scholarly journals Affordable low cost filling machine for small producers

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-127
Author(s):  
Victor Martins do Espirito Santo ◽  
Fabio Hideki Fernandes Komyama ◽  
Felipe Kenzo Nonaka Ojima ◽  
Renato Ferreira Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Production Line ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Means Of Production

Currently, the beverage market is a branch in which big names establish themselves, and in this rigidity imposed by big brands, small brands see great difficulty in their insertion in the market, and even in classifying themselves as a particular competitor of such giants of the market. Marketplace. However, the cachaça branch, a genuinely Brazilian drink, shows itself to be contrary to this logic, with small producers dominating the market as pointed out by Pegn magazine. business plan * (2019). Aguardente 4 Pontes is an emerging company for the production of alcoholic cocktails, throughout its history it has developed in relation to the means of production, and due to the high demand, a project was developed for the automation of its production line, which until then it was manual. For that, it was taken as an objective to build a prototype of this machine to increase the company’s productivity. First of all, the prototype was created and developed through the Arduino UNO component and its ATMEGA328 micro controller, expecting as a result the dynamization of a production line that filled the liquid precisely in the bottle. With the automation of the production line, we seek to make the process faster and more effective, being able to lower the cost of producing a product by replacing human labor in the manufacturing process, thus being able to direct employees to other functions, increasing considerably productivity. This is expected to achieve a model that satisfies the factory’s production needs, so that the company can increase the requirements for agility, efficiency and production capacity. The research is based on readings from other documents and qualitative research. As a methodology, the construction of a prototype, and theoretical basis behind the relevance and value of a low cost filling company in the market, with which it should confirm the effectiveness of the project.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Fee-to-Tax Reform on Water Resources in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-Rui Chen ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Xu Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
The Cost

The Resource Tax Law was officially implemented on September 1, 2020, in China. This law presents the “Fee-to-Tax” reform of water resources. This article compares the effects of the “Fee-to-Tax” reform under asymmetric duopoly conditions with perfect information. The mechanisms of the two policies are different when all firms simultaneously respond to water resources: the water resource fee affects output by reducing market size, while the water resource tax reduces output by amplifying the weighted cost difference effects between companies. Water resource taxes work better than fees for eliminating backward production capacity. A comparison of the situation when companies respond sequentially is also carried out. When a low-cost firm is in the leading position, the collection of fees actually reduces the output difference, whereas the tax improves it. When a high-cost firm acts as a leader, the effects depend on the cost difference. When the cost difference between firms is small, the first-move advantage of high-cost firms dominates the cost advantages of low-cost firms. Therefore, a higher tax rate yields a smaller output difference. When cost differences are relatively larger, the cost advantage of low-cost firms dominates the first-move advantage of high-cost firms. As the operational cost for reducing water consumption increases, the reduced water consumption first increases and then decreases.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Fee-to-Tax Reform on Water Resources in China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zi-rui Chen ◽  
Pu-yan Nie
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Cost Difference ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Leading Position ◽  
Resource Policy ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background: The Resource Tax Law has been officially implemented on September 1, 2020 in China. This law presents the “Fee-to-Tax” reform of water resources. Methods: This article compares the effects of the “Fee-to-Tax” reform under an asymmetric duopoly with perfect information. Results: First, an analysis when all firms simultaneously respond to the water resource policy is conducted. The mechanisms of the two policies are different: the water resource fee affects output by reducing market size, while the water resource tax reduces output by amplifying the weighted cost difference effects between companies. It is shown that the tax works better than the fee for eliminating backward production capacity. Then, a comparison of the situation when companies respond sequentially is carried out. When a low-cost firm is in the leading position, the collection of fees actually reduces the output difference, whereas the tax improves it. When a high-cost firm acts as a leader, the effects depend on the cost difference. When the cost difference between firms is small, the first-move advantage of high-cost firms dominates the cost advantages of low-cost firms. Therefore, a higher tax rate yields a smaller output difference. Conclusions: When cost differences are relatively larger, the cost advantage of low-cost firms dominates the first-move advantage of high-cost firms. Therefore, the “Fee-to-Tax” reform provides some benefits to maintain the environmental development of some water-mining or related industries.

Energy and resource saving timber drying

10.12737/6288 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-204
Author(s):  
Курьянова ◽  
Tatyana Kuryanova ◽  
Платонов ◽  
Aleksey Platonov ◽  
Киселева ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Natural Wood ◽  
Drying Section ◽  
The Cost

Need of small woodworking companies in the efficient dryers of small capacity is very high. Used in industry dryers are very diverse in types and energy. Given that the processes of hydro-thermal treatment of wood are the most energy-intensive in woodworking technology, solutions to this problem are highly relevant. One of the most promising and low-cost ways is a combined method of drying timber with pre-atmospheric drying of wood. Natural wood drying is cheaper than chamber one. There are no expenses for the coolant, one of the major costs in drying chamber. One of the drawbacks of this dryer is the long duration and dependence on meteorological conditions. The solution to this problem is to create an incentive air circulation for material to be dried. For these purposes, the use of simple and cheap prefabricated elements of flow or dead-end type of shield materials, fitted with a fan, is possible. This design can also be the buffer stock for storing timber. Pre-drying of wood is made to a moisture content of 40-45%. Tests of this design have shown its high efficiency. The duration of subsequent chamber drying in the climatic conditions of Voronezh reduces by an average in 1,5 times, which is also reflected in the cost of the material being dried. In this case, the production capacity of the drying section of the company is increased by 20-35% depending on the species, the cross section of the material, the initial and transition humidity. Reduction of the specific heat consumption per 1 kg of evaporated moisture is about 10%. Drying of the wood becomes more equal, which helps to reduce shrinkage, reduce the value of internal residual stresses, which are one of the indicators of the quality of drying, as well as increased dimensional stability.

scholarly journals Development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels

2019 ◽  
pp. 38-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Terrorist Attack ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Nuclear Power Generation ◽  
Developed Economies ◽  
High Production ◽  
The Cost

Research into environmental pollution and global warming has induced the energy industry and various levels of government to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels, especially coal and oil. One of the options being considered is increasing nuclear power generation, which has the advantage of high production capacity that can be fully utilized, low fuel consumption and low cost relative to the amount of electricity being generated. However, despite technological progress, the share of nuclear energy in the world’s energy mix is decreasing, especially in countries with highly developed economies. The reasons for this are high capital expenditures and their uncontrolled increase, fear of contamination of the natural environment in the event of a failure or terrorist attack as well as difficulties in long-term disposal of radioactive waste. This article analyzes the development of nuclear power as an alternative to fossil fuels in the pursuit of sustainable development, in particular with regard to investment outlays, the cost of generating electricity, environmental protection and security.

scholarly journals AN ECONOMIC RESEARCH OF BROILER PROJECTS FOR SOME PROVINCES IN THE MIDDLE OF IRAQ IN 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030
Author(s):  
Al-Abd alaali & Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
The Cost

This research was aimed to estimate the long-run cost and supply functions and to calculate the optimum profit-maximizing level of production, optimum capacity for broiler projects. The preliminary data were obtained by questionnaires that were distributed to project owners in Qadisiyah, Babil and Wasit governorates. A total of 80 projects amounted for 15% of the total projects in these governorates were included. The results indicated that the optimal profit-maximizing and actual production were 25,337, 34,737, and 21.25 tons respectively. The optimum production capacity was 9.9 thousand birds, while the actual capacity was 8.3 thousand chicken The cost elasticities were 0.936, 1.0 and 1.23 at the actual, optimal and profit maximizing production, respectively. The supply function had low elasticity indicating that the producers face great difficulty in controlling production in case of price changes. From these results, it can be concluded that government support is required for productive inputs, facilitating loans, preventing poultry importing, and adoption of strategic policy for the agricultural sector in general and poultry production in particular.

Advance Protection for Three Phase Induction Motor using Microcontroller Atmega32

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Karan S Belsare ◽  
Gajanan D Patil
Keyword(s):  
Induction Motor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Cost Factor ◽  
Protection Scheme ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
The Cost

A low cost and reliable protection scheme has been designed for a three phase induction motor against unbalance voltages, under voltage, over voltage, short circuit and overheating protection. Taking the cost factor into consideration the design has been proposed using microcontroller Atmega32, MOSFETs, relays, small CTs and PTs. However the sensitivity of the protection scheme has been not compromised. The design has been tested online in the laboratory for small motors and the same can be implemented for larger motors by replacing the i-v converters and relays of suitable ratings.

Janus – A New Approach to Air Combat Pilot Training

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-22
Author(s):  
Georges Bridel ◽  
Zdobyslaw Goraj ◽  
Lukasz Kiszkowiak ◽  
Jean-Georges Brévot ◽  
Jean-Pierre Devaux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Training System ◽  
Embedded Sensors ◽  
Pilot Training ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Combat Aircraft ◽  
Air Combat ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Advanced jet training still relies on old concepts and solutions that are no longer efficient when considering the current and forthcoming changes in air combat. The cost of those old solutions to develop and maintain combat pilot skills are important, adding even more constraints to the training limitations. The requirement of having a trainer aircraft able to perform also light combat aircraft operational mission is adding unnecessary complexity and cost without any real operational advantages to air combat mission training. Thanks to emerging technologies, the JANUS project will study the feasibility of a brand-new concept of agile manoeuvrable training aircraft and an integrated training system, able to provide a live, virtual and constructive environment. The JANUS concept is based on a lightweight, low-cost, high energy aircraft associated to a ground based Integrated Training System providing simulated and emulated signals, simulated and real opponents, combined with real-time feedback on pilot’s physiological characteristics: traditionally embedded sensors are replaced with emulated signals, simulated opponents are proposed to the pilot, enabling out of sight engagement. JANUS is also providing new cost effective and more realistic solutions for “Red air aircraft” missions, organised in so-called “Aggressor Squadrons”.

scholarly journals A low-cost wireless endoscope camera: a preliminary report

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Lazarus ◽  
M. Ncube
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive Surgery ◽  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Video Transmission ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Resource Constrained ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Constrained Environments ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Background Technology currently used for surgical endoscopy was developed and is manufactured in high-income economies. The cost of this equipment makes technology transfer to resource constrained environments difficult. We aimed to design an affordable wireless endoscope to aid visualisation during rigid endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The initial prototype aimed to replicate a 4-mm lens used in rigid cystoscopy. Methods Focus was placed on using open-source resources to develop the wireless endoscope to significantly lower the cost and make the device accessible for resource-constrained settings. An off the shelf miniature single-board computer module was used because of its low cost (US$10) and its ability to handle high-definition (720p) video. Open-source Linux software made monitor mode (“hotspot”) wireless video transmission possible. A 1280 × 720 pixel high-definition tube camera was used to generate the video signal. Video is transmitted to a standard laptop computer for display. Bench testing included latency of wireless digital video transmission. Comparison to industry standard wired cameras was made including weight and cost. The battery life was also assessed. Results In comparison with industry standard cystoscope lens, wired camera, video processing unit and light source, the prototype costs substantially less. (US$ 230 vs 28 000). The prototype is light weight (184 g), has no cables tethering and has acceptable battery life (of over 2 h, using a 1200 mAh battery). The camera transmits video wirelessly in near real time with only imperceptible latency of < 200 ms. Image quality is high definition at 30 frames per second. Colour rendering is good, and white balancing is possible. Limitations include the lack of a zoom. Conclusion The novel wireless endoscope camera described here offers equivalent high-definition video at a markedly reduced cost to contemporary industry wired units and could contribute to making minimally invasive surgery possible in resource-constrained environments.

scholarly journals Multi-Blockchain-Based IoT Data Processing Techniques to Ensure the Integrity of IoT Data in AIoT Edge Computing Environments

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3515
Author(s):  
Sung-Ho Sim ◽  
Yoon-Su Jeong
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Constant Size ◽  
Computing Environments ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Cloud Servers ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
And Control

As the development of IoT technologies has progressed rapidly recently, most IoT data are focused on monitoring and control to process IoT data, but the cost of collecting and linking various IoT data increases, requiring the ability to proactively integrate and analyze collected IoT data so that cloud servers (data centers) can process smartly. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based IoT big data integrity verification technique to ensure the safety of the Third Party Auditor (TPA), which has a role in auditing the integrity of AIoT data. The proposed technique aims to minimize IoT information loss by multiple blockchain groupings of information and signature keys from IoT devices. The proposed technique allows IoT information to be effectively guaranteed the integrity of AIoT data by linking hash values designated as arbitrary, constant-size blocks with previous blocks in hierarchical chains. The proposed technique performs synchronization using location information between the central server and IoT devices to manage the cost of the integrity of IoT information at low cost. In order to easily control a large number of locations of IoT devices, we perform cross-distributed and blockchain linkage processing under constant rules to improve the load and throughput generated by IoT devices.

scholarly journals Design and Adoption of Low-Cost Point-of-Care Diagnostic Devices: Syrian Case

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 882
Author(s):  
M. Munzer Alseed ◽  
Hamzah Syed ◽  
Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli ◽  
Ali K. Yetisen ◽  
Savas Tasoglu
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Efficient Solutions ◽  
Humanitarian Crises ◽  
Technology Experience ◽  
The Cost

Civil wars produce immense humanitarian crises, causing millions of individuals to seek refuge in other countries. The rate of disease prevalence has inclined among the refugees, increasing the cost of healthcare. Complex medical conditions and high numbers of patients at healthcare centers overwhelm the healthcare system and delay diagnosis and treatment. Point-of-care (PoC) testing can provide efficient solutions to high equipment cost, late diagnosis, and low accessibility of healthcare services. However, the development of PoC devices in developing countries is challenged by several barriers. Such PoC devices may not be adopted due to prejudices about new technologies and the need for special training to use some of these devices. Here, we investigated the concerns of end users regarding PoC devices by surveying healthcare workers and doctors. The tendency to adopt PoC device changes is based on demographic factors such as work sector, education, and technology experience. The most apparent concern about PoC devices was issues regarding low accuracy, according to the surveyed clinicians.

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