scholarly journals AN ECONOMIC RESEARCH OF BROILER PROJECTS FOR SOME PROVINCES IN THE MIDDLE OF IRAQ IN 2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1030
Author(s):  
Al-Abd alaali & Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Strategic Policy ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
The Cost

This research was aimed to estimate the long-run cost and supply functions and to calculate the optimum profit-maximizing level of production, optimum capacity for broiler projects. The preliminary data were obtained by questionnaires that were distributed to project owners in Qadisiyah, Babil and Wasit governorates. A total of 80 projects amounted for 15% of the total projects in these governorates were included. The results indicated that the optimal profit-maximizing and actual production were 25,337, 34,737, and 21.25 tons respectively. The optimum production capacity was 9.9 thousand birds, while the actual capacity was 8.3 thousand chicken The cost elasticities were 0.936, 1.0 and 1.23 at the actual, optimal and profit maximizing production, respectively. The supply function had low elasticity indicating that the producers face great difficulty in controlling production in case of price changes. From these results, it can be concluded that government support is required for productive inputs, facilitating loans, preventing poultry importing, and adoption of strategic policy for the agricultural sector in general and poultry production in particular.

scholarly journals ESTIMATING PROFIT , COST FUNCTION AND TECHNICAL EFFICIENCIES OF RICE PRODUCTION IN NEJAF FOR SEASON 2016*

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Al-Mashhdani & Mahmood
Keyword(s):  
Cost Function ◽  
Output Level ◽  
Average Output ◽  
Optimal Output ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Actual Output ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Profit Maximizing ◽  
Economic Price ◽  
The Cost

The aim of this study was to estimate the profit and cost functions as well as economic, price, cost, and technical efficiencies beside the other economic indices at actual, optimal and profit-maximizing output of rice. A random sample of 240 rice  farms in Nejaf province was used during the agricultural season 2016. From efficiency scales of profit function, it was shown that the output quantity had the greatest impact on the profit compared to other variables (average output costs and price). According to the cost function, the optimum output level and the profit- maximizing output  level for the short run were 64.84 tons and 117.4 tons respectively. The lowest price that the farmer can accept was 194.83 thousand dinars / ton. At this price, the producer loss all fixed costs in the short run, hoping that the price of rice will improve in the long run. Net profit was estimated on the basis of actual output, cost minimizing output (optimal) and profit-maximizing output, which amounted to 8084.32, 30852.65 and 45547.5 thousand dinars, respectively. The of technical efficiency were 34%. and the cost efficiency was 0.52. We conclude from the study that economic resources have not been exploited optimally, indicating that actual output is far from optimal output. The study recommends a output policy aimed at increasing economic efficiency and optimizing the use of available resources.

scholarly journals Responsabilidad Social y permanencia empresarial en pymes agrícolas: evidencia empírica en México

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-62
Author(s):  
María De Los Ángeles Cervantes Rosas ◽  
Myrna Delfina López Noriega
Keyword(s):  
Social Responsibility ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Socially Responsible ◽  
Business Objective ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

La Responsabilidad Social (RS) constituye un elemento clave para la sostenibilidad de las empresas. Sin embargo, las pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) del sector agrícola se han visto afectadas por eventos naturales como las heladas, la sequía, huracanes, aunado al bajo poder adquisitivo de la moneda, el difícil acceso a los apoyos gubernamentales, el incremento de los costos de producción, mercados de consumo contraídos y el escaso o nulo financiamiento, sin mencionarlos problemas derivados de la falta de seguridad, lo que origina que las prácticas de responsabilidad social pasen a segundo término. La relación de la empresa con su entorno, sin duda, es una búsqueda constante del equilibrio en el uso de la tierra con el fin de preservarla como un recurso natural que ha dado de comer a muchas generaciones. Desde este enfoque, consideramos que el estudio de las prácticas de responsabilidad social y su relación con la permanencia de lasempresas nos puede brindar información importante, no solamente del futuro de las agrícolas guasavenses sino de la conservación de la superficie que nos alimenta. Los principales hallazgos de esta investigación llevada a cabo en el municipio de Guasave, Sinaloa, México, reflejan un débil involucramiento en las acciones deresponsabilidad social empresarial excepto por una de las agrícolas que ya obtuvo el distintivo de empresa socialmente responsable y cuyo objetivo empresarial abarca tanto lo económico, lo social y lo ambiental.PALABRAS CLAVEResponsabilidad social, permanencia empresarial, Pymes agrícolas. ABSTRACTThe Social responsibility (SR) is a key element for the sustainability of companies. However, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in the agricultural sector have been affected by events such as frost, drought, hurricanes, coupled with the low power purchasing of currency, difficult access to Government support, the rise in the cost of production, contracted consumption markets and little or no funding, not to mention the problems arising from the lack of security, which leads to thepractices of social responsibility to pass to second term. The relationship of the company with their environment, is certainly a constant search for balance in the use of land in order to preserve it as a natural resource that has given food to many generations. Using this approach, we believe that the study of the practices of social responsibility and its relationship with the permanence of the companies we can provide... The main findings of this research carried out in the municipality of Guasave, Sinaloa, Mexico, they reflect a weak involvement in corporate socialresponsibility actions except for one of the farm that already obtained the distinction of socially responsible business and whose business objective covers both economic, social and environmental issues.KEYWORDSSocial responsibility, business retention, agricultural SMEs.

scholarly journals Economic Aspects of Rural Tourism

2003 ◽  
pp. 55-71
Author(s):  
Bernadett Bainé Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Rural Tourism ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Cultural Economic ◽  
Income Source ◽  
Income Sources ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Summer Time ◽  
The Cost

necessary to ensure the livelihoods of those leaving the agricultural sector and to supplement the incomes of those working in agriculture. I research rural development in four settlements in Hajdú-Bihar County, in Balmazújváros, Hortobágy, Tiszacsege and Egyek, all bordering Hortobágy National Park.There are many alternative income sources in settlements in the Hortobágy area, such as organic farming, production herbs, hungaricums, small animals and arts and crafts, as well as rural tourism. Rural tourism is not for subsistence, but a supplementary income source, mainly available during the summer time. I made a survey of rural hosts in the four examined settlements, and according to my results, I constructed a model reflecting the cost-benefit relation, as well as the payment period conditions of rural tourism. I am going to show whether it is worth dealing with rural tourism, and if yes, under what conditions. Rural tourism contributes to the maintenance of rural modes of living, in this way it has significant cultural, economic, ecological and social aspects, as well. It is crucial for settlements to create the appropriate conditions needed for joining rural tourism, if it is worth joining at all, and to realise investments for all these. Rural tourism has strict requirements for the levels of environment, infrastructure and services. Studying the Western-European practices, Hungary is lagged behind in the conditions of rural tourism and rural hosts have done their activities mainly out of necessity and not to maintain traditions. Rural tourism may result in success only by co-operation and over the long-run.

scholarly journals Affordable low cost filling machine for small producers

2021 ◽  
pp. 96-127
Author(s):  
Victor Martins do Espirito Santo ◽  
Fabio Hideki Fernandes Komyama ◽  
Felipe Kenzo Nonaka Ojima ◽  
Renato Ferreira Abreu
Keyword(s):  
Production Line ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Business Plan ◽  
Great Difficulty ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Human Labor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Producers ◽  
Means Of Production

Currently, the beverage market is a branch in which big names establish themselves, and in this rigidity imposed by big brands, small brands see great difficulty in their insertion in the market, and even in classifying themselves as a particular competitor of such giants of the market. Marketplace. However, the cachaça branch, a genuinely Brazilian drink, shows itself to be contrary to this logic, with small producers dominating the market as pointed out by Pegn magazine. business plan * (2019). Aguardente 4 Pontes is an emerging company for the production of alcoholic cocktails, throughout its history it has developed in relation to the means of production, and due to the high demand, a project was developed for the automation of its production line, which until then it was manual. For that, it was taken as an objective to build a prototype of this machine to increase the company’s productivity. First of all, the prototype was created and developed through the Arduino UNO component and its ATMEGA328 micro controller, expecting as a result the dynamization of a production line that filled the liquid precisely in the bottle. With the automation of the production line, we seek to make the process faster and more effective, being able to lower the cost of producing a product by replacing human labor in the manufacturing process, thus being able to direct employees to other functions, increasing considerably productivity. This is expected to achieve a model that satisfies the factory’s production needs, so that the company can increase the requirements for agility, efficiency and production capacity. The research is based on readings from other documents and qualitative research. As a methodology, the construction of a prototype, and theoretical basis behind the relevance and value of a low cost filling company in the market, with which it should confirm the effectiveness of the project.

ANALISIS PENGEMBANGAN KLASTER HORTIKULTURA DI KABUPATEN NGAWI

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Nurul Istiqomah ◽  
Nunung Sri Mulyani ◽  
Izza Mafruhah ◽  
Dewi Ismoyowati
Keyword(s):  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Buffer Zones ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Base Points ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits

Indonesia as an agricultural country has the potential to compete in the agricultural market in the international market, in line with the existence of the ASEAN / ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) Free Market. Ngawi Regency is a fertile area and is one of the buffer zones of the agricultural sector in East Java. Horticulture commodities are one of the main sources in the agricultural sector, because they have high potential and can contribute to the economy of a region. Horticultural commodities in the form of fruits and vegetables are an important food source to meet the nutritional needs of the community. Agriculture with a focus on horticultural crops in Ngawi Regency was developed with a cluster system based on the level of progress, harvest area and by considering agro-climate to map the superior horticultural commodities. The purpose of this study was to map the conditions of horticultural agriculture and analyze problems in the cluster of horticulture plants in Ngawi Regency. The research method is a mixed method using descriptive analysis, Geographic Information System (GIS), and using the Analysis Hierarchy Process (AHP). The conclusion of this study is that the potential development of horticultural clusters in Ngawi Regency requires structuring and developing the location of base commodities in accordance with the conditions of the agro-ecosystem. The development of existing commodities at these base points will make the commodity superior and support the creation of horticultural cluster centers and the development of existing agribusiness in an area. Development of horticulture base commodities for seasonal vegetables and fruits can be adjusted to the LQ results for each sub-district in Ngawi Regency. The results of the Indepth interview processed using AHP obtained results that in fact there were three main factors in the development of clusters, namely production consisting of four derivative factors namely research and development, superior seeds, fertilizers and anti-pest drugs and then marketing with derivative factors namely product standardization, packaging , traditional markets and modern markets. Then the third factor of the institution consists of training, networking, government support and assistance. 

scholarly journals Application of the theory of decision making under risk and uncertainty at modelling of costs

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 201-208 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Beranová ◽  
D. Martinovičová
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Cost Functions ◽  
Risk And Uncertainty ◽  
Managerial Decision ◽  
Managerial Decision Making ◽  
Bayesian Theorem ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Cost

The costs functions are mentioned mostly in the relation to the Break-even Analysis where they are presented in the linear form. But there exist several different types and forms of cost functions. Fist of all, it is necessary to distinguish between the short-run and long-run cost function that are both very important tools of the managerial decision making even if each one is used on a different level of management. Also several methods of estimation of the cost function's parameters are elaborated in the literature. But all these methods are based on the past data taken from the financial accounting while the financial accounting is not able to separate the fixed and variable costs and it is also strongly adjusted to taxation in the many companies. As a tool of the managerial decision making support, the cost functions should provide a vision to the future where many factors of risk and uncertainty influence economic results. Consequently, these random factors should be considered in the construction of cost functions, especially in the long-run. In order to quantify the influences of these risks and uncertainties, the authors submit the application of the Bayesian Theorem.

scholarly journals ON THE CONVERGENCE RATE OF POTENTIALS OF BRENIER MAPS

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-37
Author(s):  
Florian F. Gunsilius
Keyword(s):  
Convergence Rate ◽  
Poincaré Inequality ◽  
Optimal Transportation ◽  
Matching Theory ◽  
Economic Research ◽  
Poincare Inequality ◽  
Optimal Transportation Problem ◽  
Minimax Rate ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Kantorovich Problem

The theory of optimal transportation has experienced a sharp increase in interest in many areas of economic research such as optimal matching theory and econometric identification. A particularly valuable tool, due to its convenient representation as the gradient of a convex function, has been the Brenier map: the matching obtained as the optimizer of the Monge–Kantorovich optimal transportation problem with the euclidean distance as the cost function. Despite its popularity, the statistical properties of the Brenier map have yet to be fully established, which impedes its practical use for estimation and inference. This article takes a first step in this direction by deriving a convergence rate for the simple plug-in estimator of the potential of the Brenier map via the semi-dual Monge–Kantorovich problem. Relying on classical results for the convergence of smoothed empirical processes, it is shown that this plug-in estimator converges in standard deviation to its population counterpart under the minimax rate of convergence of kernel density estimators if one of the probability measures satisfies the Poincaré inequality. Under a normalization of the potential, the result extends to convergence in the $L^2$ norm, while the Poincaré inequality is automatically satisfied. The main mathematical contribution of this article is an analysis of the second variation of the semi-dual Monge–Kantorovich problem, which is of independent interest.

scholarly journals Competing Conventions with Costly Information Acquisition

Games ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Roberto Rozzi
Keyword(s):  
Information Acquisition ◽  
Evolutionary Model ◽  
Equilibrium Selection ◽  
The Other ◽  
Group Interactions ◽  
Social Coordination ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Stochastic Stability Analysis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Cost

We consider an evolutionary model of social coordination in a 2 × 2 game where two groups of players prefer to coordinate on different actions. Players can pay a cost to learn their opponent’s group: if they pay it, they can condition their actions concerning the groups. We assess the stability of outcomes in the long run using stochastic stability analysis. We find that three elements matter for the equilibrium selection: the group size, the strength of preferences, and the information’s cost. If the cost is too high, players never learn the group of their opponents in the long run. If one group is stronger in preferences for its favorite action than the other, or its size is sufficiently large compared to the other group, every player plays that group’s favorite action. If both groups are strong enough in preferences, or if none of the groups’ sizes is large enough, players play their favorite actions and miscoordinate in inter-group interactions. Lower levels of the cost favor coordination. Indeed, when the cost is low, in inside-group interactions, players always coordinate on their favorite action, while in inter-group interactions, they coordinate on the favorite action of the group that is stronger in preferences or large enough.

scholarly journals Research on Cooperative Innovation Behavior of Industrial Cluster Based on Subject Adaptability

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohui Jia ◽  
Minghui Jiang ◽  
Lei Shi
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Industrial Cluster ◽  
Industrial Clusters ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Correlated Equilibrium ◽  
Game Model ◽  
Cooperative Innovation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

From the perspective of the interactive cooperation among subjects, this paper portrays the process of cooperative innovation in industrial cluster, in order to capture the correlated equilibrium relationship among them. Through the utilization of two key tools, evolutionary stable strategy and replicator dynamics equations, this paper considers the cost and gains of cooperative innovation and the amount of government support as well as other factors to build and analyze a classic evolutionary game model. On this basis, the subject’s own adaptability is introduced, which is regarded as the system noise in the stochastic evolutionary game model so as to analyze the impact of adaptability on the game strategy selection. The results show that, in the first place, without considering subjects’ adaptability, their cooperation in industrial clusters depends on the cost and gains of innovative cooperation, the amount of government support, and some conditions that can promote cooperation, namely, game steady state. In the second place after the introduction of subjects’ adaptability, it will affect both game theory selection process and time, which means that the process becomes more complex, presents the nonlinear characteristics, and helps them to make faster decisions in their favor, but the final steady state remains unchanged.

Commercial Banks Credit and the Performance of Real Sector in Nigeria: 1990-2017

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Keyword(s):  
Central Bank ◽  
Commercial Banks ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Bank Lending ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
Agricultural Credit ◽  
The Real ◽  
Scientific Discussion ◽  
The Cost

The study examined the arguments and counterarguments within the scientific discussion on commercial banks credit and the performance of real sector in Nigeria. The main objective of the study is to examine the effect of commercial banks credit on the performance of the real sector in Nigeria.Data was sourced from Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical Bulletin. A systematization literary approach for data analysis was Regression Analysis. Findings revealed that bank credit and bank lending rate does not have significant impact on real sector performance in Nigeria. It was showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between agricultural credit guarantee scheme fund and agricultural production in Nigeria. The study therefore recommends that banks should be directed to channel their credits towards the real sector to facilitate overall economic growth and development in Nigeria. It was recommended that there is the need policies that will favor the revamp of the agricultural sector in Nigeria should be given pride of place. Also, monetary authority through the Central Bank of Nigeria should create adequate policies and strategies towards deepening of the financial sector and reducing the cost of credit/loans so as to enhance productivity and consequently enhance the growth of the key sectors of economy such as manufacturing sector.

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