ethanol applied before harvest was similar to that of the biological control agent, Metschnikowia fructicola, Finally, the performance of ethanol could be improved synergistically by packaging the bunches in modified atmosphere films which prevent the accumulation of free water. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: It was shown that the major mode of action of ethanol is mediated by its lethal effect on fungal inoculum. Because ethanol acts mainly on the cell membranes, it was possible to enhance its effect by lowering the concentration and elevating the temperature of the treatment. Another important development was the continuous protection of the treated bunches by modified atmosphere that can solve the problem of secondary or internal infection. From the practical standpoint, a variety of means were offered to enhance the effect of the treatment and to offer a viable alternative to SO2 which could be instantly adopted by the industry with a special benefit to growers of organic grapes.   

The potential biocontrol agent Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 produces fusaricidin-type compounds involved in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen Botrytis cinerea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuen-Huang Tsai ◽  
Yu-Ting Chen ◽  
Yu-Liang Yang ◽  
Bo-Yi Lee ◽  
Chien-Jui Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Imaging Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Paenibacillus Polymyxa ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
New Variant

Paenibacillus polymyxa is a beneficial bacterium for plant health. Paenibacillus polymyxa TP3 exhibits antagonistic activity toward Botrytis cinerea and alleviates gray mold symptoms on the leaves of strawberry plants. Moreover, suppression of gray mold on the flowers and fruits of strawberry plants in field trials, including vegetative cells and endospores, was demonstrated, indicating the potential of strain TP3 as a biological control agent. To examine the anti-B. cinerea compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3, matrix‐assisted laser‐desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry was performed and fusaricidin-corresponding mass spectra were detected. Moreover, fusaricidin-related signals appeared in imaging mass spectrometry of TP3 when confronted with B. cinerea. By using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based molecular networking approach, several fusaricidins were identified including a new variant of m/z 917.5455 with serine in the first position of the hexapeptide. Via advanced mass spectrometry and network analysis, fusaricidin-type compounds produced by P. polymyxa TP3 were efficiently disclosed and were presumed to play roles in the antagonism against gray mold pathogen B. cinerea.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ethanol Dip and Modified Atmosphere on Prevention of Botrytis Rot of Table Grapes

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 284-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amnon Lichter ◽  
Yohanan Zutahy ◽  
Tatiana Kaplunov ◽  
Nehemia Aharoni ◽  
Susan Lurie
Keyword(s):  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Commercial Practice ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Table Grapes

Grape (Vitis vinifera) storage requires stringent control of gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea. The commercial practice is dependent on sulfur dioxide (SO2) as a fumigant, which is applied by various means with well-known advantages and disadvantages. Many alternative technologies were developed over the years, most of them with limited efficacy or applicability. Modified atmosphere of table grapes suffers from a narrow threshold between control of gray mold and damage to the berries and stems due to high level of carbon dioxide (CO2) within the film-enclosed package. We demonstrated in the past that dipping table grapes in ethanol after harvest has a very pronounced effect on prevention of decay. However, ethanol does not leave a protective residue within the grapes, so it is not expected to prevent latent infections from developing decay nests during prolonged storage. However, if grapes of cultivar Superior were treated with ethanol and then subjected to a modified atmosphere using plastic films (Xtend), we achieved an additive effect and observed persistent control of gray mold without injury to the grapes. The advantage of this plastic film was mainly in its water conductance, which prevented accumulation of free water that is often the limiting factor in modified atmosphere packaging. This combination results in greater decay control, which is a prerequisite for commercial applicability. If undesired aftertaste did develop within the fruit due to the modified atmosphere, 1 day of exposure to ambient air was sufficient to dissipate it.

scholarly journals Comparison of efficacy and modes of action of two high-potential biocontrol Bacillus strains and commercial biocontrol products against Botrytis cinerea in table grapes

OENO One ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 228-243
Author(s):  
Héctor Calvo ◽  
Jean Roudet ◽  
Ana Pilar Gracia ◽  
María Eugenia Venturini ◽  
Marc Fermaud
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Main Mode ◽  
Culture Form ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
New Findings ◽  
Disease Reduction

In table grapes (cv. Thomson Seedless), the antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea was further analysed and compared between two high potential bacterial biological control agent (BCA) strains, Bacillus velezensis BUZ-14 and B. ginsengihumi S38. Two commercial biocontrol products (BPs), served as standards of comparison, Amylo-X® and Serenade Max®, also based on Bacillus BCA strains. The main mode of action quantified for all the strains was antibiosis due to hydrosoluble and volatile metabolites and their combinations. The BUZ-14 strain was the most active BCA strain, demonstrating significant disease reduction exceeding 60 % when used in the culture form grown in 863 medium, including living cells (LCs) and cell-free supernatant (CFS). Both BPs exhibited significantly reduced efficacy of their CFS fraction (< 10 %) compared with that of the two BCA strains, confirming their high antibiosis potential. The novel methodology allowed us to demonstrate the significant effect of the BCA culture medium on volatilome (VOC) antagonist efficacy. The S38 strain achieved the highest disease reduction (90 %) owing to the greatest production of VOCs in the richest MOLP (Medium Optimum Lipopetide Production) culture medium, whereas grape juice was the least favourable medium for VOC efficacy for both bacterial strains (BUZ14 and S38). The overall poor activity of living Bacillus cells in all the BCA and BPs tested is discussed based on the low capacity of the BCA strains to grow in the berry. Then, the presence of living cells is also discussed with the possibility that these cells are not required in field applications of such BCA strains in this genus. Moreover, different environmental suboptimal conditions, including temperature (22 and 27 °C) and relative humidity (RH) (100 and 85–95 %), were tested, and BUZ-14 exhibited the highest Botrytis reduction at both temperatures and RH values. However, no significant differences were observed between temperatures or RH values for the same BCA. Further studies in vineyard conditions and applications, such as biofumigation or active packaging, will be performed to confirm the new findings reported in this investigation.

Evaluating a preventive biological control agent applied on grapevines against Botrytis cinerea and its influence on winemaking

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (12) ◽  
pp. 4517-4526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rocío Escribano-Viana ◽  
Javier Portu ◽  
Patrocinio Garijo ◽  
Ana Rosa Gutiérrez ◽  
Pilar Santamaría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent

scholarly journals Effect of Pathogen Aggressiveness and Vinclozolin on Efficacy of Rhodotorula glutinis PM4 Against Botrytis cinerea on Geranium Leaf Disks and Seedlings

Plant Disease ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 88 (11) ◽  
pp. 1262-1268 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Buck ◽  
S. N. Jeffers
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Rhodotorula Glutinis ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Lesion Development ◽  
Biocontrol Efficacy ◽  
Lesion Diameter ◽  
Reduced Rate ◽  
Leaf Disks

Efficacy of the yeast Rhodotorula glutinis isolate PM4 as a biological control agent against 29 isolates of Botrytis cinerea obtained from greenhouse-grown ornamentals was assessed in vitro on geranium leaf disks. Isolates of B. cinerea varied in aggressiveness in the absence of either biological or chemical controls; diameters of lesions produced on leaf disks ranged from 0.8 to 12.3 mm. Efficacy of R. glutinis PM4 against the different isolates of B. cinerea varied greatly; lesion diameters ranged from 0.2 to 10.3 mm when the yeast was present. The yeast significantly reduced lesion development by 16 B. cinerea isolates in each of two replicate trials and by 9 isolates in one of the trials; however, 3 isolates were not inhibited by the yeast on geranium leaf disks. The yeast significantly reduced lesion development by B. cinerea isolate 01, used as a standard for comparison, in four of six trials. Fourteen of the B. cinerea isolates were inoculated onto geranium seedlings and produced a range of lesion sizes (2.9 to 16.4 mm), similar to that produced on leaf disks. Efficacy of the yeast in combination with a reduced rate (0.1×) of the fungicide vinclozolin (50 μg of active ingredient ml-1) was evaluated on geranium seedlings against 10 isolates of B. cinerea that were resistant to vinclozolin. Addition of vinclozolin to the yeast significantly reduced lesion diameter by five of the isolates compared with diameters of lesions produced in the presence of the yeast alone. Lesions produced by nine of the resistant isolates were 2.6 mm or smaller in both trials on plants treated with the mixture of yeast and vinclozolin. The effect of vinclozolin concentration (0 to 500 μg a.i. ml-1) on biocontrol efficacy of R. glutinis PM4 was evaluated using three resistant isolates of B. cinerea and geranium seedlings. Disease control was significantly better at higher concentrations of fungicide for two of the isolates. Linear regression of lesion diameter against vinclozolin concentration showed a significant effect on yeast biocontrol efficacy with B. cinerea isolate FL-2-b (y = 6.20 – 0.63x; r2= 0.74) and isolate BR-1 (y = 4.10 – 0.32x; r2 =0.28) but there was no significant effect with isolate GG-2-b. Overall, PM4 exhibited biocontrol activity on both geranium leaf disks and seedlings against a number of isolates of B. cinerea that varied in aggressiveness. Variability in biocontrol efficacy against isolates resistant to vinclozolin usually was reduced by the addition of vinclozolin.

scholarly journals Genome-wide Transcriptomic Analysis of the Response of Botrytis cinerea to Wuyiencin

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liming Shi ◽  
Binghua Liu ◽  
Qiuhe Wei ◽  
Beibei Ge ◽  
Kecheng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Cell Growth ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Grey Mould ◽  
Control Agent ◽  
Transcriptomic Analysis ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

AbstractGrey mould is caused by the ascomycetes Botrytis cinerea in a range of crop hosts. As a biological control agent, the nucleoside antibiotic wuyiencin has been industrially produced and widely used as an effective fungicide. To elucidate the effects of wuyiencin on the transcriptional regulation in B. cinerea, we, for the first time, report a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of B. cinerea treated with wuyiencin. We could identify 2067 differentially expressed genes (DEGs); of them, 886 and 1181 genes were significantly upregulated and downregulated, respectively. Functional categorization indicated that genes involved in amino acid metabolism and those encoding putative secreted proteins were remarkably influenced in response to wuyiencin treatment. Moreover, the expression of genes involved in protein synthesis and energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) and of those encoding ATP-binding cassette transporters was markedly upregulated, whereas that of genes participating in DNA replication, cell cycle, and stress response was downregulated. Furthermore, wuyiencin resulted in mycelial malformation and negatively influenced cell growth rate and conidial yield in B. cinerea. Our results suggest that this nucleoside antibiotic regulates all aspects of cell growth and differentiation in B. cinerea. To summarize, we identified candidate pathways and target genes that may offer insights into the protective and antagonistic mechanisms underlying the action of biological control agents.

scholarly journals Genomic Analysis and Secondary Metabolites Production of the Endophytic Bacillus velezensis Bvel1: A Biocontrol Agent against Botrytis cinerea Causing Bunch Rot in Post-Harvest Table Grapes

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1716
Author(s):  
Kallimachos Nifakos ◽  
Polina C. Tsalgatidou ◽  
Eirini-Evangelia Thomloudi ◽  
Aggeliki Skagia ◽  
Dimitrios Kotopoulis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Gene Clusters ◽  
Bacillus Velezensis ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Grape Berries ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Bunch Rot

Botrytis bunch rot caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most economically significant post-harvest diseases of grapes. In the present study, we showed that the bacterial strain Bvel1 is phylogenetically affiliated to Bacillus velezensis species. The strain Bvel1 and its secreted metabolites exerted an antifungal activity, under in vitro conditions, against B. cinerea. UHPLC–HRMS chemical analysis revealed that iturin A2, surfactin-C13 and -C15, oxydifficidin, bacillibactin, L-dihydroanticapsin, and azelaic acid were among the metabolites secreted by Bvel1. Treatment of wounded grape berries with Bacillus sp. Bvel1 cell culture was effective for controlling grey mold ingress and expansion in vivo. The effectiveness of this biological control agent was a function of the cell culture concentration of the antagonist applied, while preventive treatment proved to be more effective compared to curative. The strain Bvel1 exhibited an adequate colonization efficiency in wounded grapes. The whole-genome phylogeny, combined with ANI and dDDH analyses, provided compelling evidence that the strain Bvel1 should be taxonomically classified as Bacillus velezensis. Genome mining approaches showed that the strain Bvel1 harbors 13 antimicrobial biosynthetic gene clusters, including iturin A, fengycin, surfactin, bacilysin, difficidin, bacillaene, and bacillibactin. The results provide new insights into the understanding of the endophytic Bacillus velezensis Bvel1 biocontrol mechanism against post-harvest fungal pathogens, including bunch rot disease in grape berries.

scholarly journals Interaction of Ulocladium atrum, a Potential Biological Control Agent, with Botrytis cinerea and Grapevine Plantlets

Agronomy ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 632-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien Ronseaux ◽  
Christophe Clément ◽  
Essaid Barka
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Biological Control Agent ◽  
Control Agent
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